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Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 133-156

The building of Hamburg's Bismarck memorial, 1898-1906

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EID: 60949810247     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0018246x99008961     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (9)

References (138)
  • 1
    • 77950046838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rolf Liebermann quoted in Rainer Hering, 'Kutscher und Kanzler: der Bau des Hamburger Bismarck-Denkmals im Spiegel der Vigilanzberichte der Politischen Polizei', Hamburgische Geschichts-und Heimatblätter, 13 (1993), p. 38.
    • Rolf Liebermann quoted in Rainer Hering, 'Kutscher und Kanzler: der Bau des Hamburger Bismarck-Denkmals im Spiegel der Vigilanzberichte der Politischen Polizei', Hamburgische Geschichts-und Heimatblätter, 13 (1993), p. 38.
  • 2
    • 77950030511 scopus 로고
    • Der Wettbewerb zur Erlangung von Entwürfen für ein Bismarck-Denkmal in Hamburg
    • For comparisons to the Statue of Liberty see
    • For comparisons to the Statue of Liberty see Albert Hoffmann, 'Der Wettbewerb zur Erlangung von Entwürfen für ein Bismarck-Denkmal in Hamburg', Deutsche Bauzeitung, 36 (1902), p. 41;
    • (1902) Deutsche Bauzeitung , vol.36 , pp. 41
    • Hoffmann, A.1
  • 3
    • 77950053356 scopus 로고
    • Berlin and Schoneberg
    • Friedrich Naumann, Form und Farbe (Berlin and Schoneberg, 1909), p. 171.
    • (1909) Form und Farbe , pp. 171
    • Naumann, F.1
  • 4
    • 77950041636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aby Warburg, diary entry of 2 June 1906. London, Warburg Institute Archive (WIA) III, Tagebuch III (1903-14), 2 June 1906.
    • Aby Warburg, diary entry of 2 June 1906. London, Warburg Institute Archive (WIA) III, Tagebuch III (1903-14), 2 June 1906.
  • 8
    • 77950056881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plagemann, ' Vaterstadt, Vaterland', pp. 102-6;
    • Plagemann, ' Vaterstadt, Vaterland', pp. 102-6;
  • 10
    • 77950024283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Honka Jochum-Bohrmann, Hugo Lederer: Ein deutschnationaler Bildhauer des 20. Jahrhunderts (Frankfurt a. M., Bern, New York, and Paris, 1990), pp. 48-71;
    • Honka Jochum-Bohrmann, Hugo Lederer: Ein deutschnationaler Bildhauer des 20. Jahrhunderts (Frankfurt a. M., Bern, New York, and Paris, 1990), pp. 48-71;
  • 14
    • 77950062795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Karen Lang, 'Monumental unease: monuments and the making of national identity in Germany', in Françhise Forster-Hahn, ed., Imagining modern German culture, 1889-1910 (Washington, 1996), pp. 275-99.
    • Karen Lang, 'Monumental unease: monuments and the making of national identity in Germany', in Françhise Forster-Hahn, ed., Imagining modern German culture, 1889-1910 (Washington, 1996), pp. 275-99.
  • 15
    • 77950040968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7'Aufruf zur Errichtung eines Bismarck-Denkmal in Hamburg', StAH, 614-3/8, Bismarck-Denkmal-Comite, A3, Bd 1.
    • 7'Aufruf zur Errichtung eines Bismarck-Denkmal in Hamburg', StAH, 614-3/8, Bismarck-Denkmal-Comite, A3, Bd 1.
  • 16
    • 77950054889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walther Classen quoted and translated in Jennifer Jenkins, 'Provincial modernity: culture, politics and local identity in Hamburg, 1885-1914' (Ph. D. thesis, Michigan, 1997), p. 62.
    • Walther Classen quoted and translated in Jennifer Jenkins, 'Provincial modernity: culture, politics and local identity in Hamburg, 1885-1914' (Ph. D. thesis, Michigan, 1997), p. 62.
  • 19
    • 60950322902 scopus 로고
    • Handelsmetropole des Deutschen Reiches
    • Werner Jochmann and Hans-Dieter Loose, eds, 2 vols, Hamburg
    • Werner Jochmann, 'Handelsmetropole des Deutschen Reiches', in Werner Jochmann and Hans-Dieter Loose, eds., Hamburg: Geschichte der Stadt und ihrer Bewohner (2 vols., Hamburg, 1986), 11, p. 27.
