메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 887-904

Do fences constrain predator movements on an evolutionary scale? Home range, food intake and movement patterns of large predators reintroduced to Addo elephant national park, South Africa

Author keywords

Behavioural ecology; Competition avoidance; Food intake; GPS GSM radio collars; Home range; Intra specific competition; Optimal foraging; Reintroduction; Resource dispersion hypothesis

Indexed keywords

ELEPHANT; FOOD INTAKE; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; GPS; HOME RANGE; INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION; MAMMAL; MOVEMENT; NATIONAL PARK; PREY AVAILABILITY; REINTRODUCTION;

EID: 63149175356     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: 15729710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10531-008-9452-y     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (78)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 63149141396 scopus 로고
    • Columbia University Press New York
    • Bailey TN (1993) The African leopard: ecology and behavior of a solitary field. Columbia University Press, New York
    • (1993)
    • Bailey, T.N.1
  • 2
    • 63149180372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lion (Panthera leo) home ranges and livestock conflicts in Waza National Park, Cameroon
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00570.x
    • H Bauer HH De Iongh 2005 Lion (Panthera leo) home ranges and livestock conflicts in Waza National Park, Cameroon Afr J Ecol 43 208 214 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00570.x
    • (2005) Afr J Ecol , vol.43 , pp. 208-214
    • Bauer, H.1    De Iongh, H.H.2
  • 3
    • 15244352039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inventory of free-ranging lions Panthera leo in Africa
    • 10.1017/S0030605304000055
    • H Bauer S Van der Merwe 2004 Inventory of free-ranging lions Panthera leo in Africa Oryx 38 26 31 10.1017/S0030605304000055
    • (2004) Oryx , vol.38 , pp. 26-31
    • Bauer, H.1    Van Der Merwe, S.2
  • 4
    • 35148842883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes?
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x
    • KM Berger EM Gese 2007 Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes? J Anim Ecol 76 1075 1085 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x
    • (2007) J Anim Ecol , vol.76 , pp. 1075-1085
    • Berger, K.M.1    Gese, E.M.2
  • 5
    • 0035132470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recolonizing carnivores and naive prey: Conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions
    • 10.1126/science.1056466
    • J Berger JE Swenson I-L Persson 2001 Recolonizing carnivores and naive prey: conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions Science 291 1036 1039 10.1126/science.1056466
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 1036-1039
    • Berger, J.1    Swenson, J.E.2    Persson, I.-L.3
  • 6
    • 84990086048 scopus 로고
    • Weights and measures of lions
    • BCB Bertram 1975 Weights and measures of lions Af Wildl J 13 141 143
    • (1975) Af Wildl J , vol.13 , pp. 141-143
    • Bertram, B.C.B.1
  • 7
    • 84990085737 scopus 로고
    • Unit flesh weights of some East African bovids
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1986.tb00371.x
    • RJ Blumenschine TM Caro 1986 Unit flesh weights of some East African bovids Afr J Ecol 24 273 286 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1986.tb00371.x
    • (1986) Afr J Ecol , vol.24 , pp. 273-286
    • Blumenschine, R.J.1    Caro, T.M.2
  • 8
    • 0021550899 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari Desert
    • JdP Bothma EAN le Riche 1984 Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari Desert Koedoe Suppl 84 259 279
    • (1984) Koedoe Suppl , vol.84 , pp. 259-279
    • Jdp, B.1    Le Riche, E.A.N.2
  • 9
    • 0141792652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual variation in space use by female spotted hyenas
