A review of carbon nanotube purification by microwave assisted acid digestion

Separation and Purification Technology

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 209-222

  MacKenzie, Kieran ^a   Dunens, Oscar ^a   Harris, Andrew T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotubes; Fluidised bed carbon nanotubes; Microwave enhanced purification; Review

Indexed keywords

ACIDS; FLUIDIZATION; FLUIDIZED BEDS; MICROWAVES; PRESSURE EFFECTS; PURIFICATION; THERMAL EFFECTS;

ACID REFLUXES; EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS; FLUIDISED BED CARBON NANOTUBES; INDUSTRIAL SCALE; INTERACTION EFFECTS; KEY VARIABLES; MICROWAVE ASSISTED; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED ACID DIGESTIONS; OPTIMIZED CONDITIONS; PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS; POTENTIAL SOURCES;

CARBON NANOTUBES;

EID: 63149133098     PISSN: 13835866     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.01.017     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Monthioux M., and Kuznetsov V.L. Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?. Carbon 44 9 (2006) 1621-1623
2. Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354 (1991) 56-58
3. Baughman R.H., Zakhidov A.A., and De Heer W.A. Carbon nanotubes-the route toward applications. Science 297 5582 (2002) 787-792
4. Ajayan P.M., and Zhou O.Z. Applications of carbon nanotubes. In: Dresselhaus M.S., Dresselhaus G., and Avouris P. (Eds). Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications (2001), Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg 391-425
5. See C.H., and Harris A.T. A review of carbon nanotube synthesis via fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 46 4 (2007) 997-1012
6. Bayer, Baytubes Process [cited 27/5/2008]. Available from: http://www.baytubes.com/product_production/baytubes_process.html.
7. Arkema, Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis [cited 25/5/2008]. Available from: http://www.arkema.com/sites/group/en/products/spotlight/nanotubes2.page.
8. SouthWestNanoTechnologies, What Makes Us The Best? [cited 25/5/2008]. Available from: http://www.swnano.com/best/index.php.
9. Igarashi H., et al. Purification and characterization of zeolite-supported single-walled carbon nanotubes catalytically synthesized from ethanol. Chemical Physics Letters 392 4-6 (2004) 529-532
10. Ramesh P., et al. Purification and characterization of double-wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition on mesoporous silica. Chemical Physics Letters 418 4-6 (2006) 408-412
11. Okubo S., et al. Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes synthesized from alcohol by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43 (2004) 396-398
12. See C.H., and Harris A.T. CaCO3 supported Co-Fe catalysts for carbon nanotube synthesis in fluidized bed reactors. AIChE Journal 54 3 (2008) 657-664
13. Liu B.C., Yu B., and Zhang M.X. Catalytic CVD synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes with a narrow distribution of diameters over Fe-Co/MgO catalyst. Chemical Physics Letters 407 1-3 (2005) 232-235
14. Liu J., Ren Z., and Xie Y. Effects of composition of W-Fe-MgO catalyst and reaction conditions on preparation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by catalytic decomposition of methane. Chinese Journal of Catalysis 25 7 (2004) 561-570
15. 3/MgO. Diamond and Related Materials 12 3-7 (2003) 780-785
16. In: Weast R.C., and Astle M.J. (Eds). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60 ed. (1980), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
17. Schwarz J.A., Contescu C., and Contescu A. Methods for preparation of catalytic materials. Chemical Review 95 3 (1995) 477-510
18. Li Y.-L., et al. Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by a fluidized-bed method. Chemical Physics Letters 384 1-3 (2004) 98-102
19. See C.H., and Harris A.T. On the development of fluidized bed chemical vapour deposition for large-scale carbon nanotube synthesis: Influence of synthesis temperature. Australian Journal of Chemistry 60 7 (2007) 541-546
20. 3 catalysts for carbon nanotubes formation. Applied Catalysis A: General 326 2 (2007) 173-179
21. Dikonimos Makris T., et al. CNT growth on alumina supported nickel catalyst by thermal CVD. Diamond and Related Materials 14 3-7 (2005) 815-819