    • (1986) Hamburg: Geschichte der Stadt und ihrer Bewohner , vol.11 , pp. 27
    • Jochmann, W.1
  • 21
    • 77950044733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Richard J. Evans, 'Red Wednesday in Hamburg: social democrats, police and Lumpenproletariat in the suffrage disturbances of 17 January 1906', in
    • Richard J. Evans, "'Red Wednesday" in Hamburg: social democrats, police and Lumpenproletariat in the suffrage disturbances of 17 January 1906', in
  • 23
    • 77950039627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The standard work on this subject is Michael Grüttner, Arbeitswelt an der Wasserkante: Sozialgeschichte der Hamburger Hafenarbeiter, 1886-1314 (Göttingen, 1984).
    • The standard work on this subject is Michael Grüttner, Arbeitswelt an der Wasserkante: Sozialgeschichte der Hamburger Hafenarbeiter, 1886-1314 (Göttingen, 1984).
  • 31
    • 77950059794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See ibid., pp. 254-5.
    • See ibid., pp. 254-5.
  • 33
    • 77950047477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quoted in ibid, p. 98.
    • Quoted in ibid, p. 98.
  • 34
    • 77950049807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 99.
    • Evans1
  • 37
    • 77950052073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aby Warburg, 'The Bismarck monument in Hamburg', WIA, III, 52.6.2, f. 7.
    • Aby Warburg, 'The Bismarck monument in Hamburg', WIA, III, 52.6.2, f. 7.
  • 38
    • 0010116078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On this point see
    • On this point see Evans, Death in Hamburg, pp. 87-95.
    • Death in Hamburg , pp. 87-95
    • Evans1
  • 40
    • 77950027715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ferguson speaks of the 'fissiparity of the bourgeoisie', p. 73.
    • Ferguson speaks of the 'fissiparity of the bourgeoisie', p. 73.
  • 41
    • 77950036002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evans writes of' fractions of capital', Death in Hamburg, pp. 28-49.
    • Evans writes of' fractions of capital', Death in Hamburg, pp. 28-49.
  • 43
    • 77950053586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • StAH Senat Cl. vii, Lit. Fc. Nr. 21, 17, Fasc. 5. Besides Mayor Versmann, Rudolf Crasemann, Chief Engineer F. Andreas Meyer, and Max Schinckel of the Norddeutsche Bank, the committee included the architect Martin Haller, the painter Valentin Ruths, Justus Brinckmann, director of Hamburg's Museum for Art and Industry, and Alfred Lichtwark, director of the Hamburg Art Gallery.
    • StAH Senat Cl. vii, Lit. Fc. Nr. 21, Vol. 17, Fasc. 5. Besides Mayor Versmann, Rudolf Crasemann, Chief Engineer F. Andreas Meyer, and Max Schinckel of the Norddeutsche Bank, the committee included the architect Martin Haller, the painter Valentin Ruths, Justus Brinckmann, director of Hamburg's Museum for Art and Industry, and Alfred Lichtwark, director of the Hamburg Art Gallery.
  • 44
    • 46849083953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the negative views of this life in
    • See the negative views of this life in Ferguson, Paper and iron, pp. 63-5;
    • Paper and iron , pp. 63-65
    • Ferguson1
  • 45
    • 77950044409 scopus 로고
    • Death in Hamburg, pp. 36-7. 31 Alfred Lichtwark, 'Wünsche'
    • Evans, Death in Hamburg, pp. 36-7. 31 Alfred Lichtwark, 'Wünsche', Der Lotse, 1 (1900), p. 5.
    • (1900) Der Lotse , vol.1 , pp. 5
    • Evans1
  • 46
    • 77950050655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtwark was director of Hamburg's Art Gallery from 1886 to 1914 and exercised an enormous influence on the cultural life of the city and the Empire. The most recent comprehensive treatment of Lichtwark's life and ideas is Hans PrafTcke, Der Kunstbegriff Alfred Lichtwarks (Hildesheim, Zurich, and New York, 1986).
    • Lichtwark was director of Hamburg's Art Gallery from 1886 to 1914 and exercised an enormous influence on the cultural life of the city and the Empire. The most recent comprehensive treatment of Lichtwark's life and ideas is Hans PrafTcke, Der Kunstbegriff Alfred Lichtwarks (Hildesheim, Zurich, and New York, 1986).
  • 50
    • 77950036001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aby Warburg, 'Hbg. Sammlungen', WIA, iii.i, Zettelkasten 57 (Hamburg), 057 032742.
    • Aby Warburg, 'Hbg. Sammlungen', WIA, iii.i, Zettelkasten 57 (Hamburg), 057 032742.
  • 51
  • 52
    • 77950036655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A positive assessment of the city's music life is offered in Gustav Schiefler, Eine Hamburgische Kulturgeschichte, 1890-1920 (Hamburg, 1985), pp. 159-70.
    • A positive assessment of the city's music life is offered in Gustav Schiefler, Eine Hamburgische Kulturgeschichte, 1890-1920 (Hamburg, 1985), pp. 159-70.