    • 10.1644/BOS-038
    • EE Boydston KM kapheim M Szykman 2003 Individual variation in space use by female spotted hyenas J Mammal 84 1006 1018 10.1644/BOS-038
    • (2003) J Mammal , vol.84 , pp. 1006-1018
    • Boydston, E.E.1    Kapheim, K.M.2    Szykman, M.3
  • 10
    • 63149089266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South African National Parks Port Elizabeth
    • Bradfield M (2005) Addo Elephant National Park-official guide. South African National Parks, Port Elizabeth
    • (2005)
    • Bradfield, M.1
  • 11
    • 0037155606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A common rule for the scaling of carnivore density
    • 10.1126/science.1067994
    • C Carbone JL Gittleman 2002 A common rule for the scaling of carnivore density Science 295 2273 2276 10.1126/science.1067994
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2273-2276
    • Carbone, C.1    Gittleman, J.L.2
  • 12
    • 0033581877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores
    • 10.1038/46266
    • C Carbone GM Mace SC Roberts 1999 Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores Nature 402 286 288 10.1038/46266
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 286-288
    • Carbone, C.1    MacE, G.M.2    Roberts, S.C.3
  • 13
    • 0029752850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitation of African wild dogs by competition with larger carnivores
    • 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020526.x
    • S Creel NM Creel 1996 Limitation of African wild dogs by competition with larger carnivores Conserv Biol 10 526 538 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020526.x
    • (1996) Conserv Biol , vol.10 , pp. 526-538
    • Creel, S.1    Creel, N.M.2
  • 14
    • 0032994862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eliminating autocorrelation reduces biological relevance of home range estimates
    • 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00279.x
    • SR de Solla R Bonduriansky RJ Brooks 1999 Eliminating autocorrelation reduces biological relevance of home range estimates J Anim Ecol 68 221 234 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00279.x
    • (1999) J Anim Ecol , vol.68 , pp. 221-234
    • De Solla, S.R.1    Bonduriansky, R.2    Brooks, R.J.3
  • 15
    • 3242708013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population demography and spatial ecology of a reintroduced lion population in the Greater Makalali Conservancy, South Africa
    • D Druce H Genis S Greatwood 2004 Population demography and spatial ecology of a reintroduced lion population in the Greater Makalali Conservancy, South Africa Koedoe 47 103 118
    • (2004) Koedoe , vol.47 , pp. 103-118
    • Druce, D.1    Genis, H.2    Greatwood, S.3
  • 16
    • 0001333154 scopus 로고
    • Territoriality, density, and prey of the lion in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
    • JP Elliott IM Cowan 1978 Territoriality, density, and prey of the lion in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania Can J Zool 56 1726 1734
    • (1978) Can J Zool , vol.56 , pp. 1726-1734
    • Elliott, J.P.1    Cowan, I.M.2
  • 17
    • 3543147197 scopus 로고
    • Lion predation in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
    • FC Eloff 1973 Lion predation in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park J SA Wildl Manage Assoc 3 59 63
    • (1973) J SA Wildl Manage Assoc , vol.3 , pp. 59-63
    • Eloff, F.C.1
  • 18
    • 29144463181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South African National Parks, Botswana Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Carnivore Conservation Group, WWF. The Green Trust, Pretoria
    • Funston PJ (2001) Kalahari Transfrontier Lion Project, ed. South African National Parks, Botswana Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Endangered Wildlife Trust, Carnivore Conservation Group, WWF. The Green Trust, Pretoria
    • (2001) Kalahari Transfrontier Lion Project, Ed.
