The meaning of Petersberg: Some considerations on the legal scope of ESDP operations

Common Market Law Review

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 629-648

  Von Kielmansegg, Sebastian Graf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANNHEIM   (Germany)

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EID: 62249111475     PISSN: 01650750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Churruca Muguruza, "Strengthening the European Union's common foreign policy: The European Council's decision to develop an autonomous military crisis management capability in the context of Petersberg Tasks", 13 Humanitäres Völkerrecht (2000), 206, at 220.
2. Cf. Baumgartner, "Eine Streitmacht für mancherlei Zwecke - Können die Europäer das Headline Goal erfüllen?", in Reiter et al. (Eds.), Europas ferne Streitmacht (Hamburg, E.S. Mittler, 2002), p. 11, at p. 18 n. 15;
3. Kirchner, "British Perspectives on CFSP and ESDP", in Müller-Brandeck-Bocquet (Ed.), Europäische Außenpolitik. GASP- und ESVP-Konzeptionen ausgewählter Mitgliedstaaten (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2002), p. 41, at p. 50;
4. Missiroli, "Zwischen Konfliktverhütung und Krisenmanagement - die ESVP nach dem 11. September", 57 Internationale Politik (2002), 15, at 18;
5. Heisbourg, European defence: making it work (Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Paper 42, 2000), at pp. 22 et seq.;
6. Blanck, Die Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik im Rahmen der europäischen Sicherheitsarchitektur (Wien and New York, Springer, 2005), at pp. 218 et seq.;
7. Quille, "The impact of EU capability targets and operational demands on defence concepts and planning", p. 119, at pp. 131 et seq. in Bailes et al. (Eds.), The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy (Oxford University Press, 2006).
8. Cf. the reference to the principles of the United Nations Charter in Art. 11(1) TEU.
9. Petersberg Declaration of the WEU Council of Ministers of 19 June 1992 para. II. 4, printed in Bloed and Wessel (Eds.), The Changing Functions of the Western European Union (Dordrecht, Nijhoff, 1994), at pp. 137 et seq.
10. Entry into force on 1 May 1999.
11. Cf. Blanck, op. cit. supra note 2, at p. 215.
12. See, however, EU Institute for Security Studies (Ed.), European defence. A proposal for a white paper (Paris, 2004), at pp. 76 et seq., where humanitarian tasks appear to be equated with humanitarian interventions, including high-intensity interventions.
13. Warnken, Der Handlungsrahmen der Europäischen Union im Bereich der Sicherheitsund Verteidigungspolitik (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1999), at p. 110. Cf. also the Noordwijk Declaration of the WEU Council of Ministers of 14 Nov. 1994 para. 35, printed in Brandstetter (Ed.), Die Westeuropäische Union. Einführung und Dokumente (Wien, Verlag Österreich, 1999), at pp. 234 et seq.
14. Cf. Vlachos-Dengler, Getting there: building strategic mobility into ESDP (Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Papers 38, 2002), at p. 12.
15. Ortega, Military intervention and the European Union (Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Paper 45, 2001), at p. 105.
16. The first of the three scenarios used for the planning of the European Rapid Reaction Force was an evacuation mission of this kind. See Ortega, op. cit. supra note 10, at p. 107. By contrast, Stein, "Einsatzarten der Streitkräfte außer zur Verteidigung", 42 Neue Zeitschrift für Wehrrecht (2002), 1, at 5, argues that rescue tasks merely refer to catastrophes of natural or technical origin.
17. Gerteiser, Die Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik der Europäischen Union (Frankfurt, Peter Lang, 2002), at p. 135;
18. d'Argent, "Le traité d'Amsterdam et les aspects militaires de la PESC", in Lejeune (Ed.), Le traité d'Amsterdam. Espoires et déceptions (Brussels, Bruylant, 1998), p. 383, at p. 391.
19. nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2002);
20. Schneider, "Die Entwicklung des Systems internationaler Friedenssicherung: Neue Ansätze und ihre Probleme", in Hochleitner (Ed.), Das europäische Sicherheitssystem zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts (Wien, Böhlau, 2000), p. 33, at pp. 52 et seq.;
21. th ed. (München, Beck, 2004), at pp. 1117 et seq.
22. See also the Agenda for Peace of UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali, presented on 17 June 1992, doc. A/47/277 - S/24111, paras 46 et seq.
23. Warnken, op. cit. supra note 8, at p. 113;
24. Churruca Muguruza, op. cit. supra note 1, at p. 216;
25. Ortega, op. cit. supra note 10, at p. 105.
26. Council Joint Action 2003/92/CFSP of 27 Jan. 2003, OJ L 34/26, in particular recital 2.
27. The main example for a peacekeeping mission with genuine enforcement powers is UNOSOM II, established in 1993 in Somalia. The UNPROFOR-mission in Yugoslavia from 1992 to 1995 also belongs in this context, although its enforcement powers were merely based on an extensive mandate for self-defence (Security Council Resolution 836 of 4 June 1993, para. 9). However, in the emerging UN practice, the Member States, rather than UN forces themselves, were authorized to take enforcement measures. Cf. Bothe, op. cit. supra note 13, paras. 12, 45 et seq. and 144 et seq. and Security Council Resolution 836 para 10.
28. For the opposite opinion see Blanck, op. cit. supra note 2, at p. 217.
29. Bothe, op. cit. supra note 13, paras 64 and 78;