  • 53
    • 77950030299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a recent enumeration of the factors responsible for Hamburg's cultural decline in the nineteenth century
    • Schiefler, Hamburgische Kulturgeschichte, p. 91. For a recent enumeration of the factors responsible for Hamburg's cultural decline in the nineteenth century
    • Hamburgische Kulturgeschichte , pp. 91
    • Schiefler1
  • 56
    • 77950025155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilhelm Uhde, quoted in Otto Grautoff, 'Deutsche Kultur', Der Lotse, 1 (1901), p. 653.
    • Wilhelm Uhde, quoted in Otto Grautoff, 'Deutsche Kultur', Der Lotse, 1 (1901), p. 653.
  • 58
    • 61449473302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of Hamburg's cultural reformers see most recently Jenkins, Provincial modernity, For a discussion of the various institutions and associations of the cultural reform movement see
    • For a discussion of Hamburg's cultural reformers see most recently Jenkins, 'Provincial modernity'. For a discussion of the various institutions and associations of the cultural reform movement see Schiefler, Hamburgische Kulturgeschichte.
    • Hamburgische Kulturgeschichte
    • Schiefler1
  • 59
    • 77950038257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Burchard's speech at the memorial's unveiling transcribed in Hamburger Nachrichten, no. 384, 2 June 1906.
    • From Burchard's speech at the memorial's unveiling transcribed in Hamburger Nachrichten, no. 384, 2 June 1906.
  • 60
    • 77950053791 scopus 로고
    • Ankundigung
    • Carl Monckeberg, 'Ankundigung', Der Lotse, 1 (1900), p. 2.
    • (1900) Der Lotse , vol.1 , pp. 2
    • Monckeberg, C.1
  • 61
    • 77950056194 scopus 로고
    • Kandinsky: The Owl of Minerva
    • Stephen Eric Bronner and Douglas Kellner, eds, London
    • Marian Kester, 'Kandinsky: the Owl of Minerva', in Stephen Eric Bronner and Douglas Kellner, eds., Passion and rebellion: the Expressionist heritage (London, 1983), p. 256.
    • (1983) Passion and rebellion: The Expressionist heritage , pp. 256
    • Kester, M.1
  • 62
    • 77950060287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stephanie Barron, 'German Expressionist sculpture: an introduction', in Los Angeles County Museum of Art, German Expressionist Sculpture, exhibition catalogue, 1983, p. 13.
    • Stephanie Barron, 'German Expressionist sculpture: an introduction', in Los Angeles County Museum of Art, German Expressionist Sculpture, exhibition catalogue, 1983, p. 13.
  • 63
    • 77950059842 scopus 로고
    • Monumentaldenkmäler von 1871 bis 1918 in Deutschland: Ein Beitrag zum Thema Denkmal und Landschaft
    • Ekkehard Mai and Stephan Waetzoldt, eds, Berlin
    • Lutz Tittel, 'Monumentaldenkmäler von 1871 bis 1918 in Deutschland: ein Beitrag zum Thema Denkmal und Landschaft', in Ekkehard Mai and Stephan Waetzoldt, eds., Kunstvenvaltung, Bau-und Denkmal-Politik im Kaiserrekh (Berlin, 1981), p. 244.
    • (1981) Kunstvenvaltung, Bau-und Denkmal-Politik im Kaiserrekh , pp. 244
    • Tittel, L.1
  • 64
    • 77950059844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Plagemann, 'Valerstadt, Valeriana', pp. 124-8;
    • See Plagemann, 'Valerstadt, Valeriana', pp. 124-8;
  • 68
    • 77950064365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • StAH 614-3/8, Bismarck-Denkmal-Comite, A5. Some of these designs have also been published in Albert Hofmann, 'Der Wettbewerb zur Erlangung von Entwürfen für ein Bismarck-Denkmal in Hamburg', Deutsche Bauzeitung 36 (1902), pp. 33-59;
    • StAH 614-3/8, Bismarck-Denkmal-Comite, A5. Some of these designs have also been published in Albert Hofmann, 'Der Wettbewerb zur Erlangung von Entwürfen für ein Bismarck-Denkmal in Hamburg', Deutsche Bauzeitung 36 (1902), pp. 33-59;
  • 70
    • 77950033894 scopus 로고
    • Bismarck-Denkmal
    • Schiefler was opposed to such a monument and these words were written in disgust, 24 Oct
    • Gustav Schiefler, 'Bismarck-Denkmal', Hamburgischer Correspondent, no. 498, 24 Oct. 1900. Schiefler was opposed to such a monument and these words were written in disgust.