    • Funston, P.J.1
  • 19
    • 0032458089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunting by male lions: Ecological influences and socioecological implications
    • 10.1006/anbe.1998.0884
    • PJ Funston MGL Mills HC Biggs 1998 Hunting by male lions: ecological influences and socioecological implications Anim Behav 56 1333 1345 10.1006/anbe.1998.0884
    • (1998) Anim Behav , vol.56 , pp. 1333-1345
    • Funston, P.J.1    Mills, M.G.L.2    Biggs, H.C.3
  • 20
    • 0037327791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced dispersal and opportunistic territory acquisition in male lions (Panthera leo)
    • 10.1017/S0952836902003126
    • PJ Funston MGL Mills PRK Richardson 2003 Reduced dispersal and opportunistic territory acquisition in male lions (Panthera leo) J Zool (Lond) 259 131 142 10.1017/S0952836902003126
    • (2003) J Zool (Lond) , vol.259 , pp. 131-142
    • Funston, P.J.1    Mills, M.G.L.2    Richardson, P.R.K.3
  • 21
    • 0002888323 scopus 로고
    • Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology
    • 10.1007/BF00296396
    • JL Gittleman PH Harvey 1982 Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology Behav Ecol Sociobiol 10 57 63 10.1007/BF00296396
    • (1982) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.10 , pp. 57-63
    • Gittleman, J.L.1    Harvey, P.H.2
  • 22
    • 0008023599 scopus 로고
    • Water and sodium turnover and estimated food consumption in free-living lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta)
    • 10.2307/1380842
    • B Green J Anderson A Whateley 1984 Water and sodium turnover and estimated food consumption in free-living lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) J Mammal 65 593 599 10.2307/1380842
    • (1984) J Mammal , vol.65 , pp. 593-599
    • Green, B.1    Anderson, J.2    Whateley, A.3
  • 23
    • 33751017952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta and evidence of dietary competition with lion Panthera leo
    • 610.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x
    • MW Hayward 2006 Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta and evidence of dietary competition with lion Panthera leo J Zool 270 606 614 610.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x
    • (2006) J Zool , vol.270 , pp. 606-614
    • Hayward, M.W.1
  • 24
    • 34248643452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity patterns of reintroduced lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00686.x
    • MW Hayward GJ Hayward 2007 Activity patterns of reintroduced lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa Afr J Ecol 45 135 141 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00686.x
    • (2007) Afr J Ecol , vol.45 , pp. 135-141
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Hayward, G.J.2
  • 25
    • 26844525935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo)
    • 10.1017/S0952836905007508
    • MW Hayward GIH Kerley 2005 Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo) J Zool (Lond) 267 309 322 10.1017/S0952836905007508
    • (2005) J Zool (Lond) , vol.267 , pp. 309-322
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Kerley, G.I.H.2
  • 26
    • 3142635164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home range and movements of the quokka Setonix brachyurus (Macropodidae: Marsupialia), and its impact on the viability of the metapopulation on the Australian mainland
    • 10.1017/S0952836904005060
    • MW Hayward PJ de Tores ML Augee 2004 Home range and movements of the quokka Setonix brachyurus (Macropodidae: Marsupialia), and its impact on the viability of the metapopulation on the Australian mainland J Zool (Lond) 263 219 228 10.1017/S0952836904005060
    • (2004) J Zool (Lond) , vol.263 , pp. 219-228
    • Hayward, M.W.1    De Tores, P.J.2    Augee, M.L.3
  • 27
    • 33748697695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus)
    • MW Hayward P Henschel J O'Brien 2006 Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus) J Zool (Lond) 270 298 313
    • (2006) J Zool (Lond) , vol.270 , pp. 298-313
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Henschel, P.2    O'Brien, J.3
  • 28
    • 33847231908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The successful reintroduction of leopard Panthera pardus to the Addo Elephant National Park
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00673.x
