Management of Complex Gastrointestinal Fistula

Current Problems in Surgery

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 384-430

  Joyce, Myles R ^a   Dietz, David W ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; INFLIXIMAB; METICILLIN; OCTREOTIDE; PLACEBO; SOMATOSTATIN;

ABDOMINAL INJURY; ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ANASTOMOSIS DEHISCENCE; ANASTOMOSIS LEAKAGE; AORTOINTESTINAL FISTULA; ARTICLE; CALORIC INTAKE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CROHN DISEASE; CYSTOCOLIC FISTULA; DIETARY INTAKE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FISTULA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; ELECTIVE SURGERY; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENDOSCOPY; ENTERIC FEEDING; ENTERITIS; HUMAN; ILEOSTOMY; INFECTION CONTROL; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; INTESTINE SURGERY; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MALNUTRITION; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; MORTALITY; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL DISORDER; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS DRAINAGE; PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY; PEROPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFLAMMATION; RECTUM CANCER; ROUX Y ANASTOMOSIS; SEPSIS; SKIN CARE; SKIN GRAFT; STENT; STOMA; STOMACH FISTULA; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL DRAINAGE; SURGICAL RISK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL RATE; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE; WOUND CARE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; CUTANEOUS FISTULA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURGICAL PROCEDURES; GASTRIC FISTULA; GASTROENTEROSTOMY; GASTROSCOPY; HUMANS; INTESTINAL FISTULA; LAPAROSCOPY; OCTREOTIDE; PATIENT CARE TEAM; RISK FACTORS; SIGMOIDOSCOPY; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 62849100579     PISSN: 00113840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2008.12.006     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Draus Jr. J.M., Huss S.A., Harty N.J., Cheadle W.G., and Larson G.M. Enterocutaneous fistula: are treatments improving?. Surgery 140 (2006) 570-576 discussion 576-8
2. Bosscha K., Hulstaert P.F., Visser M.R., van Vroonhoven T.J., and van der Werken C. Open management of the abdomen and planned reoperations in severe bacterial peritonitis. Eur J Surg 166 (2000) 44-49
3. Schein M. Intestinal fistulas and the open management of the septic abdomen. Arch Surg 125 (1990) 1516-1517
4. Fischer J.E. The management of high-output intestinal fistulas. Adv Surg 9 (1975) 139-176
5. Fischer J.E. The pathophysiology of enterocutaneous fistulas. World J Surg 7 (1983) 446-450
6. Chintapatla S., and Scott N.A. Intestinal failure in complex gastrointestinal fistulae. Nutrition 18 (2002) 991-996
7. Berry S.M., and Fischer J.E. Enterocutaneous fistulas. Curr Prob Surg 31 (1994) 469-566
8. Berry S.M., and Fischer J.E. Classification and pathophysiology of enterocutaneous fistulas. Surg Clin North Am 76 (1996) 1009-1018
9. Evenson A.R., and Fischer J.E. Current management of enterocutaneous fistula. J Gastrointest Surg 10 (2006) 455-464
10. Soeters P.B., Ebeid A.M., and Fischer J.E. Review of 404 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. Impact of parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg 190 (1979) 189-202
11. Datta V., and Windsor A.C. Surgical management of enterocutaneous fistula. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 68 (2007) 28-31
12. Edmunds Jr. L.H., Williams G.M., and Welch C.E. External fistulas arising from the gastro-intestinal tract. Ann Surg 152 (1960) 445-471
13. Levy E., Frileux P., Cugnenc P.H., Honiger J., Ollivier J.M., and Parc R. High-output external fistulae of the small bowel: management with continuous enteral nutrition. Br J Surg 76 (1989) 676-679
