메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 242, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 343-364

The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FELIDAE; PANTHERA PARDUS;

EID: 0030616774     PISSN: 09528369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (120)

References (99)
  • 3
    • 0028992797 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of juvenile cougars in fragmented habitat
    • Beier, P. (1995). Dispersal of juvenile cougars in fragmented habitat. J. Wildl. Manage. 59: 228-237.
    • (1995) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.59 , pp. 228-237
    • Beier, P.1
  • 4
    • 0343416078 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal levels of disease and predation as limiting factors for wildebeest in the Etosha National Park
    • Berry, H. H. (1981). Abnormal levels of disease and predation as limiting factors for wildebeest in the Etosha National Park. Madoqua 11: 242-253.
    • (1981) Madoqua , vol.11 , pp. 242-253
    • Berry, H.H.1
  • 5
    • 0003824818 scopus 로고
    • London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.
    • Bertram, B. C. R. (1978). Pride of lions. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.
    • (1978) Pride of Lions
    • Bertram, B.C.R.1
  • 6
    • 0000035331 scopus 로고
    • Serengeti predators and their social systems
    • Sinclair, A. R. E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (Eds). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
    • Bertram, B. C. R. (1979). Serengeti predators and their social systems. In Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem: 221-248. Sinclair, A. R. E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (Eds). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    • (1979) Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem , pp. 221-248
    • Bertram, B.C.R.1
  • 7
    • 0011209172 scopus 로고
    • Leopard ecology as studied by radio tracking
    • Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). Leopard ecology as studied by radio tracking. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. No. 49: 341-352.
    • (1982) Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 49 , pp. 341-352
    • Bertram, B.C.R.1
  • 8
    • 0021550899 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari Desert
    • Bothma, J. du P. & le Riche, E. A. N. (1984). Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari Desert. Koedoe 27 (Suppl.): 259-279.
    • (1984) Koedoe , vol.27 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 259-279
    • Du Bothma, J.P.1    Le Riche, E.A.N.2
  • 9
    • 0006088385 scopus 로고
    • Prey preference and hunting efficiency of the Kalahari Desert leopard
    • Miller, S. D. & Everett, D. D. (Eds). Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation
    • Bothma, J. du P. & le Riche, E. A. N. (1986). Prey preference and hunting efficiency of the Kalahari Desert leopard. In Cats of the world: biology, conservation and management: 381-414. Miller, S. D. & Everett, D. D. (Eds). Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation.
    • (1986) Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management , pp. 381-414
    • Du Bothma, J.P.1    Le Riche, E.A.N.2
  • 10
    • 0025205808 scopus 로고
    • The influence of increasing hunger on the hunting behaviour of southern Kalahari leopards
    • Bothma, J. du P. & le Riche, E. A. N. (1990). The influence of increasing hunger on the hunting behaviour of southern Kalahari leopards. J. Arid Environ. 18: 79-84.
    • (1990) J. Arid Environ. , vol.18 , pp. 79-84
    • Du Bothma, J.P.1    Le Riche, E.A.N.2
  • 11
    • 36849152552 scopus 로고
    • Male lions in large coalitions gain reproductive advantages
    • Bygott, J. D., Bertram, B. C. R. & Hanby, J. P. (1979). Male lions in large coalitions gain reproductive advantages. Nature (Lond.) 282: 839-841.
    • (1979) Nature (Lond.) , vol.282 , pp. 839-841
    • Bygott, J.D.1    Bertram, B.C.R.2    Hanby, J.P.3
  • 12
    • 0002885448 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of asociality in felids
    • Standen, V. & Foley, R. A. (Eds). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication
    • Caro, T. M. (1989). Determinants of asociality in felids. In Comparative socio-ecology: the behavioral ecology of humans and other mammals: 41-74. Standen, V. & Foley, R. A. (Eds). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication.
