The highest type of Englishman: Gender, war, and the Alfred the Great Commemoration of 1901

Canadian Journal of History

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 459-484

  Heathorn, Stephen ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ECONOMICS; ETHNOLOGY; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY; LEGAL ASPECT; MASCULINITY; POLITICS; PUBLIC OPINION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL STATUS; SYMBOLISM; UNITED KINGDOM; WAR;

ANNIVERSARIES AND SPECIAL EVENTS; CEREMONIAL BEHAVIOR; CULTURE; GENDER IDENTITY; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; MASCULINITY; POLITICS; PUBLIC OPINION; SOCIAL CONDITIONS; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL VALUES; WAR;

EID: 60949793171     PISSN: 00084107     EISSN: 00084107     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3138/cjh.37.3.459     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Daily Mail (London), 21 Sept. 1901, p. 3
2. Daily News (London), 21 Sept. 1901, p. 9
3. Reynolds Newspaper (London), 22 Sept. 1901, p. 8
4. Richard Abels, Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1998), p. 7
5. Times. 24 June 1901, p. 18
6. H.C.C. Matthew, The Liberal Imperialists (Oxford, 1973), pp. 287-96
7. Miles Taylor, "Imperium et Liberias? Rethinking the Radical Critique of Imperialism During the Nineteenth Century," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 19 (1991), 1-23
8. J.A. Hobson, "Capitalism and Imperialism in South Africa," Contemporary Review, 77 (1900), 15
9. Mark Hampton, "The Press, patriotism, and Public Discussion; C.P. Scott, the Manchester Guardian, and the Boer War, 1899-1902," Historical Journal, 44 (2001), 177-97
10. Bernard Porter, "The Pro-Boers in Britain," in Peter Warwick and S. B. Spies (eds.), The South African War: The Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 (London, 1980), pp. 239-57
11. Fabianism and the Empire: a Manifesto by the Fabian Society (London, 1901), pp. 2-3
12. Laurence Thompson, Robert Blatchford: Portrait of an Englishman (London, 1951)
13. Paul Ward, Red Flag and Union Jack (London, 1998), pp. 59-75
14. Paul Readman, "The Conservative Party, Patriotism, and British Politics: The Case of the General Election of 1900," Journal of British Studies, 40 (2001), 107-45. Readman effectively counters Richard Price's argument, expressed in his classic study, An Imperial War and the British Working Class (London, 1972), that the war was of limited importance to working-class voters
15. Paula Krebs, "'The Last of the Gentleman's Wars': Women in the Boer War Concentration Camp Controversy," History Workshop Journal, 33 (1992), 41-42
16. S.B. Spies, "Women and the War," in Warwick and Spies (eds.), The South African War, p. 182
17. John Wilson, A Life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (London, 1973), pp. 347-49
18. Daily Mail, 13 July, 1901, p. 5
19. Richard Soloway, "Counting the Degenerates: The Statistics of Race Deterioration in Edwardian England," Journal of Contemporary History, 17 (1982), 137-64
20. Arnold White, Efficiency and Empire (London, 1901), p. 87
21. Alfred Bowker, King Alfred Millenary: A Record of the Proceedings (London, 1902), p. 22
22. Martha Vogeler, Federic Harrison: The Vocations of a Positivist (Oxford, 1984), p. 348
23. Frederic Harrison, Autobiographic Memoirs (London, 1911), I, 269-70
24. Frederic Harrison, New Calendar of the Lives of Great Men (London, 1888)
25. Harrison, Memoirs II, 291
26. Bowker, King Alfred Millenary, p. 6
27. Alison Yarrington, "Nelson the Citizen Hero: State and Public Patronage of Monumental Sculpture, 1805-18," Art History, 6(1983), 316
28. For European examples see Mark A. Russell, "The Building of Hamburg's Bismarck Memorial, 1898-1906," Historical Journal, 43 (2000), 133-56
29. and William Cohen, "Symbols of Power: Statues in Nineteenth-Century Provincial France," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31 (1989), 491-513
30. Times, 20 Nov. 1897, p. 10
31. Vogeler, Harrison, p. 348
32. Daily Chronicle, 5 Feb. 1898, p. 5
33. Who's Who (London, 1901)
34. Hampshire Record Office, Winchester, [hereafter cited as URO], 71M89w/5, Newspaper cuttings about the Guildhall meeting of 11 March 1899; Bowker, King Alfred Millenary, appendices
35. Elfrida Manning, Marble and Bronze: The Art and Life of Hamo Thornycroft (London, 1982), p. 144
36. Penny McCracken, "Sculptor Mary Thornycrofl and Her Artist Children," Woman's Art Journal, 17 ( 1996-1997), 4-6