14. Soeters P.B., Fischer J.E., and Franklin C. One hundred and nineteen patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. Arch Chir Neerl 29 (1977) 19-31
15. Segar R.J., Bacon H.E., and Gennaro A.R. Surgical management of enterocutaneous fistulas of the small intestine and colon. Dis Colon Rectum 11 (1968) 69-73
16. Felley C., Mottet C., Juillerat P., Pittet V., Froehlich F., Vader J.P., et al. Fistulizing Crohn's disease. Digestion 76 (2007) 109-112
17. Disa J.J., Goldberg N.H., Carlton J.M., Robertson B.C., and Slezak S. Restoring abdominal wall integrity in contaminated tissue-deficient wounds using autologous fascia grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 101 (1998) 979-986
18. Kaushal M., and Carlson G.L. Management of enterocutaneous fistulas. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 17 (2004) 79-88
19. Lynch A.C., Delaney C.P., Senagore A.J., Connor J.T., Remzi F.H., and Fazio V.W. Clinical outcome and factors predictive of recurrence after enterocutaneous fistula surgery. Ann Surg 240 (2004) 825-831
20. Broe P.J., Bayless T.M., and Cameron J.L. Crohn's disease: are enteroenteral fistulas an indication for surgery?. Surgery 91 (1982) 249-253
21. Carter R. Percutaneous management of necrotizing pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) 9 (2007) 235-239
22. Frossard J.L., Steer M.L., and Pastor C.M. Acute pancreatitis. Lancet 71 (2008) 143-152
23. Larvin M. Management of infected pancreatic necrosis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10 (2008) 107-114
24. Bax T.W., and McNevin M.S. The value of diverting loop ileostomy on the high-risk colon and rectal anastomosis. Am J Surg 193 (2007) 585-587 discussion 587-8
25. Remzi F.H., Fazio V.W., Gorgun E., Ooi B.S., Hammel J., Preen M., et al. The outcome after restorative proctocolectomy with or without defunctioning ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum 49 (2006) 470-477
26. Tsuei B.J., Skinner J.C., Bernard A.C., Kearney P.A., and Boulanger B.R. The open peritoneal cavity: etiology correlates with the likelihood of fascial closure. Am Surg 70 (2004) 652-656
27. Carbonell A.M., Matthews B.D., Dreau D., Foster M., Austin C.E., Kercher K.W., et al. The susceptibility of prosthetic biomaterials to infection. Surg Endosc 19 (2004) 430-435
28. Friedmann R., Feldman H., and Sonnenblick M. Misplacement of percutaneously inserted gastrostomy tube into the colon: report of 6 cases and review of the literature. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 31 (2007) 469-476
29. Roozrokh H.C., Ripepi A., and Stahlfeld K. Gastrocolocutaneous fistula as a complication of peg tube placement. Surg Endosc 16 (2002) 538-539
30. Baraza W., Lee F., Brown S., and Hurlstone D.P. Combination endo-radiological colorectal stenting: a prospective 5-year clinical evaluation. Colorectal Dis (2008) Apr 9 (Epub ahead of print)
31. Cerisoli C., Diez J., Gimenez M., Oria M., Pardo R., and Pujato M. Implantation of migrated biliary stents in the digestive tract. HPB 5 (2003) 180-182
32. Rogart J., Greenwald A., Rossi F., Barrett P., and Aslanian H. Aortoesophageal fistula following polyflex stent placement for refractory benign esophageal stricture. Endoscopy 39 (2007) E321-E322 (suppl 1)
33. Verbo A., Manno A., Mattana C., Pedretti G., Rizzo G., and Coco C. Colonic perforation due to ventricular-peritoneal shunt migration: a laparoscopic approach. Tech Coloproctol 10 (2006) 65-66
34. Killelea B.K., and Arkovitz M.S. Perforated appendicitis presenting as appendicoumbilical fistula. Pediatr Surg Int 22 (2006) 286-288
35. Agrawal V., and Prasad S. Appendico-cutaneous fistula: a diagnostic dilemma. Trop Gastroenterol 24 (2003) 87-89
36. Tekkis P.P., Fazio V.W., Remzi F., Heriot A.G., Manilich E., and Strong S.A. Risk factors associated with ileal pouch-related fistula following restorative proctocolectomy. Br J Surg 92 (2005) 1270-1276