    • MW Hayward J Adendorff LC Moolman 2007 The successful reintroduction of leopard Panthera pardus to the Addo Elephant National Park Afr J Ecol 45 103 104 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00673.x
    • (2007) Afr J Ecol , vol.45 , pp. 103-104
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Adendorff, J.2    Moolman, L.C.3
  • 29
    • 57149132709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical considerations for the reintroduction of large, terrestrial, mammalian predators based on reintroductions to South Africa's Eastern Cape Province
    • 10.2174/1874-8392/2107
    • Hayward MW, Adendorff J, O'Brien J et al (2007b) Practical considerations for the reintroduction of large, terrestrial, mammalian predators based on reintroductions to South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. Open Conserv Biol J 1:1-11. doi 10.2174/1874-8392/2107 http://www.bentham-open.org/crdsb/?TOCONSBJ/ 2007/00000001/00000001/00000001TOCONSBJ.sgm
    • (2007) Open Conserv Biol J , vol.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Adendorff, J.2    O'Brien, J.3
  • 30
    • 34547447119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: An assessment
    • 10.1017/S0030605307001767
    • MW Hayward J Adendorff J O'Brien 2007 The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: an assessment Oryx 41 205 214 10.1017/S0030605307001767
    • (2007) Oryx , vol.41 , pp. 205-214
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Adendorff, J.2    O'Brien, J.3
  • 31
    • 34249942538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing predictions of the prey of the lion (Panthera leo) derived from modelled prey preferences
    • 10.2193/2006-264
    • MW Hayward M Hofmeyr J O'Brien 2007 Testing predictions of the prey of the lion (Panthera leo) derived from modelled prey preferences J Wildl Manage 71 1567 1575 10.2193/2006-264
    • (2007) J Wildl Manage , vol.71 , pp. 1567-1575
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Hofmeyr, M.2    O'Brien, J.3
  • 32
    • 34548226020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carrying capacity of large African predators: Predictions and tests
    • 210.1016/j.biocon.2007.1006.1018
    • MW Hayward J O'Brien GIH Kerley 2007 Carrying capacity of large African predators: predictions and tests Biol Conserv 139 219 229 210.1016/j.biocon. 2007.1006.1018
    • (2007) Biol Conserv , vol.139 , pp. 219-229
    • Hayward, M.W.1    O'Brien, J.2    Kerley, G.I.H.3
  • 34
    • 0027869336 scopus 로고
    • The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: How a predator copes with migratory prey. III. Attendance and maternal care
    • 10.1006/anbe.1993.1224
    • H Hofer ML East 1993 The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. III. Attendance and maternal care Anim Behav 46 575 589 10.1006/anbe.1993.1224
    • (1993) Anim Behav , vol.46 , pp. 575-589
    • Hofer, H.1    East, M.L.2
  • 36
    • 0032396385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance behaviour in African ungulates: The role of predation pressure
    • LTB Hunter JD Skinner 1998 Vigilance behaviour in African ungulates: the role of predation pressure Behaviour 135 195 211
    • (1998) Behaviour , vol.135 , pp. 195-211
    • Hunter, L.T.B.1    Skinner, J.D.2
  • 37
    • 5044239901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scaling of animal space use
    • 10.1126/science.1102138
    • W Jetz C Carbone J Fulford 2004 The scaling of animal space use Science 306 266 268 10.1126/science.1102138
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 266-268
    • Jetz, W.1    Carbone, C.2    Fulford, J.3
  • 38
    • 63149174244 scopus 로고
    • Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station Wareham
    • Kenward RE, Hodder KH (1992) Ranges V-an analysis system for biological location data. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham
    • (1992)
    • Kenward, R.E.1    Hodder, K.H.2
  • 39
    • 0024879086 scopus 로고
    • A note on the ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus Linnaeus) in the Londolozi Game Reserve, South Africa
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00940.x
    • PG le Roux JD Skinner 1989 A note on the ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus Linnaeus) in the Londolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Afr J Ecol 27 167 171 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00940.x