    • (1989) Comparative Socio-ecology: The Behavioral Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals , pp. 41-74
    • Caro, T.M.1
  • 14
    • 0022909924 scopus 로고
    • Male cheetahs of the Serengeti
    • Caro, T. M. & Collins, D. A. (1986). Male cheetahs of the Serengeti. Natl Geogr. Res. 2: 75-86.
    • (1986) Natl Geogr. Res. , vol.2 , pp. 75-86
    • Caro, T.M.1    Collins, D.A.2
  • 15
    • 84985376701 scopus 로고
    • Ecological characteristics of territories of male cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
    • Caro, T. M. & Collins, D. A. (1987). Ecological characteristics of territories of male cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). J. Zool. (Lond.) 211: 89-105.
    • (1987) J. Zool. (Lond.) , vol.211 , pp. 89-105
    • Caro, T.M.1    Collins, D.A.2
  • 16
    • 0001686464 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production
    • Coe, M. J., Cumming, D. H. & Phillipson, J. (1976). Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia 22: 341-354.
    • (1976) Oecologia , vol.22 , pp. 341-354
    • Coe, M.J.1    Cumming, D.H.2    Phillipson, J.3
  • 17
    • 0026312809 scopus 로고
    • Optimal hunting group size: The need for lions to defend their kills against loss to spotted hyaenas
    • Cooper, S. M. (1991). Optimal hunting group size: the need for lions to defend their kills against loss to spotted hyaenas. Afr. J. Ecol. 29: 130-136.
    • (1991) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.29 , pp. 130-136
    • Cooper, S.M.1
  • 18
    • 0025955091 scopus 로고
    • Jaguar spacing, activity and habitat use in a seasonally flooded environment in Brazil
    • Crawshaw, P. G., Jr & Quigley, H. B. (1991). Jaguar spacing, activity and habitat use in a seasonally flooded environment in Brazil. J. Zool. (Lond.) 223: 357-370.
    • (1991) J. Zool. (Lond.) , vol.223 , pp. 357-370
    • Crawshaw P.G., Jr.1    Quigley, H.B.2
  • 19
    • 0028983286 scopus 로고
    • Communal hunting and pack size in African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus
    • Creel, S. & Creel, N. M. (1995). Communal hunting and pack size in African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus. Anim. Behav. 50: 1325-1339.
    • (1995) Anim. Behav. , vol.50 , pp. 1325-1339
    • Creel, S.1    Creel, N.M.2
  • 20
    • 0342546368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitation of African Wild Dogs by competition with larger carnivores
    • In press
    • Creel, S. & Creel, N. M. (In press). Limitation of African Wild Dogs by competition with larger carnivores. Conserv. Biol.
    • Conserv. Biol.
    • Creel, S.1    Creel, N.M.2
  • 21
    • 0002212894 scopus 로고
    • Territory economics
    • Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (Eds). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Assoc. Inc.
    • Davies, N. B. & Houston, A. I. (1984). Territory economics. In Behavioural ecology, an evolutionary approach: 148-170. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (Eds). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Assoc. Inc.
    • (1984) Behavioural Ecology, an Evolutionary Approach , pp. 148-170
    • Davies, N.B.1    Houston, A.I.2
  • 22
    • 0021585259 scopus 로고
    • A common relationship between precipitation and grassland peak biomass for East and southern Africa
    • Deshmukh, I. K. (1984). A common relationship between precipitation and grassland peak biomass for East and southern Africa. Afr. J. Ecol. 22: 181-186.
    • (1984) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.22 , pp. 181-186
    • Deshmukh, I.K.1
  • 23
    • 0025298376 scopus 로고
    • Non-parametric estimates of interaction from radio-tracking data
    • Doncaster, C. P. (1990). Non-parametric estimates of interaction from radio-tracking data. J. theor. Biol. 143: 431-443.
    • (1990) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.143 , pp. 431-443
    • Doncaster, C.P.1
  • 24
    • 0021537355 scopus 로고
    • Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals
    • East, R. (1984). Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals. Afr. J. Ecol. 22: 245-270.