37. Tsujinaka S., Ruiz D., Wexner S.D., Baig M.K., Sands D.R., Weiss E.G., et al. Surgical management of pouch-vaginal fistula after restorative proctocolectomy. J Am Coll Surg 202 (2006) 912-918
38. Remzi F.H., Fazio V.W., Gorgun E., Ooi B.S., Hammel J., Preen M., et al. The outcome after restorative proctocolectomy with or without defunctioning ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum 49 (2006) 470-477
39. Ziv Y., Fazio V.W., Church J.M., Lavery I.C., King T.M., and Ambrosetti P. Stapled ileal pouch anal anastomoses are safer than handsewn anastomoses in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Surg 171 (1996) 320-323
40. Sandborn W.J. Pouchitis and functional complications of the pelvic pouch. In: Fazio V.W., Church J.M., and Delaney C.P. (Eds). Current Therapy in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 2nd ed. (2005), Elsevier, Mosby, Philadelphia 229-233
41. Sagar P.M., Dozois R.R., Wolff B.G., and Kelly K.A. Disconnection, pouch revision and reconnection of the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg 83 (1996) 1401-1405
42. Shah N.S., Remzi F., Massmann A., Baixauli J., and Fazio V.W. Management and treatment outcome of pouch-vaginal fistulas following restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 46 (2003) 911-917
43. Fazio V.W., and Tjandra J.J. Pouch advancement and neoileoanal anastomosis for anastomotic stricture and anovaginal fistula complicating restorative proctocolectomy. Br J Surg 79 (1992) 694-696
44. Shen B., Remzi F.H., Lavery I.C., Lashner B.A., and Fazio V.W. A proposed classification of ileal pouch disorders and associated complications after restorative proctocolectomy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 (2008) 145-158 quiz 124
45. Colombel J.F., Ricart E., Loftus Jr. E.V., Tremaine W.J., Young-Fadok T., Dozois E.J., et al. Management of Crohn's disease of the ileoanal pouch with infliximab. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 2239-2244
46. Ricart E., Panaccione R., Loftus E.V., Tremaine W.J., and Sandborn W.J. Successful management of Crohn's disease of the ileoanal pouch with infliximab. Gastroenterology 117 (1999) 429-432
47. Raval M.J., Schnitzler M., O'Connor B.I., Cohen Z., and McLeod R.S. Improved outcome due to increased experience and individualized management of leaks after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Ann Surg 246 (2007) 763-770
48. Kockerling F., Schneider C., Reymond M.A., Scheidbach H., Scheuerlein H., Konradt J., et al., Laparoscopic colorectal surgery study group. Laparoscopic resection of sigmoid diverticulitis. Results of a multicenter study. Surg Endosc 13 (1999) 567-571
49. Szojda M.M., Cuesta M.A., Mulder C.M., and Felt-Bersma R.J. Management of diverticulitis [review]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26 (2007) 67-76 (suppl 2)
50. Singh B., May K., Coltart I., Moore N.R., and Cunningham C. The long-term results of percutaneous drainage of diverticular abscess. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 90 (2008) 297-301
51. Garcea G., Majid I., Sutton C.D., Pattenden C.J., and Thomas W.M. Diagnosis and management of colovesical fistulae; six-year experience of 90 consecutive cases. Colorectal Dis 8 (2006) 347-352
52. Roche-Nagle G., O'Donnell D.H., Brophy D.P., and Barry M.C. Primary aortoenteric fistula. Am J Surg 195 (2008) 506-507
53. Tsai T.J., Yu H.C., Lai K.H., Lo G.H., Hsu P.I., and Fu T.Y. Primary aortoduodenal fistula caused by tuberculous aortitis presenting as recurrent massive gastrointestinal bleeding. J Formos Med Assoc 107 (2008) 77-83
54. Caes F., Vierendeels T., Welch W., and Willems G. Aortocolic fistula caused by an ingested chicken bone. Surgery 103 (1988) 481-483
55. Bergqvist D., Bjorck M., and Nyman R. Secondary aortoenteric fistula after endovascular aortic interventions: a systematic literature review. J Vasc Interv Radiol 19 2 Pt 1 (2008) 163-165