22. Geldart D. Types of gas fluidization. Powder Technology 7 5 (1973) 285-292
23. Lamouroux E., Serp P., and Kalck P. Catalytic routes towards single wall carbon nanotubes. Catalysis Reviews-Science and Engineering 49 3 (2007) 341-405
24. Dupuis A.-C. The catalyst in the CCVD of carbon nanotubes-a review. Progress in Materials Science 50 8 (2005) 929-961
25. Ago H., et al. Growth of double-wall carbon nanotubes with diameter-controlled iron oxide nanoparticles supported on MgO. Chemical Physics Letters 391 4-6 (2004) 308-313
26. Anderson P.E., and Rodriguez N.M. Influence of the support on the structural characteristics of carbon nanofibers produced from the metal-catalyzed decomposition of ethylene. Chemistry of Materials 12 3 (2000) 823-830
27. Rinzler A.G., et al. Large-scale purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes: process, product, and characterization. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 67 1 (1998) 29-37
28. Shi Z., et al. Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Solid State Communications 112 1 (1999) 35-37
29. Bandow S., et al. Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by microfiltration. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 101 44 (1997) 8839-8842
30. Ando Y., et al. Mass production of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by hydrogen arc discharge. Journal of Crystal Growth 237-239 Part 3 (2002) 1926-1930
31. Raymundo-Pinero E., et al. High surface area carbon nanotubes prepared by chemical activation. Carbon 40 9 (2002) 1614-1617
32. Raymundo-Pinero E., et al. KOH and NaOH activation mechanisms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with different structural organisation. Carbon 43 4 (2005) 786-795
33. Chungchamroenkit P., et al. Residue catalyst support removal and purification of carbon nanotubes by NaOH leaching and froth flotation. Separation and Purification Technology 60 2 (2008) 206-214
34. Porro S., et al. Purification of carbon nanotubes grown by thermal CVD. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 37 1-2 (2007) 58-61
35. Raymundo-Pinero E., et al. A single step process for the simultaneous purification and opening of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters 412 1-3 (2005) 184-189
36. J. Liu, A. T. Harris, Industrially scalable process to separate catalyst substrate materials from MWNTs synthesised by fluidised-bed CVD on iron/alumina catalysts, Chemical Engineering Science, in Press.
37. Schonfelder R., et al. Purification-induced sidewall functionalization of magnetically pure single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 18 37 (2007)
38. Park T.J., et al. Purification strategies and purity visualization techniques for single-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Materials Chemistry 16 2 (2006) 141-154
39. Chen C.M., et al. Microwave digestion and acidic treatment procedures for the purification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Diamond and Related Materials 14 3-7 (2005) 798-803
40. Chen Y., Iqbal Z., and Mitra S. Microwave-induced controlled purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes without sidewall functionalization. Advanced Functional Materials 17 18 (2007) 3946-3951
41. Tamba M.G.D.M., et al. One-step microwave digestion procedures for the determination of aluminium in steels and iron ores by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The Analyst 119 (1994) 2081-2085
42. Liu J., and Harris A.T. Microwave-assisted acid digestion of alumina-supported carbon nanotubes. Separation and Purification Technology 62 (2008) 602-608
43. Liu J., et al. Post-synthesis microwave treatment to give high-purity multi-walled carbon nanotubes. AIChE Journal 54 12 (2008) 3303-3307
44. Industrial Microwave Systems [cited 11/9/2008]. Available from: www.industrialmicrowave.com.
45. Harutyunyan A.R., et al. Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by selective microwave heating of catalyst particles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 106 34 (2002) 8671-8675
46. Vazquez E., Georgakilas V., and Prato M. Microwave-assisted purification of HIPCO carbon nanotubes. Chemical Communications 20 (2002) 2308-2309
47. Li H., et al. Synthesis and purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes in the cottonlike soot. Solid State Communications 132 3-4 (2004) 219-224