37. For full details of Thornycroft's family background, education, and training, see Manning, Marble and Bronze, pp. 42-63
38. For Thornycroft's leading role in the monuments phase of the "New Sculpture" movement see Susan Beattie, The New Sculpture (New Haven, Connecticut, 1983), pp. 201-30
39. Edmund Gosse, "The New Sculpture, 1879-1894," Art Journal (1894), pp. 138-42, 199-203, 277-82, 306-11
40. Evan Charteris, Life and Letters of Sir Edmund Gosse (London, 1931)
41. Robert Rhodes James, Rosebery: A Biography of Archibald Philip, Fifth Earl of Rosebery (London, 1963), p. 381
42. A summary of this debate appeared in The Century Illustrated Magazine, Spring 1901, p. 478
43. See C. Plummer, The Life and Times of Alfred the Great: Being the Ford Lectures for 1901 (Oxford, 1902), for a summary of the academic debate on Alfred's date of death
44. Walter Hawkins and Edward Thornton Smith, The Story of Alfred the Great (London, 1900), p. 139
45. Christopher Hill, "The Norman Yoke," in Puritanism and Revolution (London, 1968), pp. 58-125
46. Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism (New York, 1997), pp. 21-47
47. Linda Colley, "Radical Patriotism in the Eighteenth Century," in Raphael Samuel (ed.), Patriotism: The Making and UnMaking of British National Identity (London, 1989), I, 173-82
48. Mark Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (New Haven, Connecticut, 1981)
49. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1981), pp. 40-41
50. Walter Besant, "Introduction," in Alfred Bowker (ed.), Alfred the Great: Chapters on his Life and Times (London, 1899), pp. 9-10
51. Stefan Collini, "The Idea of Character," in his Public Moralists (New York, 1991), p. 96
52. Asa Briggs, "Saxons, Normans and Victorians," in Collected Essays of Asa Briggs (Brighton, 1985), II, 215-35
53. George Eayrs, Alfred to Victoria: Hands Across a Thousand Years (London, 1902), pp. 21-22
54. C. Lloyd Engstrom, The Millenary of Alfred the Great: Warrior and Saint, Scholar and King (London, 1901), p. 28
55. See Peter J. Bowler, The Invention of Progress (Oxford, 1989)
56. Rosemary Jann, Art and Science of Victorian History (Columbus, 1985)
57. Hugh A. MacDougall, Racial Myth in English History (Montreal, 1982)
58. J.W. Burrow, A Liberal Descent (Cambridge, 1981)
59. There have been several major collections of articles on this topic: see for example, Peter Roper and John Tosh (eds), Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (London, 1991)
60. J.A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds.), Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America (London, 1987)
61. J.A. Mangan, "Social Darwinism and Upper-Class Education in Late-Victorian and Edwardian England," in Mangan and Walvin, (eds.), Manliness and Morality, pp. 135-59
62. Rev. J.E.C. Welldon, "The Imperial Aspects of Education," in Royal Colonial Institute Report of Proceedings, 1894-95 (London, 1895), pp. 327-28. Public school headmasters liked to promote their own role in the promotion of this ethic, but recent scholars have largely agreed with their self-analysis
63. See J.A. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal (London, 1986) and Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School (London, 1981)
64. Jonathon Garthorne-Hardy, The Public School Phenomenon (London, 1979)
65. J. R. de S. Honey, Tom Brown's Universe: The Development of the Victorian Public School (London, 1977)
66. L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780-1850 (Chicago, 1987)
67. John Tosh, "Domesticity and Manliness in the Victorian Middle Class: the Family of Edward White Benson," in Roper and Tosh (eds), Manful Assertions, pp. 44-73
68. Norman Vance, The Sinews of the Spirit: Vie Ideal of Christian Manliness in Victorian Literature and Religious Thought (Cambridge, 1985)
69. J. Springhall, "Building the Character of the British Boy," in Mangan and Walvin (eds.), Manliness and Morality, pp. 52-74
70. J.M. Mackenzie, "The Imperial Pioneer and Hunter and the British Masculine Stereotype in Late Victorian and Edwardian Times," in Mangan and Walvin (eds.), Manliness and Morality, pp. 176-98
71. J.M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1990)
72. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, 1995), pp. 18-19
73. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman 'and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester, 1995)
