Gender in medicine — does it matter?

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 139-145

  Hølge Hazelton, Bibi ^a   Malterud, Kirsti ^b  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b Research Unit for General Practice   (Norway)

Author keywords

Gender; gender identity; medicine; men; prejudice; sex; women

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; COMMUNICATION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; INTERPROFESSIONAL RELATIONS; MALE; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PHYSICIANS; PHYSICIANS, WOMEN; PREJUDICE; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOLOGY, MEDICAL;

EID: 61749085695     PISSN: 14034948     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1403494808100271     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Doyal L. Sex, gender, and health: the need for a new approach. BMJ 2001;323:1061-3.
2. Lancet. Efforts to address gender inequalities must begin at home. Lancet 2005;366(9496):1505.
3. Hovelius B., Johansson E.E., editors. Kropp och genus i medicinen [Body and gender in medicine]. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2004 (in Swedish).
4. Aarseth H.P. Kvinnehelseutvalget skyter spurv med kanoner [The committee for women's health shoots sparrows with cannons]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1999;119 727 (in Norwegian).
5. Hammarstrom A. The integration of gender in medical research and education - obstacles and possibilities from a Nordic perspective. Women & Health 2003;37:121-133.
6. Westerstahl A., Andersson M., Söderström M. Gender in medical curricula: course organizer views of a gender-issues perspective in medicine in Sweden. Women Health 2003;37:35-47.
7. Risberg G., Hamberg K., Johansson E.E. Gender awareness among physicians - the effect of specialty and gender. A study of teachers at a Swedish medical school. BMC Med Educ 2003;3:8.
8. West C., Zimmerman D.H. Doing gender. In: Farrell SAE, Lorber J, editors. The social construction of gender. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1991. pp. 13-37.
9. Beauvoir S. The second sex. London: Campbell, 1994.
10. Bertakis K.D., Azari R. Determinants of physician discussion regarding tobacco and alcohol abuse. J Health Commun 2007;12:513-525.
11. Boulis A.K., Long J.A. Gender differences in the practice of adult primary care physicians. J of Women's Health 2004;13: 703-712.
12. Bertakis K.D., Azari R. Patient gender and physician practice style. Journal of Women's Health 2007;16:859-868.
13. Hall J.A., Roter D.L. Do patients talk differently to male and female physicians? A meta-analytic review. Patient Educ Couns 2002;48:217-224.
14. Bylund C.L., Makoul G. Empathic communication and gender in the physician-patient encounter. Patient Educ Couns 2002;48:207-216.
15. Hamberg K., Risberg G., Johansson E.E., Westman G. Gender bias in physicians’ management of neck pain: a study of the answers in a Swedish national examination. J Women's Health Gend Based 2002;11:653-665.
16. Sanders B.S., Burkett T.L., Dickinson G.E., Tournier R.E. Hospice referral decisions: the role of physicians. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2004;21:196-202.
17. Tabenkin H., Goodwin M.A., Zyzanski S.J., Stange K.C., Medalie J.H. Gender differences in time spent during direct observation of doctor-patient encounters. J Women's Health 2004;13:341.
18. Sleath B., Rubin R.H. Gender, ethnicity, and physician-patient communication about depression and anxiety in primary care. Patient Educ Couns 2002;48:243-252 [cited 31 January, 2008].
19. Nicolai J., Demmel R. The impact of gender stereotypes on the evaluation of general practitioners’ communication skills: An experimental study using transcripts of physician-patient encounters. Patient Educ Couns 2007;69:200-5.
20. Roter D.L., Hall J.A., Aoki Y. Physician gender effects in medical communication: A meta-analytic review. JAMA 2002;288:756-764.
21. Meeuwesen L., Bensing J., van den Brink-Muinen A. Communicating fatigue in general practice and the role of gender. Patient Educ Couns 2002;48:233-242.
22. Chambers S.A. An incalculable effect’: subversions of heteronormativity. Political Studies 2007;10.1111/j.1467- 9248.2007.00654.x.