56. Danneels M.I., Verhagen H.J., Teijink J.A., Cuypers P., Nevelsteen A., and Vermassen F.E. Endovascular repair for aorto-enteric fistula: a bridge too far or a bridge to surgery?. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 32 (2006) 27-33
57. Onodera H., Nagayama S., Mori A., Fujimoto A., Tachibana T., and Yonenaga Y. Reappraisal of surgical treatment for radiation enteritis. World J Surg 29 (2005) 459-463
58. Sher M.E., and Bauer J. Radiation-induced enteropathy. Am J Gastroenterol 85 (1990) 121-128
59. Joyce M., Thirion P., Kiernan F., Byrnes C., Kelly P., Keane F., et al. Laparoscopic pelvic sling placement facilitates optimum therapeutic radiotherapy delivery in the management of pelvic malignancy. Eur J Surg Oncol (2008) Mar 19 (Epub ahead of print)
60. Collins D., Ridgway P.F., Winter D.C., Fennelly D., and Evoy D. Gastrointestinal perforation in metastatic carcinoma: a complication of bevacizumab therapy. Eur J Surg Oncol (2008) Apr 15 (Epub ahead of print)
61. August D.A., Serrano D., and Poplin E. "Spontaneous," delayed colon and rectal anastomotic complications associated with bevacizumab therapy. J Surg Oncol 97 (2008) 180-185
62. Veillette G., Dominguez I., Ferrone C., Thayer S.P., McGrath D., Warshaw A.L., et al. Implications and management of pancreatic fistulas following pancreaticoduodenectomy: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience. Arch Surg 143 (2008) 476-481
63. Subramanian A., Dente C.J., and Feliciano D.V. The management of pancreatic trauma in the modern era. Surg Clin North Am 87 (2007) 1515-1532
64. Kong J., Gananadha S., Hugh T.J., and Samra J.S. Pancreatoduodenectomy: role of drain fluid analysis in the management of pancreatic fistula. ANZ J Surg 78 (2008) 240-244
65. Bassi C., Dervenis C., Butturini G., Fingerhut A., Yeo C., Izbicki J., et al. Postoperative pancreatic fistula: an international study group (ISGPF) definition. Surgery 138 (2005) 8-13
66. Fujiwara T., Kamisawa T., Fujiwara J., Tu Y., Nakajima H., and Egawa N. Pancreaticopleural fistula visualized by computed tomography scan combined with pancreatography. JOP 7 (2006) 230-233
67. Oh Y.S., Edmundowicz S.A., Jonnalagadda S.S., and Azar R.R. Pancreaticopleural fistula: report of two cases and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 51 (2006) 1-6
68. Dhebri A.R., and Ferran N. Nonsurgical management of pancreaticopleural fistula. JOP 6 (2005) 152-161
69. Balazs A., Kupcsulik P.K., and Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin: non-operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg (2008) Aug 2 (Epub ahead of print)
70. Shin J.H., Song H.Y., Ko G.Y., Lim J.O., Yoon H.K., and Sung K.B. Esophagorespiratory fistula: long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients. Radiology 232 (2004) 252-259
71. Carlson G.L. Surgical management of intestinal failure. Proc Nutr Soc 62 (2003) 711-718
72. Fazio V.W., Coutsoftides T., and Steiger E. Factors influencing the outcome of treatment of small bowel cutaneous fistula. World J Surg 7 (1983) 481-488
73. Thomas H.A. Radiologic investigation and treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas. Surg Clin North Am 76 (1996) 1081-1094
74. Brolin R.E., Nosher J.L., Leiman S., Lee W.S., and Greco R.S. Percutaneous catheter versus open surgical drainage in the treatment of abdominal abscesses. Am Surg 50 (1984) 102-108
75. Metcalf C. Enterocutaneous fistulae. J Wound Care 8 (1999) 141-142
76. Metcalf C. Stoma care: empowering patients through teaching practical skills. Br J Nurs 8 (1999) 593-600
77. Fazio V.W., Coutsoftides T., and Steiger E. Factors influencing the outcome of treatment of small bowel cutaneous fistula. World J Surg 7 (1983) 481-488
78. Kuvshinoff B.W., Brodish R.J., McFadden D.W., and Fischer J.E. Serum transferrin as a prognostic indicator of spontaneous closure and mortality in gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas. Ann Surg 217 (1993) 615-622 discussion 622-3