74. Catherine Hall, White, Male and Middle Class (Cambridge, 1992)
75. Paul R. Deslandes, The Foreign Element: Newcomers and the Rhetoric of Race, Nation and Empire in Oxbridge Undergraduate Culture, 1850-1920,' Journal of British Studies, 37 (1998), pp. 54-90
76. Reba Soffer, Discpline and Power: The University, History and the Making of an English Elite, 1870-1930 (Stanford, 1994)
77. John Tosh, "Imperial Masculinity and the Flight from Domesticity in Britain, 1880-1914," in T. Foley, Lionel Pilkington, Sean Ryder, and Elizabeth Tilley (eds.), Gender and Colonialism (Galway, 1995), pp. 72-85
78. Susan Kingsley Kent, Gender and Power in Britain, 1640-1990 (London, 1999), pp. 229-55
79. Richard Jackson, Alfred the Great of Blessed Memory (London, 1901), p. 13
80. See also Harrison, Millenary of King Alfred, p. 11
81. M. Douglas, The Story of Alfred and His Times (London, 1900), p. 91
82. Daily Telegraph, 21 Sept. 1901, p. 8
83. On the British warrior as hero, in general, see Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities (London, 1994)
84. J.A. Cramb, The Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain (London, 1915)
85. Hakluyt Egerton, Patriotism: An Essay Towards a Constructive Theory of Politics (London, 1905)
86. Charles E. Hecht (ed.), Rearing An Imperial Race (London, 1913)
87. On some of these alternative constructions see Paul R. Deslandes, "Competitive Examinations and the Culture of Masculinity in Oxbridge Undergraduate Life, 1850-1920," History of Education Quarterly, 43 (Forthcoming in 2003)
88. Warwick Draper, Alfred the Great: A Sketch in Seven Studies (London, 1901), pp. 20-24
89. W. Gordon-Stables, Twixt Daydawn and Light: A Tale of the Times of Alfred the Great (London, 1898), p 328
90. George Bosworth, Alfred the Great: His Life and Times (London, 1901), pp. 92-93
91. Edmund Hill, Alfred the Great: A Drama in Three Acts (London, 1901), pp. 12-18
92. Besant, Alfred the Great, p. 51
93. Oba San, Alfred the Great: a Drawingroom Play for Children (Ipswich, 1898), pp. 8-19
94. Daily News, 19 Sept. 1901, p. 9
95. Similar comments are to be found in the Times, 13 Aug. 1901
96. and Mrs. Maxwell-Scott, Alfred the Great (London, 1902), p. 13
97. Lady Katie Magnus, First Makers of England: Julius Caesar, King Arthur, Alfred the Great (London, 1901), p. 123
98. HRO 71 M89w/5 Unlabelled newspaper clippings of speeches on the proposed millenary, 1899
99. Engstrom, Millenary of Alfred, p. 6
100. See Edward Conybeare, Alfred in the Chroniclers (London, 1900)
101. For good discussions of the Victorian authorities on Asser see Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources, trans. by Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (London, 1983), pp. 226-27
102. and Abels, Alfred the Great, pp. 12-15
103. See also, Eayrs, Alfred to Victoria, p. 29
104. and in a later example, S. Harris, Alfred the Great: a Paper Read to the Hull Literary Club, 1903 (Hull, 1903), p. 25
105. Hill, Alfred the Great, p. 5
106. Daliy Express, 19 Sept. 1901 p. 3
107. Stephen Heathom, For Home, Country and Race: Constructing Gender, Class, and Englishness in the Elementary School, 1880-1914 (Toronto, 2000), pp. 181-83
108. H.E. Platt, "The Millenary of Alfred," Temple Bar, 124 (Oct. 1901), 260
109. Harris, Alfred the Great, p. 4
110. St James 's Gazelle (London), 21 Sept. 1901, p. 3
111. Reynolds Newspaper, 22 Sept. 1901,p. 8
112. Bosworth, Alfred the Great, p. xiii
113. Stephen Koss, The Pro-Boers (London, 1973), p. xxxi
114. Manchester Guardian, 22 Sept. 1901, p. 6
115. Price, An Imperial War, pp. 15-26
116. Hampton, "The Press, Patriotism, and Public Discussion," pp. 183-84
117. W.T. Stead, "The Millenary of King Alfred," Review of Reviews, 14 (Oct. 1901), 379-80
118. F. Reginald Stratham, "South Africa in the Past and Future," Social-Democrat, Feb. 1900, and John Elam, Justice, 27 Oct. 1900, both quoted in Ward, Red Flag, pp. 65-66
119. See John S. Ellis, "Reconciling the Celt: British National Identity, Empire, and the 1911 Investiture of the Prince of Wales," Journal of British Studies, 37 (October 1998), 391-418
120. Harrison, Autobiographic Memoirs, II, p. 291
121. As Paul Readman has suggested in another context, Liberals were able to mobilize the rhetoric of patriotism for a number of highly contested partisan issues in the Edwardian period. See his "The Liberal Party and Patriotism in Early Twentieth Century Britain," Twentieth Century British History, 12 (2001), 269-302