    • (1984) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.22 , pp. 245-270
    • East, R.1
  • 25
    • 0342980759 scopus 로고
    • New York: van Nostrand Rheinold Co.
    • Eaton, R. L. (1974). The cheetah. New York: van Nostrand Rheinold Co.
    • (1974) The Cheetah
    • Eaton, R.L.1
  • 26
    • 0002468281 scopus 로고
    • An ecological reconnaissance of the Wilpattu National Park, Ceylon
    • Eisenberg, J. F. & Lockhart, M. (1972). An ecological reconnaissance of the Wilpattu National Park, Ceylon. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 101: 1-56.
    • (1972) Smithson. Contrib. Zool. , vol.101 , pp. 1-56
    • Eisenberg, J.F.1    Lockhart, M.2
  • 28
    • 0017407477 scopus 로고
    • Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems
    • Emlen, S. T. & Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science (Washington, D.C.) 197: 215-223.
    • (1977) Science (Washington, D.C.) , vol.197 , pp. 215-223
    • Emlen, S.T.1    Oring, L.W.2
  • 29
    • 84990166396 scopus 로고
    • The large herbivore populations of Ngorongoro Crater
    • Estes, R. D. & Small, R. (1981). The large herbivore populations of Ngorongoro Crater. Afr. J. Ecol. 19: 175-185.
    • (1981) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.19 , pp. 175-185
    • Estes, R.D.1    Small, R.2
  • 30
    • 0004261301 scopus 로고
    • Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    • Ewer, R. F. (1973). The carnivores. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    • (1973) The Carnivores
    • Ewer, R.F.1
  • 31
    • 0027384840 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the hunting success of an African wild dog pack
    • Fanshawe, J. H. & Fitzgibbon, C. D. (1993). Factors influencing the hunting success of an African wild dog pack. Anim. Behav. 45: 479-490.
    • (1993) Anim. Behav. , vol.45 , pp. 479-490
    • Fanshawe, J.H.1    Fitzgibbon, C.D.2
  • 32
    • 0004656376 scopus 로고
    • Cheetah
    • Macdonald, D. W. (Ed.). London: Allen & Unwin
    • Frame, G. W. (1984). Cheetah. In The encyclopedia of mammals 1: 40-43. Macdonald, D. W. (Ed.). London: Allen & Unwin.
    • (1984) The Encyclopedia of Mammals , vol.1 , pp. 40-43
    • Frame, G.W.1
  • 33
    • 0001437755 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary vegetation map of South West Africa
    • Giess, W. (1971). A preliminary vegetation map of South West Africa. Dinteria 4: 1-114.
    • (1971) Dinteria , vol.4 , pp. 1-114
    • Giess, W.1
  • 34
    • 0022840504 scopus 로고
    • Carnivore life history patterns: Allometric, phylogenetic, and ecological associations
    • Gittleman, J. L. (1986). Carnivore life history patterns: allometric, phylogenetic, and ecological associations. Am. Nat. 127: 744-771.
    • (1986) Am. Nat. , vol.127 , pp. 744-771
    • Gittleman, J.L.1
  • 35
    • 0002888323 scopus 로고
    • Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology
    • Gittleman, J. L. & Harvey, P. H. (1982). Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 10: 57-63.
    • (1982) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.10 , pp. 57-63
    • Gittleman, J.L.1    Harvey, P.H.2
  • 37
    • 0025588786 scopus 로고
    • Home-range analysis using radio-tracking data - A review of problems and techniques particularly as applied to the study of mammals
    • Harris, S., Cresswell, W. J., Forde, P. G., Trewhella, W. J., Woollard, T. & Wray, S. (1990). Home-range analysis using radio-tracking data - a review of problems and techniques particularly as applied to the study of mammals. Mammal Rev. 20: 97-123.