    • (1989) Afr J Ecol , vol.27 , pp. 167-171
    • Le Roux, P.G.1    Skinner, J.D.2
  • 40
    • 0020647718 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of carnivore social behaviour
    • 10.1038/301379a0
    • DW Macdonald 1983 The ecology of carnivore social behaviour Nature 301 379 384 10.1038/301379a0
    • (1983) Nature , vol.301 , pp. 379-384
    • MacDonald, D.W.1
  • 41
    • 84995195763 scopus 로고
    • Observations on lions in the Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania
    • S Makacha GB Schaller 1969 Observations on lions in the Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania Af Wildl J 7 99 103
    • (1969) Af Wildl J , vol.7 , pp. 99-103
    • Makacha, S.1    Schaller, G.B.2
  • 42
    • 29144502370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with particular reference to Namibian farmlands
    • L Marker AJ Dickman 2005 Factors affecting leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with particular reference to Namibian farmlands S Afr J Wildl Res 35 105 115
    • (2005) S Afr J Wildl Res , vol.35 , pp. 105-115
    • Marker, L.1    Dickman, A.J.2
  • 43
    • 0013624674 scopus 로고
    • Leopard and tiger interactions at Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal
    • C McDougal 1988 Leopard and tiger interactions at Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 85 609 610
    • (1988) J Bombay Nat Hist Soc , vol.85 , pp. 609-610
    • McDougal, C.1
  • 45
    • 0031458493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the density and distribution of wild dogs in the Kruger National Park
    • 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96252.x
    • MGL Mills ML Gorman 1997 Factors affecting the density and distribution of wild dogs in the Kruger National Park Conserv Biol 11 1397 1406 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96252.x
    • (1997) Conserv Biol , vol.11 , pp. 1397-1406
    • Mills, M.G.L.1    Gorman, M.L.2
  • 46
    • 0031922538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home-range and movements of leopards (Panthera pardus) on a livestock ranch in Kenya
    • 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00031.x
    • F Mizutani PA Jewell 1998 Home-range and movements of leopards (Panthera pardus) on a livestock ranch in Kenya J Zool (Lond) 244 269 286 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00031.x
    • (1998) J Zool (Lond) , vol.244 , pp. 269-286
    • Mizutani, F.1    Jewell, P.A.2
  • 47
    • 33746062086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-specific variation and taxa-sampling affects the home range-body mass relationship
    • EB Nilsen JDC Linnell 2006 Intra-specific variation and taxa-sampling affects the home range-body mass relationship Acta Theriol (Warsz) 51 225 232
    • (2006) Acta Theriol (Warsz) , vol.51 , pp. 225-232
    • Nilsen, E.B.1    Linnell, J.D.C.2
  • 48
    • 1942534165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial dynamics of lions and their prey along an environmental gradient
    • 10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00440.x
    • JO Ogutu HT Dublin 2004 Spatial dynamics of lions and their prey along an environmental gradient Afr J Ecol 42 8 42 10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00440.x
    • (2004) Afr J Ecol , vol.42 , pp. 8-42
    • Ogutu, J.O.1    Dublin, H.T.2
  • 49
    • 0020038550 scopus 로고
    • Cooperation and competition within coalitions of males lions: Kin selection or game theory?
    • 10.1038/296740a0
    • C Packer AE Pusey 1982 Cooperation and competition within coalitions of males lions: kin selection or game theory? Nature 296 740 742 10.1038/296740a0
    • (1982) Nature , vol.296 , pp. 740-742
    • Packer, C.1    Pusey, A.E.2
  • 50
    • 0025694028 scopus 로고
    • Why lions form groups: Food is not enough
    • 10.1086/285079
    • C Packer D Scheel AE Pusey 1990 Why lions form groups: food is not enough Am Nat 136 1 19 10.1086/285079
    • (1990) Am Nat , vol.136 , pp. 1-19
    • Packer, C.1    Scheel, D.2    Pusey, A.E.3
  • 51
    • 12344300334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological change, group territoriality, and population dynamics in Serengeti lions
    • 10.1126/science.1105122
