'You play like a girl!': Cross-gender competition and the uneven playing field

Convergence

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 473-487

  Bertozzi, Elena ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN WHITEWATER   (United States)

Author keywords

Analog games; Cross gender play; Digital; Gender; Play; Sports; Technology; Virtual worlds

Indexed keywords

EID: 61049399899     PISSN: 13548565     EISSN: 17487382     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1354856508094667     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. AAUW (2000) Tech Savvy. Washington, DC: American Association of University Women Educational Foundation
2. Abbott, G. (2006) 'Women's High School Wrestling Continues Growth with CIF Regional Tournaments', TheMat.com (USA Wrestling), URL (accessed June 2008): http://www.themat.com/index.php?page=showarticle&ArticleID=13874
3. Alix, A. (2007) Online Game Talk and the Articulation of Maleness', in FlowTV 5 (special issue on video games). University of Texas at Austin. URL (accessed June 2008): http://flowtv.org/?p=53
4. Bertozzi, E. (2003) 'At Stake: Play, Pleasure and Power in Cyberspace', PhD dissertation, European Graduate School, URL (accessed June 2008): http://www.egs.edu/resources/elena-bertozzi.html
5. Bertozzi, E. and Lee, S. (2007) 'Not Just Fun and Games: Digital Play, Gender and Attitudes Towards Technology', Women's Studies in Communication 30(2): 179-204
6. Broverman, I.K., Vogel, S.R., Broverman, D.M., Clarkson, F.E. and Rosenkrantz, P.S. (1972) 'Sex Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal', Journal of Social Issues 28(2): 59-78
7. Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge
8. Cassell, J. and Jenkins, H. (1998) From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and Computer Games. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
9. Castronova, E. (2003) The Price of 'Man' and 'Woman': A Hedonic Pricing Model of Avatar Attributes in a Synthetic World (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 957). Munich: CESifo
10. CNN (2003) CNN Newsnight with Aaron Brown, 22 May, URL (accessed May 2003): http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0305/22/asb.00.html
11. CNN (2004) 'University Asks Police to Look Into Alleged Rape', URL (accessed 5 December 2005): http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/Central/02/18/colorado. football/
12. Connell, R.W. (1987) Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
13. Conway, M. and Vartanian, L.R. (2000) 'A Status Account of Gender Stereotypes: Beyond Communality and Agency', Sex Roles 43(3-4): 499-528
14. DeBoer, K.J. (2004) Gender and Competition: How Men and Women Approach Work and Play Differently. Monterey, CA: Coaches Choice
15. Dillon, B. (2006) E3 Panel: 'Analyzing World Markets', Gamasutra Industry News, URL (accessed June 2008): http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index. php?story=9298
16. Dowling, C. (2000) The Frailty Myth. New York: Random House
17. Gary, L.A., Hinmon, S. and Ward, C.A. (2003) 'The Face as a Determining Factor for Social Manipulation: Relational Aggression, Sociometric Status, and Facial Appearance', Colgate University Journal of the Sciences, pp. 93-114, URL (accessed June 2008): http://groups.colgate.edu/cjs/student_papers/2003/ Garyetal.pdf
18. Hack, D. (2006) 'Dealing with the Wind is a Challenge in Hawaii', New York Times Sports Section, Sunday 15 January: 2
19. Hargreaves, J.A. (1990) 'Gender on the Sports Agenda', International Review for the Sociology of Sport 25(4): 287-307
20. Heintz-Knowles, D.K. (2001) Fair Play? Violence, Gender and Race in Video Games. Oakland, CA: Children Now
21. Herring, S. (2001) 'Gender and Power in Online Communication', CSI Working Paper no. WP-01-05, URL (accessed June 2008): http://rkcsi.indiana.edu/ archive/CSI/WP/WP01-05B.html
22. Huizinga, J. (1955) Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. Boston, MA: Beacon Press
23. Jeffrey, T. (2004) 'Ban Girls from Football', Townhall.com, URL (accesed June 2008): http://www.townhall.com/columnists/TerenceJeffrey/2004/02/26/ ban_girls_from_football
24. Kramer, V., Konrad, A. and Erkut, S. (2006) 'Critical Mass on Corporate Boards: Why Three or More Women Enhance Governance', available from Wellesely Centers for Women's Publications, URL (accessed June 2008): http://www. wcwonline.org/
25. Lehtonen, E. (2007) In-person interview and email communication with author. (Lehtonen is a World of Warcraft Guild member; character: Jaspre, title: Ascent Position: 2nd Officer.)
26. Levy, A. (2005) Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. New York: Free Press