    • (1990) Mammal Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 97-123
    • Harris, S.1    Cresswell, W.J.2    Forde, P.G.3    Trewhella, W.J.4    Woollard, T.5    Wray, S.6
  • 38
    • 0003024147 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons between taxa and adaptive trends: Problems of methodology
    • King's College Research Group, Cambridge University Press
    • Harvey, P. H. & Mace, G. M. (1982). Comparisons between taxa and adaptive trends: problems of methodology. In Current problems in sociobiology. King's College Research Group, Cambridge University Press.
    • (1982) Current Problems in Sociobiology
    • Harvey, P.H.1    Mace, G.M.2
  • 39
    • 0001951305 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area
    • Hornocker, M. G. (1970). An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildl. Monogr. No. 21.
    • (1970) Wildl. Monogr. No. 21
    • Hornocker, M.G.1
  • 40
    • 0024876611 scopus 로고
    • Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Nepal - Home range and movements
    • Jackson, R. M. & Ahlborn, G. G. (1989). Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Nepal - home range and movements. Natl. Geogr. Res. 5: 161-175.
    • (1989) Natl. Geogr. Res. , vol.5 , pp. 161-175
    • Jackson, R.M.1    Ahlborn, G.G.2
  • 41
    • 0027705749 scopus 로고
    • Food habits of Asiatic leopards (Panthera pardus fusea) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China
    • Johnson, K. G., Wei, W., Reid, D. G. & Jinchu, H. (1993). Food habits of Asiatic leopards (Panthera pardus fusea) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China. J. Mammal. 74: 646-650.
    • (1993) J. Mammal. , vol.74 , pp. 646-650
    • Johnson, K.G.1    Wei, W.2    Reid, D.G.3    Jinchu, H.4
  • 42
    • 0004268242 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
    • Kruuk, H. (1972). The spotted hyaena. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    • (1972) The Spotted Hyaena
    • Kruuk, H.1
  • 43
    • 0027329467 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of replacement of resident cougars in southern Utah
    • Laing, S. P. & Lindzey, F. G. (1993). Patterns of replacement of resident cougars in southern Utah. J. Mammal. 74: 1056-1058.
    • (1993) J. Mammal. , vol.74 , pp. 1056-1058
    • Laing, S.P.1    Lindzey, F.G.2
  • 44
    • 84982619701 scopus 로고
    • The function of social hunting in larger terrestrial carnivores
    • Lamprecht, J. (1981). The function of social hunting in larger terrestrial carnivores. Mammal Rev. 11: 169-179.
    • (1981) Mammal Rev. , vol.11 , pp. 169-179
    • Lamprecht, J.1
  • 45
    • 0001861988 scopus 로고
    • Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics
    • Sinclair, A. R. E. & Arcese, P. (Eds). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Laurenson, M. K. (1995a). Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics. In Serengeti II: dynamics, management and conservation of an ecosystem: 385-400. Sinclair, A. R. E. & Arcese, P. (Eds). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1995) Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem , pp. 385-400
    • Laurenson, M.K.1
  • 46
    • 0028978756 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural costs and constraints of lactation in free-living cheetahs
    • Laurenson, M. K. (1995b). Behavioural costs and constraints of lactation in free-living cheetahs. Anim. Behav. 50: 815-826.
    • (1995) Anim. Behav. , vol.50 , pp. 815-826
    • Laurenson, M.K.1
  • 47
    • 0024879086 scopus 로고
    • A note on the ecology of the leopard (Pantherus pardus Linnaeus) in the Londolozi Game Reserve, South Africa
    • Le Roux, P. G. & Skinner, J. D. (1989). A note on the ecology of the leopard (Pantherus pardus Linnaeus) in the Londolozi Game Reserve, South Africa. Afr. J. Ecol. 27: 167-171.
