Empathy and social desirability: A comparison of delinquent and non-delinquent participants using direct and indirect measures

Psychology, Crime and Law

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-17

  Kämpfe, Nicole ^a   Penzhorn, Jan ^a   Schikora, Julia ^a   Dünzl, Julia ^a   Schneidenbach, Jane ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

Delinquency; Empathy; Indirect measures; Single Target IAT; Social desirability

Indexed keywords

EID: 61449153896     PISSN: 1068316X     EISSN: 14772744     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10683160802010640     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Abbey, A., Parkhill, M.R., BeShears, R., Clinton-Sherrod, A.M., & Zawacki, T. (2006). Crosssectional predictors of sexual assault perpetration in a community sample of single African American and Caucasian men. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 54-67.
2. Aidman, E.V., & Carroll, S.M. (2003). Implicit individual differences: Relationships between implicit self-esteem, gender identity, and gender attitudes. European Journal of Personality, 17, 19-37.
3. Asendorpf, J.B., Banse, R., & Mücke, D. (2002). Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 380-393.
4. Blair, J., Sellars, C, Strickland, I., Clark, F., Williams, A., Smith, M., & Jones, L. (1996). Theory of mind in the psychopath. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 7, 15-25.
5. Bootzin, R., Acocella, J., & Alloy, L. (1993). Abnormal psychology: Current perspectives. New York: McGraw Hill.
6. Batson, C.D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P.A. (1987). Adults' emotional reactions to the distress of others. In N. Eisenberg, & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 163-184). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Brunstein, J.C., & Schmitt, C.H. (2004). Assessing individual differences in achievement motivation with the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 536-555.
8. Carr, M.B., & Lutjemeier, J.A. (2005). The relation of facial affect recognition and empathy to delinquency in youth offenders. Adolescence, 40, 601-619.
9. Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988-998.
10. Cronbach, L.J. (1955). Processes affecting scores on "understanding of others" and "assumed similarity". Psychological Bulletin, 52, 177-193.
11. Curwen, T. (2003). The importance of offense characteristics, victimization history, hostility, and social desirability in assessing empathy of male adolescent sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 15, 347-364.
12. Davis, M.H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multi-dimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-236.
13. Davis, M.H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
14. De Houwer, J. (2003). A structural analysis of indirect measures of attitudes. In J. Musch, & K.C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 219-244). Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. Dovidio, J.F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S.L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-28.
16. Egloff, B. & Schmukle (2002). Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1441-1455.
17. Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665-697.
18. Ellis, P.L. (1982). Empathy: A factor in antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 123-134.
19. Fazio, R.H., & Olson, M.A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and uses. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
20. Feshbach, N.D. (1975). Empathy in children: Some theoretical and empirical considerations. Counseling Psychologist, 5, 25-30.
21. Gawronski, B., & Conrey, F.R. (2004). Der Implizite Assoziationstest als Maß automatisch aktivierter Assoziationen: Reichweite und Grenzen. Psychologische Rundschau, 55, 118-126.
22. Grahe, J.E., & Bernieri, F.J. (2002). Self-awareness of judgment policies of rapport. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1407-1418.
23. Greenwald, A.G., & Farnham, S.D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038.
24. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
25. Hall, J.A., Bernieri, F.J., & Carney, D.R. (2005). Nonverbal Behavior and Interpersonal Sensitivity. In J.A. Harrigan, R. Rosenthal, & K.R. Scherer (Eds.), Handbook of nonverbal behaviour research methods in the affective sciences (pp. 237-281). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
26. Hanson, R.K. & Scott, H. (1995) Accessing perspecting-taking among sexual offenders, nonsexual criminals, and nonoffenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 7(4), 259-277.
27. Hills, B., & Pithers, WD. (1999). Empathy: Definition, enhancement, and relevance to the treatment of sexual abusers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 257-284.