    • C Packer R Hilborn A Mosser 2005 Ecological change, group territoriality, and population dynamics in Serengeti lions Science 307 390 392 10.1126/science.1105122
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 390-392
    • Packer, C.1    Hilborn, R.2    Mosser, A.3
  • 52
    • 2342590766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: A predator's size determines its prey size range
    • 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x
    • FGT Radloff JT du Toit 2004 Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range J Anim Ecol 73 410 423 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x
    • (2004) J Anim Ecol , vol.73 , pp. 410-423
    • Radloff, F.G.T.1    Du Toit, J.T.2
  • 53
    • 38149015420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement patterns of sable antelope in the Kruger National Park from GPS/GSM collars: A preliminary assessment
    • S Rahimi N Owen-Smith 2007 Movement patterns of sable antelope in the Kruger National Park from GPS/GSM collars: a preliminary assessment S Afr J Wildl Res 37 143 151
    • (2007) S Afr J Wildl Res , vol.37 , pp. 143-151
    • Rahimi, S.1    Owen-Smith, N.2
  • 54
    • 38149055620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting the diet of lions (Panthera leo); A comparison of various methods of analysis
    • JA Rapson RTF Bernard 2007 Interpreting the diet of lions (Panthera leo); a comparison of various methods of analysis S Afr J Wildl Res 37 179 187
    • (2007) S Afr J Wildl Res , vol.37 , pp. 179-187
    • Rapson, J.A.1    Bernard, R.T.F.2
  • 55
    • 84995242924 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive biology of lions (Panthera leo massaica Neumann) in Nairobi National Park
    • J Rudnai 1973 Reproductive biology of lions (Panthera leo massaica Neumann) in Nairobi National Park Af Wildl J 11 241 253
    • (1973) Af Wildl J , vol.11 , pp. 241-253
    • Rudnai, J.1
  • 56
    • 84995215297 scopus 로고
    • The pattern of lion predation in Nairobi Park
    • J Rudnai 1974 The pattern of lion predation in Nairobi Park Af Wildl J 12 213 225
    • (1974) Af Wildl J , vol.12 , pp. 213-225
    • Rudnai, J.1
  • 57
    • 63149123599 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press Chicago
    • Schaller GB (1972) The Serengeti lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • (1972)
    • Schaller, G.B.1
  • 58
    • 0003148166 scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics and recent history of lions in two parts of the Kruger National Park
    • GL Smuts 1976 Population characteristics and recent history of lions in two parts of the Kruger National Park Koedoe 19 153 164
    • (1976) Koedoe , vol.19 , pp. 153-164
    • Smuts, G.L.1
  • 59
    • 0342583556 scopus 로고
    • Diet of lions and spotted hyaenas assessed from stomach contents
    • GL Smuts 1979 Diet of lions and spotted hyaenas assessed from stomach contents S Afr J Wildl Res 9 19 25
    • (1979) S Afr J Wildl Res , vol.9 , pp. 19-25
    • Smuts, G.L.1
  • 60
    • 0036764723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space use in lions, Panthera leo, in the Selous Game Reserve: Social and ecological factors
    • 10.1007/s00265-002-0515-x
    • G Spong 2002 Space use in lions, Panthera leo, in the Selous Game Reserve: social and ecological factors Behav Ecol Sociobiol 52 303 307 10.1007/s00265-002-0515-x
    • (2002) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.52 , pp. 303-307
    • Spong, G.1
  • 61
    • 0001831531 scopus 로고
    • Demography of lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia
    • PE Stander 1991 Demography of lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia Madoqua 18 1 9
    • (1991) Madoqua , vol.18 , pp. 1-9
    • Stander, P.E.1
  • 62
    • 0030616774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards
    • PE Stander PJ Haden Kaqece 1997 The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards J Zool (Lond) 242 343 364
    • (1997) J Zool (Lond) , vol.242 , pp. 343-364
    • Stander, P.E.1    Haden, P.J.2    Kaqece3
  • 63
    • 63149128650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Struik Publishers Cape Town
    • Stuart CT, Stuart T (2000) Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town
    • (2000)
    • Stuart, C.T.1    Stuart, T.2
  • 64
    • 0022208690 scopus 로고
    • Influence of sampling intervals on estimates of home-range size
