The save the children fund and the Russian famine of 1921-23: Claims and counter-claims about feeding "bolshevik" children

Journal of Historical Sociology

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 55-83

  Mahood, Linda ^a   Satzewich, Vic ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61849173052     PISSN: 09521909     EISSN: 14676443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6443.2009.01342.x     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Panikos Panayi, "Anti-immigrant Riots in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Britain", in Racial Violence in Britain; 1840-1950 edited by Panikos Panayi, (Leicester, 1993), pp. 1-23.
2. Linda Mahood, "Feminists, politics and Children's Charity: The formation of the Save the Children Fund", Voluntary Action, Vol. 4, No. 1, 200, p. 77.
3. The Record of the Save the Children Fund, (London July 1, 1922), p. 308, SCFA, reel 1, file 2, see note 3.
4. The SCF archives contain a wealth of unpublished material related to the early organization and operation of the Fund. This paper is based on material found in the Eglantyne Jebb papers. The SCF archives have been microfilmed and are available from Primary Source Microfilm, "Western Aid and the Global Economy: Archives of Major Aid Agencies. Series One: The Save the Children Fund Archive, London", Thompson-Gale, Detroit [hereafter SCFA].
5. Joel Best, "The Diffusion of Social Problems", in How Claims Spread: Cross National Diffusion of Social Problems, edited by Joel Best. (New York, 2001b), pp. 1-18.
6. See for example Malcom Spector and John Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems, (Menlo Park, California, 1977),
7. and Donileen Loseke, Thinking About Social Problems, Second Edition, (New York, 2003).
8. Donileen Loseke and Joel Best, eds., Social Problems: Constructionist Readings, (New York, 2003), p. 9.
9. Loseke, Thinking About Social Problems, p. 9.
10. Joel Best, "Rhetoric in Claims Making: Constructing the Missing Children Problem", Social Problems, 34 (1987), pp. 101-21.
11. Loseke, Thinking About Social Problems, p. 56.
12. Loseke, Thinking About Social Problems;
13. see also Donileen Loseke, " " The Whole Spirit of Modern Philanthropy': The Construction of the Idea of Charity, 1912-1992", Social Problems, 44 (1997), pp. 425-444.
14. Dorothy Pawluch, The New Pediatrics: A Profession in Transition, (New York, 1996);
15. Jacquelyn Litt, and Maureen McNeil, " 'Crack Babies' and the Politics of Mothering", in Social Problems: Constructionist Readings, edited by Donileen Loseke and Joel Best. (New York, 2003), 254-60;
16. Joel Best, ed., Troubling Children: Studies of Children and Social Problems. (New York, 1994);
17. Linda Mahood, Policing Gender, Class and Family, (Edmonton, 1995).
18. Loseke, Thinking About Social Problems.
19. Dominique Marshall, "The Construction of Children as an Object of International Relations: The Declaration of Children's Rights and the Child Welfare Committee of League of Nations, 1900-1924", The International Journal of Children's Rights, 7(1999), pp. 11-14.
20. Mahood, Policing Gender.
21. David Arnold, Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change, (Oxford, 1988).
22. Mahood, "Feminists, politics", p. 77.
23. See Bertrand Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. (Stanford: 2002);
24. Ronald Grigor Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States (New York: 1998);
25. Barbara Anderson, Internal Migration During Modernization in Late Nineteenth-Century Russia, (Princeton, 1980);
26. and Arnold, Famine.
27. Roland Huntford, Nansen, (London, 1997).
28. Patenaude, Big Show.
29. Huntford, Nansen.
30. See Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World, (London, 2001)
31. and Margaret Kelleher, The Feminization of Famine, (Durham, 1997).
32. Katherine Edgerton-Tarpley, "The 'feminization of famine', the feminization of nationalism: famine and social activism in treaty-port Shanghai, 1876-9", Social History, 10 (2005), pp. 421-43.
33. See James Mace, "The Man-Made Famine of 1933 in Soviet Ukraine". Pp. 1-14 in Famine in Ukraine 1932-33, editors Roman Serbyn and Bohdan Krawchenko. (Edmonton, 1986), pp. 1-14,
34. and Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine, (New York, 1986).
35. Roman Serbyn, "The Famine of 1921-23: A Model for 1932-33?", in Famine in Ukraine 1932-33, edited by Roman Serbyn and Bohdan Krawchenko. (Edmonton, 1986), 147-48, our emphasis.
36. Serbyn, "The Famine of 1921-23", p. 170.
37. Loseke, Constructing Social Problems.
38. Sylvanna Malle, The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918-1921 (Cambridge, 1985);
39. Suny, The Soviet Experiment,
40. Arnold, Famine.
41. Paul Ward, Red Flag and Union Jack: Englishness, Patriotism and the British Left, 1891-1924 (London, 1998).
42. E.H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923 (London, 1971).
43. The Record, September 1, 1921, 316, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
44. Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, (Berkeley, 2001).
45. The Record, September 1, 1921, 315, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
46. The Record, September 1, 1921, 316, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
47. The Record, March 1, 1922, 190, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
48. Best, "Rhetoric in Claims Making", p. 106
49. Best, "Rhetoric in Claims Making", p. 106.
50. The Record, March 15, 1922, 140, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
51. The Record, November 15, 1921, 70, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