48. Ko C.J., et al. Highly efficient microwave-assisted purification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Microelectronic Engineering 73-74 (2004) 570-577
49. Ko F.H., et al. Purification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes through microwave heating of nitric acid in a closed vessel. Carbon 43 4 (2005) 727-733
50. Chen C.M., et al. Purification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by microwave digestion method. Diamond and Related Materials 13 4-8 (2004) 1182-1186
51. Chen C.M., et al. High efficiency microwave digestion purification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 498 1-2 (2006) 202-205
52. Chen M., et al. Effect of purification treatment on adsorption characteristics of carbon nanotubes. Diamond and Related Materials 16 4-7 (2007) 1110-1115
53. Martinez M.T., et al. Microwave single walled carbon nanotubes purification. Chemical Communications 9 (2002) 1000-1001
54. Harutyunyan A.R., et al. Purification of SWNTs using microwave heating. Materials Research Society Symposium-Proceedings (2002)
55. Bogdal D. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis: one hundred reaction procedures. In: Backvall J.-E., Baldwin J.E., and Williams R.M. (Eds). Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series: One Hundred Reaction Procedures vol. 25 (2005), Elsevier, Amsterdam
56. Richardson J.F., Harker J.H., and Backhurst J.R. Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering. fifth ed. vol. 2 (2002), Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford
57. Kingston H.M., and Haswell S.J. Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry (Fundamentals, Sample Preparation, and Applications) (1997), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
58. Mingos D.M.P., and Baghurst D.R. Applications of microwave dielectric heating effects to synthetic problems in chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews 20 (1991) 1-47
59. Strong K.L., et al. Purification process for single-wall carbon nanotubes. Carbon 41 8 (2003) 1477-1488
60. Dillon A.C., et al. Simple and complete purification of single-walled carbon nanotube materials. Advanced Materials 11 16 (1999) 1354-1358
61. Dillon A.C., et al. Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nature 386 6623 (1997) 377-379
62. Zuttel A., et al. Hydrogen sorption by carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanostructures. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 330-332 (2002) 676-682
63. Zuttel A., et al. Hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 2 (2002) 203-212
64. Kojima Y., et al. Hydrogen adsorption and desorption by carbon materials. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 421 1-2 (2006) 204-208
65. Wadhawan A., Garrett D., and Perez J.M. Nanoparticle-assisted microwave absorption by single-wall carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters 83 13 (2003) 2683-2685
66. Imholt T.J., et al. Nanotubes in microwave fields: light emission, intense heat, outgassing, and reconstruction. Chemistry of Materials 15 21 (2003) 3969-3970
67. Ye Z. Mechanism and the effect of microwave-carbon nanotube interaction. Physics (2005), University of North Texas, Denton, TX p. 87
68. Walton D., Boehnel H., and Dunlop D.J. Response of magnetic nanoparticles to microwaves. Applied Physics Letters 85 22 (2004) 5367-5369
69. Naab F., et al. The role of metallic impurities in the interaction of carbon nanotubes with microwave radiation. 10th International Conference on Particle Induced X-ray Emission and its Analytical Applications. Portorož, Slovenia (2004)
70. Walkiewicz J.W., Kazonich G., and McGill S.L. Microwave heating characteristics of selected minerals and compounds. Minerals and Metallurgical Processing 5 1 (1988) 39-42
71. Wu J., and Kong L. High microwave permittivity of multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Applied Physics Letters 84 24 (2004) 4956-4958
72. Grimes C.A., et al. The 500 MHz to 5.50 GHz complex permittivity spectra of single-wall carbon nanotube-loaded polymer composites. Chemical Physics Letters 319 5-6 (2000) 460-464
73. Roberts J.A., et al. Electromagnetic wave properties of polymer blends of single wall carbon nanotubes using a resonant microwave cavity as a probe. Journal of Applied Physics 95 8 (2004) 4352-4356