27. Lucas, K. and Sherry, J.L. (2004) 'Sex Differences in Video Game Play: A Communication-Based Explanation', Communication Research 31(5): 499-523
28. Markula, P. (2001) 'Beyond the Perfect Body: Women's Body Image Distortion in Fitness Magazine Discourse', Journal of Sport and Social Issues 25(2): 158-79
29. Martin, C.L. and Ruble, D. (2004) 'Children's Search for Gender Cues: Cognitive Perspectives on Gender Development', Current Directions in Psychological Science 13(2): 67-70
30. Mclain, D.L. (2005) 'Sex and Chess. Is She a Queen or a Pawn?', New York Times 27 November: 1
31. Messner, M. (2002) Taking the Field: Women, Men, and Sports. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
32. Microsoft (2004) 'Women Get in the Game', Microsoft, URL (accessed June 2008): http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2004/jan04/01-08womengamers. mspx
33. Nelson, M.B. (1994) The Stronger Women Get, the More Men Love Football: Sexism and the American Culture of Sports. New York: Harcourt Brace
34. Oxford, N. (2005) 'Venus or Mars: The Uneasy Relationship Between Gaming and Gender', 1up, URL (accessed June 2008): http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cld= 3141723
35. Ray, S.G. (2004) Gender Inclusive Game Design: Expanding the Market. Boston, MA: Charles River Media
36. Roberts, S. (2005) A Necessary Spectacle: Billie Jean King, Bobby Riggs, and the Tennis Match that Leveled the Game. New York: Crown Publishers
37. Roth, A. (2004) 'Femininity, Sports, and Feminism', Journal of Sport and Social Issues 28(3): 245-65
38. Ryan, J. (1995) Little Girls in Pretty Boxes: The Making and Breaking of Elite Gymnasts and Figure Skaters. New York: Doubleday
39. Schleiner, A.-M. (1998) 'Does Lara Croft Wear Fake Polygons?', Switch, URL (accessed June 2008): http://switch.sjsu.edu/web/v4n1/annmarie.html
40. Serbin, L.A., Poulin-Dubois, D., Colburne, K.A., Sen, M. G. and Eichstedt, J.A. (2001) 'Gender Stereotyping in Infancy: Visual Preferences for and Knowledge of Gender-Stereotypical Toys in the Second Year', International Journal of Behavioral Development 25(1): 7-15
41. Simmons, R. (2002) Odd Girl Out: the hidden culture of aggression in girls. New York: Harcourt Inc
42. Slimmer, J. (2007) 'Kings, Queens, and Jackasses: Playing with Gender in Online Poker', FlowTV 5 (special issue on video games). University of Texas at Austin, URL (accessed June 2008): http://flowtv.org/?p=52
43. Spencer, S.J., Steele, C.M. and Quinn, D.M. (1999) 'Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35(1): 4-28
44. Steele, C.M. (1997) 'A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance', American Psychologist 52(6): 613-29
45. Taylor, T.L. (2006) Play Between Worlds: Exploring Online Game Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
46. Tiggemann, M. and Williamson, S. (2000) 'The Effect of Exercise on Body Satisfaction and Self-Esteem as a Function of Gender and Age', Sex Roles 43(1-2): 119-27
47. Tolman, D.L., Spencer, R., Rosen-Reynoso, M. and Porche, M.V. (2003) 'Sowing the Seeds of Violence in Heterosexual Relationships: Early Adolescents Narrate Compulsory Heterosexuality', Journal of Social Issues 59(1): 159-78
48. Vesterby, T. (2005) 'Speak Softly and Carry a Big Gun: A Case Study of Professional Female Danish Counter-Strike Players', Masters in Design, Communication and Mediathesis, University of Copenhagen
49. Vincent, N. (2006) Self-Made Man: One Woman's Journey Into Manhood And Back Again. New York: Viking
50. Waem, A., Larsson, A. and Neren, C. (2005) 'Gender Aspects on Computer Game Avatars', paper presented at the ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Valencia Spain, URL (accessed June 2008): ftp://ftp.sics.se/ pub/SICS-reports/Reports/SICS-T - 2005-06 - SE.pdf
51. Ward, G.C. (2004) Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson. New York: A.A. Knopf
52. Weisfeld, G.E., Bloch, S.A. and Ives, J.W. (1984) 'Possible Determinants of Social Dominance Among Adolescent Girls', Journal of Genetic Psychology 144(1): 115-29
53. Williams, A. (2006) 'Before Spring Break, the Anorexic Challenge', New York Times Sunday Styles 2. April: 1
54. Yalom, M. (2004) Birth of the Chess Queen: A History. New York: Harper Collins Publishers
55. Yee, N. (2004) 'Avatar: Use/Conceptualization and Looking Glass Self': Terranova Blog, URL (accessed 17 May 2006): http://terranova.blogs.com/ terra_nova/2004/01/the_avatar_and_.html
56. Yee, N. (2006) 'WoW Gender-Bending' Daedalus Project, URL (accessed 2 April 2006): http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001369.php