79. Rombeau J.L., and Rolandelli R.H. Enteral and parenteral nutrition in patients with enteric fistulas and short bowel syndrome. Surg Clin North Am 67 (1987) 551-571
80. Lloyd D.A., Gabe S.M., and Windsor A.C. Nutrition and management of enterocutaneous fistula. Br J Surg 93 (2006) 1045-1055
81. Ham M., Horton K., and Kaunitz J. Fistuloclysis: case report and literature review. Nutr Clin Pract 22 (2007) 553-557
82. Mettu S.R. Fistuloclysis can replace parenteral feeding in the nutritional support of patients with enterocutaneous fistula [correspondence]. Br J Surg 91 (2004) 1203
83. Dionigi G., Dionigi R., Rovera F., Boni L., Padalino P., Minoja G., et al. Treatment of high output entero-cutaneous fistulae associated with large abdominal wall defects: single center experience. Int J Surg 6 (2008) 51-56
84. Gonzalez-Pinto I., and Gonzalez E.M. Optimising the treatment of upper gastrointestinal fistulae. Gut 49 suppl 4 (2001) iv22-iv31
85. Hoffer E.K., Cosgrove J.M., Levin D.Q., Herskowitz M.M., and Sclafani S.J. Radiologic gastrojejunostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a prospective, randomized comparison. J Vasc Interv Radiol 10 (1999) 413-420
86. Colwell J.C., and Gray M. Does preoperative teaching and stoma site marking affect surgical outcomes in patients undergoing ostomy surgery?. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 34 (2007) 492-496
87. Israelsson L.A. Parastomal hernias. Surg Clin North Am 88 (2008) 113-125
88. Klempa I., Schwedes U., and Usadel K.H. Prevention of postoperative pancreatic complications following duodenopancreatectomy using somatostatin. Chirurg 50 (1979) 427-431
89. Beglinger C., and Drewe J. Somatostatin and octreotide: physiological background and pharmacological application. Digestion 60 (1999) 2-8 (suppl 2)
90. Torres A.J., Landa J.I., Moreno-Azcoita M., Arguello J.M., Silecchia G., Castro J., et al. Somatostatin in the management of gastrointestinal fistulas. A multicenter trial. Arch Surg 127 (1992) 97-99 discussion 100
91. Scott N.A., Finnegan S., and Irving M.H. Octreotide and postoperative enterocutaneous fistulae: a controlled prospective study. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 56 (1993) 266-270
92. Sancho J.J., di Costanzo J., Nubiola P., Larrad A., Beguiristain A., Roqueta F., et al. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of early octreotide in patients with postoperative enterocutaneous fistula. Br J Surg 82 (1995) 638-641
93. van Goor H. Consequences and complications of peritoneal adhesions. Colorectal Dis 9 suppl 2 (2007) 25-34
94. Pokala N., Delaney C.P., Kiran R.P., Bast J., Angermeier K., and Fazio V.W. A randomized controlled trial comparing simultaneous intra-operative vs sequential prophylactic ureteric catheter insertion in re-operative and complicated colorectal surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 22 (2007) 683-687
95. de Vries Reilingh T.S., Bodegom M.E., van Goor H., Hartman E.H., van der Wilt G.J., and Bleichrodt R.P. Autologous tissue repair of large abdominal wall defects. Br J Surg 94 (2007) 791-803
96. Connolly P.T., Teubner A., Lees N.P., Anderson I.D., Scott N.A., and Carlson G.L. Outcome of reconstructive surgery for intestinal fistula in the open abdomen. Ann Surg 247 (2008) 440-444
97. Buinewicz B., and Rosen B. Acellular cadaveric dermis (AlloDerm): a new alternative for abdominal hernia repair. Ann Plast Surg 52 (2004) 188-194
98. Kolker A.R., Brown D.J., Redstone J.S., Scarpinato V.M., and Wallack M.K. Multilayer reconstruction of abdominal wall defects with acellular dermal allograft (AlloDerm) and component separation. Ann Plast Surg 55 (2005) 36-41 discussion 41-2
99. Parker D.M., Armstrong P.J., Frizzi J.D., and North Jr. J.H. Porcine dermal collagen (Permacol) for abdominal wall reconstruction. Curr Surg 63 (2006) 255-258
100. Pokala N., Delaney C.P., Brady K.M., and Senagore A.J. Elective laparoscopic surgery for benign internal enteric fistulas: a review of 43 cases. Surg Endosc 19 (2005) 222-225
