Fetal testosterone and autistic traits: A response to three fascinating commentaries

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 39-47

  Baron Cohen, Simon ^a   Auyeung, Bonnie ^a   Ashwin, Emma ^a   Knickmeyer, Rebecca ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TESTOSTERONE;

AMNION FLUID; ARTICLE; AUTISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLISM; PREGNANCY; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEX DIFFERENCE;

AMNIOTIC FLUID; AUTISTIC DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PREGNANCY; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SEX FACTORS; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 61449112894     PISSN: 20448295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/000712608X394271     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Abell, F., Krams, M., Ashburner, J., Passingham, R., Friston, K., Frackowiak, R., Happe, F., Frith, C, & Frith, U. (1999)- The neuroanatomy of autism: A voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans. Neuroreport, 10, 1647-1651.
2. Ashwin, E., Ashwin, C., Rhydderch, D., Howells, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Eagle-Eyed Visual Acuity: An Experimental Investigation of Enhanced Perception in Autism. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 17-21.
3. Auyeung, B., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., Hackett, G., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2008). Fetal testosterone levels and the Children's Embedded Figures Test. Manuscript submitted for publication.
4. Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2009). Fetal testosterone and autistic traits. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 1-22.
5. Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Chapman, E., Knickmeyer, R. C., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155, S123-S130.
6. Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Allison, C. (2008). The autism spectrum quotient: Children's version (AQ-Child). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1230-1240.
7. Aylward, E. H., Minshew, N. J., Goldstein, G., Honeycutt, N. A., Augustine, A. M., Yates, K. O., Barta, P. E., & Pearlson, G. D. (1999). MRI volumes of amygdala and hippocampus in nonmentally retarded autistic adolescents and adults. Neurology, 53, 2145-2150.
8. Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet, 368, 210-215.
9. Barbeau, E. B., Mendrek, A., & Mottron, L. (2009). Are autistic traits autistic? British Journal of Psychology, 100, 23-28.
10. Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). The hyper-systemizing, assortative mating theory of autism. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30, 865-872.
11. Baron-Cohen, S., Baldwin, D. A., & Crowson, M. (1997). Do children with autism use the speaker's direction of gaze strategy to crack the code of language? Child Development, 68, 48-57.
12. Baron-Cohen, S., Hoekstra, R., Knickmeyer, R., & Wheelwright, S. (2006). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) - adolescent version. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 343-350.
13. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H., Bullmore, E., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 355-364.
14. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain; An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1891-1898.
15. Baron-Cohen, S., Scott, E J., Allison, C., Williams, J., Bolton, P., Matthews, E E., & Brayne, C. (in press (a)). Autism spectrum prevalence: A UK school based population study. British Journal of Psychiatry.
16. Baron-Cohen, S., Tavassoli, T., Ashwin, E., Ashwin, C., & Chakrabarti, B. (in press (b)). Talent in autism: Hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail, and sensory hypersensitivity. Proceedings of the Royal Society Philosophical Transactions, Series B.
17. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5-17.
18. Billington, J., Baron-Cohen, S., & Bor, D. (2008). Systemizing influences attentional processes during the Navon task: An fMRI study. Neuropsychotogia, 46, 511-520.
19. Billington, J., Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2007). Cognitive style predicts entry into physical sciences and humanities: Questionnaire and performance tests of empathy and systemizing. Learning and Individual Differences, 17, 260-268.
20. Castelli, F., Happe, F., Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2000). Movement and mind: A functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neurolmage, 12, 314-325.
21. Chapman, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the empathy quotient (EQ) and the 'reading the mind in the eyes' test. Social Neuroscience, 1, 135-148.
22. Falter, C. M., Arroyo, M., & Davis, G. J. (2006). Testosterone: Activation or organization of spatial cognition? Biological Psychology, 73, 132-140.
23. Falter, C. M., Plaisted, K. C., & Davis, G. (2008). Visuo-spatial processing in autism-testing the predictions of extreme male brain theory. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 507-515.
24. Fenson, L., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., Bates, E., Thai, D. J., & Pethick, S. J. (1994). Variability in early communicative development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (Vol. 59), Serial no. 242.
25. Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2001). The biological basis of social interaction. American Pyschological Society, 10, 5.
26. Geier, D. A., & Geier, M. R. (2007). A prospective assessment of androgen levels in patients with autistic spectrum disorders: Biochemical underpinnings and suggested therapies. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 28(5), 565-573.
27. Golan, O., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Systemizing empathy: Teaching adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism to recognize complex emotions using interactive multimedia. Developmental Psycbopathology, 18, 591-617.
28. Gong, X., Bacchelli, E., Blasi, F., Toma, C., Betancur, C., Chaste, P., Delorme, R., Durand, C. M., Fauchereau, F., Botros, H. G., Leboyer, M., Mouren-Simeoni, M. C., Nygren, G., Anckarsater, H., Rastam, M., Gillberg, I. C., Gillberg, C., Moreno-De-Luca, D., Carone, S., Nummela, I., & Rossi, M. (2008). Analysis of X chromosome inactivation in autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Nenropsychiatric Genetics), 147B, 830-835.
29. Happe´, E G. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 129-154.
30. Hines, M., Fane, B. A., Pasterski, V. L., Matthews, G. A., Conway, G. S., & Brook, C. (2003). Spatial abilities following prenatal androgen abnormality: Targeting and mental rotations performance in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 1010-1026.
31. Hobson, R. P. (1986). The autistic child's appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 321-342.
32. Hooven, C. K., Chabris, C. F., Ellison, P. T, & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004). The relationship of male testosterone to components of mental rotation. Neuropsychologia, 42, 782-790.
33. Howard, M. A., Cowell, P. E., Boucher, J., Broks, P., Mayes, A., Farrant, A., & Roberts, N. (2000). Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism. Neuroreport, 11, 2931-2935.
34. Ingudomnukul, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Knickmeyer, R. (2007). Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in women with autism spectrum conditions. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 597-604.
35. Jolliffe, T., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Are people with autism and Asperger syndrome faster than normal on the Embedded Figures Test? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatty, 38, 527-534.
36. Klin, A. (2009). Embracing the challenge of bold theories of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 29-32.
37. Knickmeyer, R. C, Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., & Ashwin, E. (2008). How to test the extreme male brain theory of autism in terms of foetal androgens? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 995-996.
38. Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Raggatt, P. (2002). Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18- and 24-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 24, 418-424.
39. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
40. Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. (2006). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27-43.
41. Nacewicz, B. M., Dalton, K. M., Johnstone, T., Long, M. T., McAuliff, E. M., Oakes, T. R., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Amygdala volume and nonverbal social impairment in adolescent and adult males with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1417-1428.
42. Phillips, W., Baron-Cohen, S., & Rutter, M. (1995). To what extent can children with autism understand desire? Development and Psycbopathology. Special Issue: Emotions in developmental psycbopathology, 7, 151-169.
43. Phillips, W., Baron-Cohen, S., & Rutter, M. (1998). Understanding intention in normal development and in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16, 337-348.
44. Ring, H. A., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M., Andrew, C, & Bullmore, E. T. (1999). Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: A functional MRI study of Embedded Figures Task performance. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 122, 1305-1315.
45. Rojas, D. C., Smith, J. A., Benkers, T. L., Camou, S. L., Reite, M. L., & Rogers, S. J. (2004). Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in parents of children with autistic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2038-2044.
46. Ronald, A., Happe, F., & Plomin, R. (2005). The genetic relationship between individual differences in social and nonsocial behaviours characteristic of autism. Developmental Science, 8, 444-458.
47. Salmond, C. H., Ashburner, J., Connelly, A., Friston, K. J., Gadian, D. G., & Varglia-Khadem, F. (2005). The role of the medial temporal lobe in autistic spectrum disorders. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 764-772.
48. Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 613-620.
49. Skuse, D. H. (2009). Is autism really a coherent syndrome in boys, or girls? British Journal of Psychology, 100, 33-37.
50. Sparks, B. F., Friedman, S. D., Shaw, D. W., Aylward, E. H., Echelard, D., Artru, A. A., Maravilla, K. R., Giedd, J. N., Munson, J., Dawson, G., & Dager, S. R. (2002). Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Neurology, 59, 184-192.