52. Arnold, Famine,
53. Suny, The Soviet Experiment
54. See: Geoffrey Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, chapter 3;
55. Lynn Hollen Lees, The Solidarity of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
56. Loseke, "The Whole Spirit".
57. The Record, November 15, 1921, 70, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
58. Finlayson, Citizen, State, pp. 21, 221-222.
59. The Record, November 15, 1921, 70, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
60. The Record, November 15, 1921, 73, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
61. The Record, October 21, 1921, 21, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
62. The Record, March 15, 1922, 203, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
63. The Record, January 15, 1922, 135, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
64. The Record, January 15, 1922, 135, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
65. The Record, November 1, 1921, 52, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
66. The Record, November 1, 1921, 52, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
67. Loseke, Constructing Social Problems.
68. Robert Johnston, New Mecca, New Babylon: Paris and the Russian Exiles, 1920-1941, (Montreal, 1988),
69. Michael Marrus, The Unwanted; European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War, (Philadelphia, 2002).
70. Johnston, New Mecca.
71. Vic Satzewich, The Ukrainian Diaspora, (London, 2002).
72. Johnston, New Mecca.
73. Patenaude, Big Show.
74. The Record, October 21, 1921, 19, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
75. The Record, October 21, 1921, 20, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
76. The Record, September 15-October 21, 1921, 20, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
77. The Record, October 21, 1921, 20, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
78. The Record, September 15, 1921, 7-10, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
79. The Record, September 15, 1921, 10, SCFA, reel 1, file 2.
80. Anne Chisholm and Michael Davie. Lord Beaverbrook: A Life, (New York, 1993).
81. Hamilton Fyfe, Sixty Years of Fleet Street. (London, 1949), p. 165.
82. Chisholm and Davie, Lord Beaverbrook, p. 209.
83. A.J.P. Taylor, Beaverbrook, (London, 1972), p. 177.
84. Chisholm and Davie, Lord Beaverbrook.
85. The Daily Express, Nov. 19, 1921.
86. The Daily Express, Nov. 23, 1921.
87. The DaUy Express, Nov. 18, 1921.
88. The Daily Express, Nov. 19, 1921.
89. Nansen said "...twenty to thirty millions are under famine conditions of whom at least ten millions threatened with death. Fear however actual conditions much worse than apprehended. Absolute reliable report from Kazan states that in that district alone many hundred thousands more must inevitably parish by hunger and disease in coming months unless sufficient help promptly forthcoming. Whole populations in central Russia are threatened with extermination: vast districts becoming empty deserts. Urgent need immediate help cannot be exaggerated". Letter from Lord Weardale to Editor, The Daily Express, November 22, 1921, SCFA, London, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
90. The Manchester Guardian, November 23, 1921.
91. The Daily Express, December 3, 1921.
92. The Daily Express, January 5, 1922.
93. Chisholm and Davie, Lord Beaverbrook.
94. Letter from L.B. Golden to Editor, The Daily Express, November 18, 1921, SCFA Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
95. The Daily Express, November 19, 1921.
96. Joel Best, Threatened Children: Rhetoric and Concern About Child Victims, (Chicago, 1990).
97. See also Pawluch, The New Pediatrics,
98. and Karl Kunkel, "Factory Farming as a Social Problem",in Social Problems: Constructionist Readings, edited by Donileen Loseke and Joel Best. (New York, 2003), pp. 101-107.
99. The Daily Express, November 19, 1921.
100. Letter from Eglantyne Jebb to RD Blumenfeld, November 21, 1921, SCFA, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
101. The Daily Express, January 30, 1922.
102. The Daily Express, December 2, 1921.
103. The Daily Express, December 6, 1921.
104. The Daily Express, November 30, 1921.
105. Letter from L.B. Golden to Lieutenant Colonel Protheroe-Smith, November 24, 1921, SCFA, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
106. Letter from Chief Constable of Cornwall to L.B. Golden, Save the Children Fund, December 12, 1921, SCFA, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
107. The Daily Express, November 19, 1921.
108. The Daily Express, November 18, 1921.
109. The Daily Express, November 26, 1921.
110. The Daily Express, November 29, 1921.
111. The Daily Express, December 1, 1921.
112. Letter from Lord Weardale to Sir William Plender, November 26, 1921, SCFA, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
113. Letter form L.B. Golden to The Daily Express, November 24, 1921, SCFA, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
114. Letter from W. Plender, Auditor, to R.D. Blumenfeld, Editor, The Daily Express, Dec 7, 1921, SCFA, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
115. The Daily Express, February 10, 1922.
116. The Daily Express, February 10, 1922.
117. Letter from Lord Weardale to R.D. Blumenfeld, Editor, The Daily Express, February 10, 1922, SCFA, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, file 197, reel 30.
118. Patenaude, Big Show.
119. The Daily Express, April 26, 1923.
120. Editorial, The Daily Express, April 26, 1923.
121. Marshall, "The Construction of Children".
122. Best, Threatened Children.