Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia

European Heart Journal

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 404-409

  Weingärtner, Oliver ^a   Böhm, Michael ^a   Laufs, Ulrich ^a  

^a SAARLAND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG; PHYTOSTEROL;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; FAT INTAKE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIFESTYLE; MALE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PHYTOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; FOOD, FORTIFIED; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIFE STYLE; MALE; NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS; PHYTOSTEROLS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 62749086740     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580     Document Type: Note

References (50)

1. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, Macfarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-1307.
2. Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB, Kaplan JR, Belle SH. Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality: meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 2001;322:11-15.
3. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, Franklin B, Kris-Etherton P, Harris WS, Howard B, Karanja N, Lefevre M, Rudel S, Sacks F, Van Horn L, Winston M, Wylie-Rosett J. Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations revision 2006. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:2186-2191.
4. Brendsel J, Green SJ. Regarding the potential perils of phytosterols. Atherosclerosis 2007;192:227-229.
5. FDA talk paper. FDA authorizes new coronary heart disease health claim for plant sterol and plant stanol esters. http://www.cfscan.fda.gov/~lrd/ tpsterol.html (15 December 2008).
6. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285: 2486-2497.
7. Dietary Recommendations. Celia Villalobos. Spain: Spanish Cardiology Society/Spanish Health Minister; 2001.
8. Cholesterol lowering diet. Diet in the promotion of heart health. Association of Clinical and Public Health Nutritionists in Finland 2002; Report No. 2.
9. Plant sterol and stanols. A position statement from the Heart Foundation's Nutrition and Metabolism Advisory Committee. National Heart Foundation of Australia; 1999.
10. Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärtzeschaft (Drug Commission of the German Medical Profession). Newsletter 2004-2045 of 15.01.2004.
11. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. LIPID MODIFICATION. Cardovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG67guideline.pdf.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/ CG67guideline.pdf (15 December 2008).
12. Hartmann MA. Plant sterols and the membrane environment. Trends Plants Sci 3: 170-175.
13. Heinemann T, Axtmann G, von Bergmann K. Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man. Eur J Clin Invest 1993;23: 827-831.
14. Ostlund RE Jr. Cholesterol absorption. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2002;18:254-258.
15. Patel MD, Thompson PD. Phytosterols and vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186:12-19.
16. Peterson DW. Effect of soybean sterols in the diet on plasma and liver cholesterol in chicks. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1951;78:143-147.
17. Pollak OJ, Kritchevsky D., eds. Sitosterol Monographs Atherosclerosis, Vol. 10. Basel: Karger, 1981.
18. Salo P, Wester I. Low-fat formulations of plant stanols and sterols. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:51D-54D.
19. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1308-1312.
20. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:334-343.
21. Kuhlmann K, Lindtner O, Bauch A, Ritter G, Woerner B, Niemann B. Simulation of prospective phytosterol intake in Germany by novel functional foods. Br J Nutr 2005;93:377-385.
22. A report from the data collection and exposure unit in response to a request from the European Commission. Consumption of food and beverages with added plant sterols in the European Union. The EFSA Journal 2008;133:1-21. http://www.Efsa.europa.eu (15 December 2008).
23. Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:319-327.
24. Katan MB, Grundy SM, Jones P, Law M, Miettinen T, Paoletti R. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:965-978.
25. O'Neill FH, Sanders TA, Thompson GR. Comparison of efficacy of plant stanol ester and sterol ester: short-term and longer-term studies. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96:29D-36D.
26. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, Hyvönen M, Jauhiainen M, Torstalia I, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. J Lipid Res 1993;34:1535-1544.
27. Bhattacharyya AK, Connor WE. Beta-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. A newly described lipid storage disease in two sisters. J Clin Invest 1974;53: 1033-1043.
28. Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Sitosterolemia - a rare disease. Are elevated plant sterols an additional risk factor? Z Kardiol 2004;93:921-928.
29. Weingärtner O, Lütjohann D, Ji S, Weisshoff N, List F, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K, Gertz K, Kö nig J, Schäfers HJ, Endres M, Böhm M, Laufs U. Vascular effects of diet supplementation with plant sterols. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51: 1553-1561.
30. Salen G, Starc T, Sisk CM, Patel SB. Intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe added to cholestyramine for sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1853-1857.
31. Salen G, Horak I, Rothkopf M, Cohen JL, Speck J, Tint GS, Shorg V, Dayal B, Chen T, Shefer S. Lethal atherosclerosis associated with abnormal plasma and tissue sterol composition in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 1985; 26:1126-1133.
32. Weingärtner O, Böhm M, Laufs U. Plant sterols as dietary supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2008;133: 1201-1204.
33. Glueck CJ, Speirs J, Tracy T, Streicher P, Illig E, Vandegrift J. Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives. Metabolism 1991;40:842-848.
34. Glueck CJ, Streicher P, Illig E. Serum and dietary phytosterols, cholesterol, and coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands. Clin Biochem 1992; 25:331-334.
35. Rajaratnam RA, Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1185-1191.
36. Sutherland WHF, Williams MJA, Nye ER. Association of plasma noncholesterol sterol levels with severity of coronary heart disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1998;8:386-391.
37. Sudhop T, Gottwald BM, von Bergmann K. Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. Metabolism 2002;51:1519-1521.
38. Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Strandberg T, Sarna S. Baseline serum cholestanol as predictor of recurrent coronary events in subgroup of Scandinavian simvastatin survival study. Finnish 4S Investigators. BMJ 1998;316:1127-1130.
39. Assmann G, Cullen P, Erbey J, Ramey DR, Kannenberg F, Schulte H. Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men: results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006;16:13-21.
40. Thiery J, Ceglarek U, Fiedler GM, Leichtle A, Baumann S, Teupser D, Lang O, Baumert J, Meisinger M, Loewel H, Doering A. Abstract 4099: elevated campesterol serum levels-a significant predictor of incident myocardial infarction: results of the population-based MONICA/KORA follow-up study 1994-2005. Circulation 2006;114:II-884.
41. Plat J, Brzezinka H, Lutjohann D, Mensink RP, von Bergmann K. Oxidized plant sterols in human serum and lipid infusions as measured by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2001;42:2030-2038.
42. Bradford PG, Awad AB. Phytosterols as anticancer compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51:161-170.
43. Rubis B, Paszel A, Kaczmarek M, Rudzinska M, Jelen H, Rybczynska M. Beneficial or harmful influence of phytosterols on human cells? Br J Nutr 2008;100: 1183-1191.
44. Ratnayake WM, L'Abbe MR, Mueller R, Hayward S, Plouffe L, Hollywood R, Trick K. Vegetable oils high in phytosterols make erythrocytes less deformable and shorten the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr 2000;130:1166-1178.
45. Home Health Canada. Health Canada advices that Becel Pro-active not approved for sale. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/aha-asc/media/advisories-avis/2001/2001-106- ehtml; 2001.
46. Bayer Health Care Home Page. www.bayeraspirin.com/ (15 December 2008).
47. US Food and Drug Administration Home Page. www.fda.gov/ (15 December 2008).
48. AHPA Seeks FDA Clarification on OTC/Supplement Combos. www.natural productsinsider.com (15 December 2008).
49. Anttolainen M, Luoto R, Uutela A, Boice JD Jr, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Puska P. Characteristics of users and nonusers of plant stanol ester margarine in Finland: an approach to study functional foods. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101: 1365-1368.
50. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, Erkkila AT, Uusitupa MI. Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:715-725.