    • (1989) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 167-171
    • Le Roux, P.G.1    Skinner, J.D.2
  • 48
    • 0004185620 scopus 로고
    • (Transl. B. A. Tonkin). New York: Garland Press
    • Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat behaviour. (Transl. B. A. Tonkin). New York: Garland Press.
    • (1979) Cat Behaviour
    • Leyhausen, P.1
  • 49
    • 0020647718 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of carnivore social behaviour
    • Macdonald, D. W. (1983). The ecology of carnivore social behaviour. Nature (Lond.) 301: 379-384.
    • (1983) Nature (Lond.) , vol.301 , pp. 379-384
    • Macdonald, D.W.1
  • 50
    • 0001982365 scopus 로고
    • The evaluation of home range size and configuration using radio tracking data
    • Amlaner, C. J. & Macdonald, D. W. (Eds). Oxford: Pergamon Press
    • Macdonald, D. W., Ball, F. G. & Hough, N. G. (1980). The evaluation of home range size and configuration using radio tracking data. In A handbook on biotelemetry and radiotracking: 387-404. Amlaner, C. J. & Macdonald, D. W. (Eds). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
    • (1980) A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radiotracking , pp. 387-404
    • Macdonald, D.W.1    Ball, F.G.2    Hough, N.G.3
  • 51
    • 0003154484 scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate home-range size and energetic requirements
    • Swingland, I. R. & Greenwood, P. J. (Eds). Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • Mace, G. M., Harvey, P. H. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1983). Vertebrate home-range size and energetic requirements. In The ecology of animal movement: 32-53. Swingland, I. R. & Greenwood, P. J. (Eds). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    • (1983) The Ecology of Animal Movement , pp. 32-53
    • Mace, G.M.1    Harvey, P.H.2    Clutton-Brock, T.H.3
  • 53
    • 0000198254 scopus 로고
    • Bioenergetics and the determination of home range size
    • McNab, B. K. (1963). Bioenergetics and the determination of home range size. Am. Nat. 97: 133-140.
    • (1963) Am. Nat. , vol.97 , pp. 133-140
    • McNab, B.K.1
  • 55
    • 0001454809 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of methods used to study food habits of large African carnivores
    • McCullough, D. R. & Barrett, R. H. (Eds). London: Elsevier Applied Science
    • Mills, M. G. L. (1992). A comparison of methods used to study food habits of large African carnivores. In Wildlife 2001: populations: 1112-1124. McCullough, D. R. & Barrett, R. H. (Eds). London: Elsevier Applied Science.
    • (1992) Wildlife 2001: Populations , pp. 1112-1124
    • Mills, M.G.L.1
  • 56
    • 0001442513 scopus 로고
    • Prey apportionment and related ecological relationships between large carnivores in Kruger National Park
    • Mills, M. G. L. & Biggs, H. C. (1993). Prey apportionment and related ecological relationships between large carnivores in Kruger National Park. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. No. 65: 253-268.
    • (1993) Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. No. 65 , pp. 253-268
    • Mills, M.G.L.1    Biggs, H.C.2
  • 57
    • 0343852034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the density and distribution of wild dogs in the Kruger National Park
    • In press
    • Mills, M. G. L. & Gorman, M. L. (In press). Factors affecting the density and distribution of wild dogs in the Kruger National Park. Cons. Biol.
    • Cons. Biol.
    • Mills, M.G.L.1    Gorman, M.L.2
  • 59
    • 0000290769 scopus 로고
    • Table of equivalent populations in North American small mammals
    • Mohr, C. O. (1947). Table of equivalent populations in North American small mammals. Am. Midl. Nat. 37: 233-249.
    • (1947) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.37 , pp. 233-249
    • Mohr, C.O.1
  • 60
    • 0343852032 scopus 로고
    • Home range and movement of male leopards in the Cederberg Wilderness Area, Cape Province
    • Norton, P. M. & Henley, S. R. (1987). Home range and movement of male leopards in the Cederberg Wilderness Area, Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 17: 41-48.