23. Warner M. Introduction: fear of a queer planet. Social Text 1991;9(4 [29]):3-17.
24. Bjorkman M., Malterud K. Being lesbian - does the doctor need to know? A qualitative study about the significance of disclosure in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 2007;25:58-62.
25. Den norske legeforening. Legestatistikk. [The Norwegian Medical Association. Medical statistics] Available online at: http://www.legeforeningen.no/index.gan?id=18&subid=0 (accessed 26 October, 2007).
26. Lægeforeningens medlemsregister. [Member index of The Danish Medical Association] Lægeforeningen 2007; København (in Danish).
27. Schlichting E., Nielsen H.B., Fossa S.D., Aasland O.G. Kvinners karriereutvikling i klinisk akademisk medisin [Women's academic careers in medicine]. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2007;27:2109-2112 (in Norwegian).
28. Schei B., Nesheim B.I. kt satsing på forskning om kvinners helse. [Increased concentration on research of women's health]. Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening 1997; 117:1634-6 (in Norwegian).
29. Storstein L., Bjornstad H., Hals O., Meen H.D. Electrocardiographic findings according to sex in athletes and controls. Cardiology 1991; 79:227-236.
30. Code L. Rhetorical spaces - essays on gendered locations. New York, & London: Routledge, 1995.
31. Album D., Westin S. Do diseases have a prestige hierarchy? A survey among physicians and medical students. Soc Sci Med 2008;66:182-8.
32. Malterud K., Taksdal A. Shared spaces for reflection: approaching medically unexplained disorders. Junctures 2007;9:27-38.
33. Entwistle J. Sex/gender. In: Jenks C, ed. Core sociological dichotomies. London: SAGE Publications, 1998. pp. 151-165.
34. Willadsen J. Depression, dit navn er kvinde: mandsvælde og helbred [Depression - your name is woman: patriarchy and health]. København: Lindhardt og Ringhof, 1983 (in Danish).
35. Kastrup M., Petersson B., Helweg-Larsen K, (edt). Kvinden som patient: sygeliggørelse av kvinder i en teknificeret lægeverden [Woman as patient - medicalization of women in a technological worlds of doctors]. København: Lindhardt og Ringhof, 1984 (in Danish).
36. Schei B., Bakketeig L. Gynaecological impact of sexual and physical abuse by spouse. A study of a random sample of Norwegian women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;99: 1379-1383.
37. Dahl S. Rape - a hazard to health. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1993.
38. Kirkengen A.L. Inscribed bodies: health impact of childhood sexual abuse. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001.
39. Sundby J. Genital mutilation of women - is it a concern for gynecologists?. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:513-5.
40. Strand K., Wergeland E., Bjerkedal T. Work load, job control and risk of leaving work by sickness certification before delivery, Norway 1989. Scand J Soc Med 1997;25:193-201.
41. Hammarstrom A. Health consequences of youth unemployment-review from a gender perspective. Soc Sci Med 1994; 38:699-709.
42. Carlstedt G., Forssén A. Mellan ansvar & makt: en diskussion om arbete, hälsa och ohälsa utifran tjugo kvinnors livsberaöttelser [Between responsibility and power - a discussion about work, health and illness from the stories of twenty women] Doctoral thesis/Luleå tekniska universitet; nr 1999:03. Lulea: Inst för arbetsvetenskap, Avd genus och teknik, Luleå tekniska universitet; 1999 (in Swedish).
43. Malterud K. Allmennpraktikerens møte med kvinnelige pasienter [The encounter between the general practitioner and female patients]. Oslo: TANO, 1990 (in Norwegian).
44. Johansson E.E., Hamberg K., Lindgren G., Westman G. “I've been crying my way» - qualitative analysis of a group of female patients’ consultation experiences. Fam Pract 1996; 13:498-503.
45. Malterud K. Feministisk teori kan utmana medicinsk kunskap [Feminist Theory can Challenge Medical Knowledge]. Kvinnovetenskaplig tidskrift 2002;2-3): 5-18 (in Swedish).
46. Riska E. Towards gender balance: but will women physicians have an impact on medicine?. Soc. Sci. Med 2001;52: 179-187.
47. Verdonk P., Mans L.J., Lagro-Janssen AL Integrating gender into a basic medical curriculum. Med Educ 2005;39:1118-1125.