28. Hoffman, M.L. (1990). Empathy and justice motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 151-172.
29. Hoffman, M.L. (2000). Empathy and moral development. Implications for caring and justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., & Schmitt, M. (2005). On implicit-explicit consistency: The moderating role of individual differences in awareness and adjustment. European Journal of Personality, 19, 25-49.
31. Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369-1385.
32. Holz-Ebeling, F., & Steinmetz, M. (1995). Wie brauchbar sind die vorliegenden Fragebogen zur Messung von Empathie? Kritische Analysen unter Berücksichtigung der Iteminhalte. Zeitschr?ft für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 16, 11-32.
33. Huijding, J., & de Jong, P.J. (2006). Automatic associations with the sensory aspects of smoking: Positive in habitual smokers but negative in non-smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 182-186.
34. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D.P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476.
35. Johnson, J.A., Cheek, J.M., & Smither, R. (1983). The structure of empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1299-1312.
36. Karpinski, A., & Hilton, J.L. (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81, 774-788.
37. Kendall, P.C., Deardorff, P.A., & Finch, A.J. (1977). Empathy, locus of control and anxiety in college students. Psychological Reports, 40, 1236-1238.
38. Lardén, M., Melin, L., Hoist, U., & Långström, N. (2006). Moral judgement, cognitive distortions and empathy in incarcerated delinquent and community control adolescents. Psychology Crime & Law, 12, 453-462.
39. Lee, M., & Prentice, N.M. (1988). Interrelations of empathy, cognition, and moral reasoning with dimensions of juvenile delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 127-139.
40. Leibetseder, M., Laireiter, A.-R., Riepler, A., & Köller, T. (2001). E-Skala. Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Empathie - Beschreibung und psychometrische Eigenschaften. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 22, 70-85.
41. Leibetseder, M., Laireiter, A.-R., & Köller, T. (2007). Structural analysis of the E-scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 547-561.
42. Maison, D., Greenwald, A.G., & Bruin, R. (2001). The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 32, 61-69.
43. McGrath, M., Cann, S., & Konopasky, R. (1998). New measures of defensiveness, empathy, and cognitive distortions for sexual offenders against children. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 10, 25-36.
44. Miller, P., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
45. Penke, L., Eichstaedt, I, & Asendorpf, J.B. (2005). Single Attribute Implicit Association Tests (SA-IAT) for the assessment of unipolar constructs: The case of sociosexuality. Experimental Psychology, 53, 283-291.
46. Rosip, J.C., & Hall, J.A. (2004). Knowledge of Nonverbal Cues, Gender, and Nonverbal Decoding Accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 267-286.
47. Sheldon, K., King, L., Houser-Marko, L., Osbaldiston, R., & Gunz, A. (2007). Comparing TAT and TAT measures of power versus intimacy motivation. European Journal of Personality, 21, 263-280.
48. Steffens, M.C. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51, 165-179.
49. Steffens, M.C., & Schulze-König, S. (2006). Predicting spontaneous Big Five behavior with Implicit Association Tests. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 13-20.
50. Stöber, J. (1999). Die Soziale Erwünschtheitsskala 17 (SES-17): Entwicklung und erste Befunde zur Reliabilität und Validität. Diagnostica, 45, 173-177.
51. Tierney, D.W. & McCabe, M.P. (2001). The assessment of denial, cognitive distortions, and victim empathy among pedophillic sex offenders: An evaluation of the utility of self-report measures. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2(3), 259-270.
52. Thush, C, & Wiers, R.W. (2007). Explicit and implicit alcohol-related cognitions and the prediction of future drinking in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1367-1383.
53. Wigboldus, D. (2003). Single target implicit association tests. Paper presented at the 3rd Workshop on Implicit Diagnostics, Bonn, Germany.
54. Wispé, L. (1986). The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 314-321.
55. Zahn-Waxier, C, & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The origins of empathic concern. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 107-130.
56. Zhou, Q., Valiente, C., & Eisenberg, N. (2003). Empathy and its measurement. In S.J. Lopez, & C.R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 269-284). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.