    • (1987) S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 41-48
    • Norton, P.M.1    Henley, S.R.2
  • 61
    • 0001857392 scopus 로고
    • Radio tracking of leopards and caracals in the Stellenbosch area, Cape Province
    • Norton, P. M. & Lawson, A. B. (1985). Radio tracking of leopards and caracals in the Stellenbosch area, Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 15: 17-24.
    • (1985) S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. , vol.15 , pp. 17-24
    • Norton, P.M.1    Lawson, A.B.2
  • 62
    • 0013604451 scopus 로고
    • Prey of leopards in four mountainous areas of the south-western Cape Province
    • Norton, P. M., Lawson, A. B., Henley, S. R. & Avery, G. (1986). Prey of leopards in four mountainous areas of the south-western Cape Province. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 16: 47-52.
    • (1986) S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 47-52
    • Norton, P.M.1    Lawson, A.B.2    Henley, S.R.3    Avery, G.4
  • 63
    • 0002500164 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of sociality in felids
    • Rubenstein, D. I. & Wrangham, R. W. (Eds). Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • Packer, C. (1986). The ecology of sociality in felids. In Ecological aspects of social evolution: 429-451. Rubenstein, D. I. & Wrangham, R. W. (Eds). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    • (1986) Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution , pp. 429-451
    • Packer, C.1
  • 64
    • 0020038550 scopus 로고
    • Cooperation and competition within coalitions of male lions: Kin selection or game theory?
    • Packer, C. & Pusey, A. E. (1982). Cooperation and competition within coalitions of male lions: kin selection or game theory? Nature (Lond.) 296: 740-742.
    • (1982) Nature (Lond.) , vol.296 , pp. 740-742
    • Packer, C.1    Pusey, A.E.2
  • 65
    • 0024190874 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of cooperative hunting
    • Packer, C. & Ruttan, L. (1988). The evolution of cooperative hunting. Am. Nat. 132: 159-198.
    • (1988) Am. Nat. , vol.132 , pp. 159-198
    • Packer, C.1    Ruttan, L.2
  • 66
    • 0025694028 scopus 로고
    • Why lions form groups: Food is not enough
    • Packer, C., Scheel, D. & Pusey, A. E. (1990). Why lions form groups: food is not enough. Am. Nat. 136: 1-19.
    • (1990) Am. Nat. , vol.136 , pp. 1-19
    • Packer, C.1    Scheel, D.2    Pusey, A.E.3
  • 67
    • 0003008404 scopus 로고
    • The large mammals of the Kruger National Park - Their distribution and present-day status
    • Pienaar, U. de V. (1963). The large mammals of the Kruger National Park - their distribution and present-day status. Koedoe 6: 1-37.
    • (1963) Koedoe , vol.6 , pp. 1-37
    • De Pienaar, U.V.1
  • 68
    • 0000307455 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park
    • Pienaar, U. de V. (1969). Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 12: 108-176.
    • (1969) Koedoe , vol.12 , pp. 108-176
    • De Pienaar, U.V.1
  • 69
    • 84985412401 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and behaviour of the Jaguar (Panthera onca) in Belize, Central America
    • Rabinowitz, A. R. & Nottingham, B. G., Jr (1986). Ecology and behaviour of the Jaguar (Panthera onca) in Belize, Central America. J. Zool. (Lond.) 210: 149-159.
    • (1986) J. Zool. (Lond.) , vol.210 , pp. 149-159
    • Rabinowitz, A.R.1    Nottingham B.G., Jr.2
  • 70
    • 0002578603 scopus 로고
    • Ecology and evolution in mongooses
    • Rubenstein, D. I. & Wrangham, R. W. (Eds). Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • Rood, J. P. (1986). Ecology and evolution in mongooses. In Ecological aspects of social evolution: 131-152. Rubenstein, D. I. & Wrangham, R. W. (Eds). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    • (1986) Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution , pp. 131-152
    • Rood, J.P.1
  • 71
    • 84995215297 scopus 로고
    • The pattern of lion predation in Nairobi Park
    • Rudnai, J. A. (1974). The pattern of lion predation in Nairobi Park. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 12: 213-225.