30. Vlachos-Dengler, op. cit. supra note 9, at p. 12. The second scenario underlying the planning of the European Rapid Reaction Force is a conflict prevention mission of this kind. See Ortega, op. cit. supra note 10, at pp. 107 et seq.
31. By contrast, Warnken, op. cit. supra note 8, at p. 113, argues that the embargo enforcement by the WEU operation "Sharp Guard" in the Adriatic was still a peacekeeping task.
32. Van Eekelen, Debating European Security (The Hague, Sdu Publishers, 1998), at p. 127.
33. Green, The contemporary law of armed conflict (Manchester University Press, 1993), at pp. 66 et seq.;
34. Ipsen, at pp. 1214 and 1222 et seq. in Ipsen, op. cit. supra note 13.
35. This is the third of the scenarios underlying the planning of the European Rapid Reaction Force, cf. Ortega, op. cit. supra note 10, at p. 108.
36. This applies to Ireland, Austria, Finland and Sweden and, since the latest enlargement of the EU, also Malta and (arguably) Cyprus.
37. See Primosch, "Die gemeinsame europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik in der Perspektive des Europäischen Rates von Köln", 37 Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift (1999), 627, at 629 et seq. who argues that, for this reason, self-defence under Art. 51 UN Charter remains outside the scope of the Petersberg Tasks.
38. Gerteiser, op. cit. supra note 12, at pp. 137 et seq.
39. See also Pagani, "A new Gear in the CFSP Machinery: Integration of the Petersberg Tasks in the Treaty on European Union", 9 EJIL (1998), 737, at 741.
40. Agenda for Peace, op. cit. supra note 13, paras. 34 et seq.
41. See also Nolte, "Sine qua non: Die Organisation der Vereinten Nationen im Geflecht der Instrumente und Mechanismen zur internationalen Krisenbewältigung", in Pühs et al. (Eds.), Sicherheitspolitisches Symposium Balkankonflikt. Instrumente des Internationalen Krisenmanagements (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1994), p. 57, at p. 64.
42. Van Eekelen, op. cit. supra note 20, at p. 127.
43. Art. 31(3) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
44. rd ed. (München, Beck, 2006);
45. Van Eekelen, op. cit. supra note 20, at p. 127;
46. Ortega, op. cit. supra note 10, at p. 106;
47. Warnken, op. cit. supra note 8, at p. 114;
48. Wouters and Naert, "How Effective is the European Security Architecture? Lessons from Bosnia and Kosovo", 55 ICLQ (2001), 540, at 542 et seq.;
49. Churruca Muguruza, op. cit. supra note 1, at p. 217;
50. Dietrich, Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2006), at pp. 448 et seq.;
51. apparently also Blanck, op. cit. supra note 2, at p. 217.
52. th ordinary session, first part, June 1994 I: Assembly documents, doc. 1412 which mentions peace-enforcement as one of the possible scenarios.
53. See also Blanck, op. cit. supra note 2, at p. 218 who describes this characteristic as "neutrality on the strategic level". However, this term is misleading insofar as, in cases of one-sided violence, pacification requires from the start a one-sided approach.
54. Cf. also the original draft version of this mission type which had referred to armed conflict, not to international armed conflict. See note 20, supra.
55. Cf. Wolfrum, "Vorbeugung und Bewältigung von Krisen im Völkerrecht", in Neuhold and Heinemann (Eds.), Krise und Krisenmanagement in den internationalen Beziehungen (Stuttgart, Steiner, 1989), p. 13 at p. 15.
56. Wolfrum, op. cit. supra note 32, at p. 16;
57. Neuhold, "Zur allgemeinen Problematik sicherheitspolitischer Krisen und ihres Managements", in Neuhold and H-J. Heinemann, op. cit. supra note 32, p. 7;
58. Hill, "The EU's capacity for conflict prevention", 6 EFA Rev. (2001), 315, at 330.
59. See also Blanck, op. cit. supra note 2, at pp. 140 et seq.
60. For this tendency see Jünemann and Schörnig, Die Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik der "Zivilmacht Europa". Ein Widerspruch in sich? (Frankfurt, Hessische Stiftung Friedensund Konfliktforschung, 2002), at p. 28.
61. See e.g. Vianden Declaration of the WEU Council of Ministers of 27 June 1991, Introduction, printed in Bloed and Wessel, op. cit. supra note 4, at pp. 115 et seq.;
62. Document on "European Security: a common concept of the 27 WEU Countries" of 14 Nov. 1995, para. 19, www.weu.int/documents/951114en.pdf.
63. For a similar result see Warnken, op. cit. supra note 8, at p. 114 (peacemaking as re-establishment of the status quo ante);
64. EU Institute for Security Studies, op. cit. supra note 7, at pp. 82 et seq.;
65. Wouters and Naert, op. cit. supra note 29, at p. 543;
66. Deighton, "The Military Security Pool: Towards a New Security Regime for Europe?", 35 Int Spectator (2000), 41, at 47.
67. Specifically for the inclusion of cases like the Gulf War of 1990/1991 see Heisbourg, op. cit. supra note 2, at pp. 22 et seq.;
68. Ortega, op. cit. supra note 10, at pp. 105 et seq.
69. Cf. Ortega, op. cit. supra note 10, at pp. 105 et seq.;
70. Quille, op. cit. supra note 2, at p. 131.
71. Quille, op. cit. supra note 2, at p. 131.
72. Final Report of the Working Group VIII on Defence of the European Convention, Doc. CONV 461/02 of 16 Dec. 2002, para. 51, published in Haine (Ed.), From Laeken to Copenhagen. European defence: core documents, vol. 3 (Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Papers 57, 2003), at pp. 249 et seq. Our emphasis.
73. See also Trybus, European Union Law and Defence Integration (Oxford and Portland, Hart Publishing, 2005), at p. 310, who evaluates the changes as considerably broadening the Petersberg Tasks.
74. Ibid.
75. See above.