    • 10.2307/3801388
    • RK Swihart NA Slade 1985 Influence of sampling intervals on estimates of home-range size J Wildl Manage 49 1019 1025 10.2307/3801388
    • (1985) J Wildl Manage , vol.49 , pp. 1019-1025
    • Swihart, R.K.1    Slade, N.A.2
  • 65
    • 0022193363 scopus 로고
    • Testing for independence of observations in animal movements
    • 10.2307/1939170
    • RK Swihart NA Slade 1985 Testing for independence of observations in animal movements Ecology 66 1176 1184 10.2307/1939170
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1176-1184
    • Swihart, R.K.1    Slade, N.A.2
  • 66
    • 0036068038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative mating tactics of the gobiid fish, Bathygobius fuscus
    • 10.1007/s10164-002-0047-x
    • M Taru T Kanda T Sunobe 2002 Alternative mating tactics of the gobiid fish, Bathygobius fuscus J Ethol 20 9 12 10.1007/s10164-002-0047-x
    • (2002) J Ethol , vol.20 , pp. 9-12
    • Taru, M.1    Kanda, T.2    Sunobe, T.3
  • 67
    • 0022857405 scopus 로고
    • Spatial arrangement of spotted hyaena groups in a desert environment, Namibia
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1986.tb00358.x
    • RL Tilson JR Henschel 1986 Spatial arrangement of spotted hyaena groups in a desert environment, Namibia Afr J Ecol 24 173 180 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1986. tb00358.x
    • (1986) Afr J Ecol , vol.24 , pp. 173-180
    • Tilson, R.L.1    Henschel, J.R.2
  • 68
    • 0038684008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of fences and lions on the ecology of African wild dogs reintroduced to Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa
    • G van Dyk R Slotow 2003 The effects of fences and lions on the ecology of African wild dogs reintroduced to Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa Afr Zool 38 79 94
    • (2003) Afr Zool , vol.38 , pp. 79-94
    • Van Dyk, G.1    Slotow, R.2
  • 69
    • 0001739554 scopus 로고
    • Ranges and food habits of lions in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda
    • KG van Orsdol 1982 Ranges and food habits of lions in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda Symp Zool Soc Lond 49 325 340
    • (1982) Symp Zool Soc Lond , vol.49 , pp. 325-340
    • Van Orsdol, K.G.1
  • 70
    • 0021581143 scopus 로고
    • Foraging behaviour and hunting success of lions in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1984.tb00682.x
    • KG van Orsdol 1984 Foraging behaviour and hunting success of lions in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda Afr J Ecol 22 79 99 10.1111/j.1365-2028. 1984.tb00682.x
    • (1984) Afr J Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 79-99
    • Van Orsdol, K.G.1
  • 71
    • 84985402795 scopus 로고
    • Ecological correlates of lion social organisation (Panthera leo)
    • KG van Orsdol JP Hanby JD Bygott 1985 Ecological correlates of lion social organisation (Panthera leo) J Zool 206 97 112
    • (1985) J Zool , vol.206 , pp. 97-112
    • Van Orsdol, K.G.1    Hanby, J.P.2    Bygott, J.D.3
  • 72
    • 0001345956 scopus 로고
    • The effects of changes in prey availability on lion predation in a large natural ecosystem in northern Botswana
    • PC Viljoen 1993 The effects of changes in prey availability on lion predation in a large natural ecosystem in northern Botswana Symp Zool Soc Lond 65 193 213
    • (1993) Symp Zool Soc Lond , vol.65 , pp. 193-213
    • Viljoen, P.C.1
  • 73
    • 0038011494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acocks' Valley Bushveld 50 years on: New perspectives on the delimitation, characterisation and origin of subtropical thicket vegetation
    • JHJ Vlok DIW Euston-Brown RM Cowling 2003 Acocks' Valley Bushveld 50 years on: new perspectives on the delimitation, characterisation and origin of subtropical thicket vegetation S Afr J Bot 69 27 51
    • (2003) S Afr J Bot , vol.69 , pp. 27-51
    • Vlok, J.H.J.1    Euston-Brown, D.I.W.2    Cowling, R.M.3
  • 74
    • 0037162880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane
    • 10.1126/science.1073257
    • PM West C Packer 2002 Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane Science 297 1339 1343 10.1126/science.1073257
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 1339-1343
    • West, P.M.1    Packer, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.