    • (1974) E. Afr. Wildl. J. , vol.12 , pp. 213-225
    • Rudnai, J.A.1
  • 73
    • 0003982476 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti lion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1972) The Serengeti Lion
    • Schaller, G.B.1
  • 74
    • 0001678727 scopus 로고
    • An empirically based estimate of home range
    • Schoener, T. W. (1981). An empirically based estimate of home range. Theor. popul. Biol. 20: 281-325.
    • (1981) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 281-325
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 76
    • 0025525535 scopus 로고
    • Leopards living at the edge of the Royal Chitwan National Park Nepal
    • Daniel, J. C. & Serro, J. S. (Eds). Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay: Oxford University Press
    • Seidensticker, J. C., Sunquist, M. E. & McDougal, C. W. (1990). Leopards living at the edge of the Royal Chitwan National Park Nepal. In Conservation in developing countries: problems and prospects: 415-423. Daniel, J. C. & Serro, J. S. (Eds). Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay: Oxford University Press.
    • (1990) Conservation in Developing Countries: Problems and Prospects , pp. 415-423
    • Seidensticker, J.C.1    Sunquist, M.E.2    McDougal, C.W.3
  • 78
    • 0002056180 scopus 로고
    • Movement patterns and feeding behaviour of leopard in the Rhodes Matopos National Park, Rhodesia
    • Smith, R. M. (1977). Movement patterns and feeding behaviour of leopard in the Rhodes Matopos National Park, Rhodesia. Arnoldia Rhodesia 8(13): 1-16.
    • (1977) Arnoldia Rhodesia , vol.8 , Issue.13 , pp. 1-16
    • Smith, R.M.1
  • 79
    • 0003148166 scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics and recent history of lions in two parts of the Kruger National Park
    • Smuts, G. L. (1976). Population characteristics and recent history of lions in two parts of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 19: 153-164.
    • (1976) Koedoe , vol.19 , pp. 153-164
    • Smuts, G.L.1
  • 81
    • 0026549274 scopus 로고
    • Foraging dynamics of lions in a semi-arid environment
    • Stander, P. E. (1992a). Foraging dynamics of lions in a semi-arid environment. Can. J. Zool. 70: 8-21.
    • (1992) Can. J. Zool. , vol.70 , pp. 8-21
    • Stander, P.E.1
  • 82
    • 0026380613 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative hunting in lions: The role of the individual
    • Stander, P. E. (1992b). Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 29: 445-454.
    • (1992) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.29 , pp. 445-454
    • Stander, P.E.1
  • 84
    • 0030814159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field age determination of leopards by tooth wear
    • In press
    • Stander, P. E. (In press). Field age determination of leopards by tooth wear. Afr. J. Ecol. 36.
    • Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.36
    • Stander, P.E.1
  • 85
    • 0030616720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracking and the interpretation of spoor: A scientifically sound method in ecology
    • Stander, P. E., Ghau, //., Tsisaba, D., ≠oma, //. & ui, l.l (1997). Tracking and the interpretation of spoor: a scientifically sound method in ecology. J. Zool. (Lond.) 242: 329-341.
    • (1997) J. Zool. (Lond.) , vol.242 , pp. 329-341
    • Stander, P.E.1    Ghau2    Tsisaba, D.3    Oma4    Ui5
  • 86
    • 0030445658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method of darting: Stepping back in time
    • Stander, P. E., Ghau, X., Tsisaba, D. & Txoma, X. (1996). A new method of darting: stepping back in time. Afr. J. Ecol. 34: 48-53.