101. Young-Fadok T.M., HallLong K., McConnell E.J., Gomez Rey G., and Cabanela R.L. Advantages of laparoscopic resection for ileocolic Crohn's disease. improved outcomes and reduced costs. Surg Endosc 15 (2001) 450-454
102. Zapletal C., Woeste G., Bechstein W.O., and Wullstein C. Laparoscopic sigmoid resections for diverticulitis complicated by abscesses or fistulas. Int J Colorectal Dis 22 (2007) 1515-1521
103. Engledow A.H., Pakzad F., Ward N.J., Arulampalam T., and Motson R.W. Laparoscopic resection of diverticular fistulae: a 10-year experience. Colorectal Dis 9 (2007) 632-634
104. Binenbaum S.J., and Goldfarb M.A. Inadvertent enterotomy in minimally invasive abdominal surgery. JSLS 10 (2006) 336-340
105. Rotholtz N.A., Laporte M., Zanoni G., Bun M.E., Aued L., Lencinas S., et al. Predictive factors for conversion in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Tech Coloproctol 12 (2008) 27-31
106. Watanabe M., Hasegawa H., Yamamoto S., Hibi T., and Kitajima M. Successful application of laparoscopic surgery to the treatment of Crohn's disease with fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum 45 (2002) 1057-1061
107. Khairy G.E., al-Saigh A., Trincano N.S., al-Smayer S., and al-Damegh S. Percutaneous obliteration of duodenal fistula. J R Coll Surg Edinb 45 (2000) 342-344
108. Lisle D.A., Hunter J.C., Pollard C.W., and Borrowdale R.C. Percutaneous gelfoam embolization of chronic enterocutaneous fistulas: report of three cases. Dis Colon Rectum 50 (2007) 251-256
109. Kumar R., Naik S., Tiwari N., Sharma S., Varsheney S., and Pruthi H.S. Endoscopic closure of fecal colo-cutaneous fistula by using metal clips. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 17 (2007) 447-451
110. Hwang T.L., and Chen M.F. Randomized trial of fibrin tissue glue for low output enterocutaneous fistula. Br J Surg 83 (1996) 112
111. Gage E.A., Jones G.E., Powelson J.A., Johnson M.S., Goggins W.C., and Fridell J.A. Treatment of enterocutaneous fistula in pancreas transplant recipients using percutaneous drainage and fibrin sealant: three case reports. Transplantation 15 (2006) 82 1238-40
112. Dumanian G.A., Llull R., Ramasastry S.S., Greco R.J., Lotze M.T., and Edington H. Postoperative abdominal wall defects with enterocutaneous fistulae. Am J Surg 172 (1996) 332-334
113. Cheong E.C., Ong W.C., Lim T.C., and Lim J. Successful split-thickness skin grafting in a contaminated wound with an enterocutaneous fistula. Plast Reconstr Surg 115 (2005) 1221-1222
114. Goverman J., Yelon J.A., Platz J.J., Singson R.C., and Turcinovic M. The "Fistula VAC," a technique for management of enterocutaneous fistulae arising within the open abdomen: report of 5 cases. J Trauma 60 (2006) 428-431 discussion 431
115. Thompson J.T., and Marks M.W. Negative pressure wound therapy. Clin Plast Surg 34 (2007) 673-684
116. Delman K.A., and Johnstone P.A. Vacuum-assisted closure for surgical wounds in sarcoma. J Surg Oncol 96 (2007) 545-546
117. Siegel H.J., Long J.L., Watson K.M., and Fiveash J.B. Vacuum-assisted closure for radiation-associated wound complications. J Surg Oncol 96 (2007) 575-582
118. Chen Y., Almeida A.A., Mitnovetski S., Goldstein J., Lowe C., and Smith J.A. Managing deep sternal wound infections with vacuum assisted closure device. ANZ J Surg 78 (2008) 333-336
119. Rao M., Burke D., Finan P.J., and Sagar P.M. The use of vacuum-assisted closure of abdominal wounds: a word of caution. Colorectal Dis 9 (2007) 266-268
120. Gunn L.A., Follmar K.E., Wong M.S., Lettieri S.C., Levin L.S., and Erdmann D. Management of enterocutaneous fistulas using negative-pressure dressings. Ann Plast Surg 57 (2006) 621-625
121. Fischer J.E. A cautionary note: the use of vacuum-assisted closure systems in the treatment of gastrointestinal cutaneous fistula may be associated with higher mortality from subsequent fistula development. Am J Surg 196 (2008) 1-2