74. Watts P.C.P., et al. High permittivity from defective multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the X-band. Advanced Materials 15 7-8 (2003) 600-603
75. Watts P.C.P., et al. The complex permittivity of multi-walled carbon nanotube-polystyrene composite films in X-band. Chemical Physics Letters 378 5-6 (2003) 609-614
76. Dresselhaus M.S., Dresselhaus G., and Avouris P. Carbon nanotubes. synthesis, structure, properties, and applications. Topics in Applied Physics (2001), Springer-Verlag, Berlin
77. Frank S., et al. Carbon nanotube quantum resistors. Science 280 (1998) 1744-1746
78. Poncharal P., et al. Electrostatic deflections and electromechanical resonances of carbon nanotubes. Science 283 (1999) 1513-1516
79. Andrews R., et al. Purification and structural annealing of multiwalled carbon nanotubes at graphitization temperatures. Carbon 39 11 (2001) 1681-1687
80. Baghurst D.R., and Mingos D.M.P. Application of microwave heating techniques for the synthesis of solid state inorganic compounds. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1988) 829-830
81. Alloum A.B., Labiad B., and Villemin D. Application of microwave heating techniques for dry organic reactions. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1989) 386-387
82. Metaxas A.C., and Meredith R.J. Industrial microwave heating. Power Engineering Series 4 (1983), Institution of Electrical Engineers
83. National Research Council, National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB), and Commission of Engineering and Technical Systems. Microwave Processing of Materials (1994), National Academy Press, Washington, DC
84. Datsyuk V., et al. Chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 46 6 (2008) 833-840
85. Fogden S., et al. Purification of single walled carbon nanotubes: the problem with oxidation debris. Chemical Physics Letters 460 (2008) 162-167
86. Li J., et al. Rapid acid-mediated purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes with homogenization of bulk properties. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7 4-5 (2007) 1525-1529
87. Salernitano E., et al. Purification of MWCNTs grown on a nanosized unsupported Fe-based powder catalyst. Diamond and Related Materials 16 8 (2007) 1565-1570
88. Mathur R.B., et al. Co-synthesis, purification and characterization of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes using the electric arc method. Carbon 45 1 (2007) 132-140
89. Ma J., and Wang J.N. Purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes by a highly efficient and nondestructive approach. Chemistry of Materials 20 9 (2008) 2895-2902
90. Reyhani A., et al. The effect of various acids treatment on the purification and electrochemical hydrogen storage of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Power Sources 183 2 (2008) 539-543
91. Monthioux M., et al. Sensitivity of single-wall carbon nanotubes to chemical processing: an electron microscopy investigation. Carbon 39 8 (2001) 1251-1272
92. Nakahara M. Effects of pressure and temperature. In: Ohtaki H., and Yamatera H. (Eds). Structure and Dynamics of Solutions (1992), Elsevier, Amsterdam
93. CheapTubes [cited October 2007]. Available from: www.cheaptubes.com.
94. Li Y., et al. Purification of CVD synthesized single-wall carbon nanotubes by different acid oxidation treatments. Nanotechnology 15 11 (2004) 1645-1649
95. Jeynes J.C.G., et al. RBS/EBS/PIXE measurement of single-walled carbon nanotube modification by nitric acid purification treatment. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266 8 (2008) 1569-1573
96. Shao L., et al. Removal of amorphous carbon for the efficient sidewall functionalisation of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Communications 47 (2007) 5090-5092
97. Liu J., et al. Efficient microwave-assisted radical functionalization of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Carbon 45 (2007) 885-891
98. Wang Y., Iqbal Z., and Mitra S. Microwave-induced rapid chemical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 43 5 (2005) 1015-1020
99. Shen K., et al. The role of carbon nanotube structure in purification and hydrogen adsorption. Carbon 42 11 (2004) 2315-2322
100. Zhao N., et al. Study on purification and tip-opening of CNTs fabricated by CVD. Materials Research Bulletin 41 12 (2006) 2204-2209