    • (1996) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.34 , pp. 48-53
    • Stander, P.E.1    Ghau, X.2    Tsisaba, D.3    Txoma, X.4
  • 87
    • 84980186218 scopus 로고
    • Field immobilization of lions using disassociative anaesthetics in combination with sedatives
    • Stander, P. E. & Morkel, P. vdB. (1991). Field immobilization of lions using disassociative anaesthetics in combination with sedatives. Afr. J. Ecol. 29: 138-148.
    • (1991) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.29 , pp. 138-148
    • Stander, P.E.1    Morkel, P.vdB.2
  • 88
    • 0001893852 scopus 로고
    • The social organisation of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal
    • Sunquist, M. E. (1981). The social organisation of tigers (Panthera tigris) in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 336: 1-98.
    • (1981) Smithson. Contrib. Zool. , vol.336 , pp. 1-98
    • Sunquist, M.E.1
  • 89
    • 0342980746 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of three radiotagged leopards
    • Sunquist, M. E. (1983). Dispersal of three radiotagged leopards. J. Mammal. 64: 337-341.
    • (1983) J. Mammal. , vol.64 , pp. 337-341
    • Sunquist, M.E.1
  • 90
    • 0002831605 scopus 로고
    • Ecological constraints on predation by large felids
    • Gittleman, J. L. (Ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    • Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. C. (1989). Ecological constraints on predation by large felids. In Carnivore behavior, ecology and evolution: 283-301. Gittleman, J. L. (Ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    • (1989) Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution , pp. 283-301
    • Sunquist, M.E.1    Sunquist, F.C.2
  • 91
    • 0022193363 scopus 로고
    • Testing for independence of observations in animal movements
    • Swihart, R. K. & Slade, N. A. (1985). Testing for independence of observations in animal movements. Ecology 66: 1176-1184.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1176-1184
    • Swihart, R.K.1    Slade, N.A.2
  • 92
    • 85068409711 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment and sexual selection
    • Campbell, B. (Ed.). Chicago: Aldine
    • Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Sexual selection and the Descent of Man, 1871-1971: 136-179. Campbell, B. (Ed.). Chicago: Aldine.
    • (1972) Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 1871-1971 , pp. 136-179
    • Trivers, R.L.1
  • 96
    • 0022833066 scopus 로고
    • Tolazoline as an antagonist in free-living lions immobilized with a Ketamine/xylazine combination
    • Van Wyk, T. C. & Berry, H. H. (1986). Tolazoline as an antagonist in free-living lions immobilized with a Ketamine/xylazine combination. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 57: 221-224.
    • (1986) J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. , vol.57 , pp. 221-224
    • Van Wyk, T.C.1    Berry, H.H.2
  • 97
    • 0003107897 scopus 로고
    • Mammals of the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia
    • Wilson, V. J. (1975). Mammals of the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia Mus. Mem. 5: 1-147.
    • (1975) Natl. Mus. Rhodesia Mus. Mem. , vol.5 , pp. 1-147
    • Wilson, V.J.1
  • 98
    • 0027808246 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on group size in primates and carnivores: Population density and day-range as assays of exploitation competition
    • Wrangham, R. W., Gittleman, J. L. & Chapman, C. A. (1993). Constraints on group size in primates and carnivores: population density and day-range as assays of exploitation competition. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 32: 199-209.
    • (1993) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.32 , pp. 199-209
    • Wrangham, R.W.1    Gittleman, J.L.2    Chapman, C.A.3
  • 99
    • 0002011125 scopus 로고
    • Social evolution in birds and mammals
    • Rubenstein, D. I. & Wrangham, R. W. (Eds). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
    • Wrangham, R. W. & Rubenstein, D. I. (1986). Social evolution in birds and mammals. In Ecological aspects of social evolution: 452-470. Rubenstein, D. I. & Wrangham, R. W. (Eds). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
    • (1986) Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution , pp. 452-470
    • Wrangham, R.W.1    Rubenstein, D.I.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.