    • (1900) Hamburgischer Correspondent , Issue.498
    • Schiefler, G.1
  • 71
    • 77950063036 scopus 로고
    • Bismarck-Denkmäler
    • Hans Ernst Mittig and Volker Plagemann, eds, Munich
    • Volker Plagemann, 'Bismarck-Denkmäler', in Hans Ernst Mittig and Volker Plagemann, eds., Denkmäler im 19. Jahrhundert: Deulung und Kritik (Munich, 1972), p. 235.
    • (1972) Denkmäler im 19. Jahrhundert: Deulung und Kritik , pp. 235
    • Plagemann, V.1
  • 72
    • 77950047262 scopus 로고
    • Begas und Bismarck
    • Karl Schefller, 'Begas und Bismarck', Der Lotse, 1 (1901), pp. 411-15.
    • (1901) Der Lotse , vol.1 , pp. 411-415
    • Schefller, K.1
  • 73
    • 77950056635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aby Warburg, 'Critical notes on contemporary art, Lederer', WIA, III, 52.6.1, f. 1.
    • Aby Warburg, 'Critical notes on contemporary art, Lederer', WIA, III, 52.6.1, f. 1.
  • 74
    • 77950052729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aby Warburg, 'The Bismarck monument in Hamburg', WIA, III, 52.6.2, f. 8f.
    • Aby Warburg, 'The Bismarck monument in Hamburg', WIA, III, 52.6.2, f. 8f.
  • 75
    • 77950051851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aby Warburg, 'Critical notes on contemporary art, Lederer', WIA, III, 52.6.1, f. 1.
    • Aby Warburg, 'Critical notes on contemporary art, Lederer', WIA, III, 52.6.1, f. 1.
  • 76
    • 77950036654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a recent discussion of Der Lotse see Rüdiger Schütt, ed., Bohemiens und Biedermänner: die Hamburger Gruppe, 1925 bis 1931 (Hamburg, 1996), pp. 143-7.
    • For a recent discussion of Der Lotse see Rüdiger Schütt, ed., Bohemiens und Biedermänner: die Hamburger Gruppe, 1925 bis 1931 (Hamburg, 1996), pp. 143-7.
  • 78
    • 77950047262 scopus 로고
    • Begas und Bismarck
    • Karl Schefiler, 'Begas und Bismarck', Der Lotse, 1 (1901), pp. 411-15;
    • (1901) Der Lotse , vol.1 , pp. 411-415
    • Schefiler, K.1
  • 79
    • 77950032992 scopus 로고
    • Bismarcks Denkmal
    • Scheffler, 'Bismarcks Denkmal', Der Lotse, 2 (1902), pp. 513-19;
    • (1902) Der Lotse , vol.2 , pp. 513-519
    • Scheffler1
  • 80
    • 77950062015 scopus 로고
    • Wie baut man volkstümlich in Berlin?
    • Heinrich Pudor, 'Wie baut man volkstümlich in Berlin?', Der Lotse, 2 (1902), pp. 483-6;
    • (1902) Der Lotse , vol.2 , pp. 483-486
    • Pudor, H.1
  • 81
    • 77950038506 scopus 로고
    • Bismarcks Denkmal in Hamburg
    • Cornelius Gurlitt, ' Bismarcks Denkmal in Hamburg', Der Lotse, 2 (1902), pp. 481-3;
    • (1902) Der Lotse , vol.2 , pp. 481-483
    • Gurlitt, C.1
  • 82
    • 77950061556 scopus 로고
    • Kaiserliche Kunst
    • Otto Brandis, 'Kaiserliche Kunst', Der Lotse, 2 (1902), pp. 420-3.
    • (1902) Der Lotse , vol.2 , pp. 420-423
    • Brandis, O.1
  • 83
    • 77950066209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-Wilhelmine sentiment was embodied in Bismarck memorials erected all over Germany. As Nipperdey argues, 'behind Bismarck monuments stands not an artistic, but also a political protest against Wilhelminismus, against pathos and prestige, trivialization and boasting'. Thomas Nipperdey, 'Nationalidee und Nationaldenkmal in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert', in Thomas Nipperdey, Gesellschaft, Kultur, Theorie (Göttingen, 1976), p. 169.
    • Anti-Wilhelmine sentiment was embodied in Bismarck memorials erected all over Germany. As Nipperdey argues, 'behind Bismarck monuments stands not an artistic, but also a political protest against Wilhelminismus, against pathos and prestige, trivialization and boasting'. Thomas Nipperdey, 'Nationalidee und Nationaldenkmal in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert', in Thomas Nipperdey, Gesellschaft, Kultur, Theorie (Göttingen, 1976), p. 169.
  • 84
    • 77950048609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'An den engeren Ausschuß für die Errichtung eines Bismarck = Denkmals in Hamburg. Bericht des Asführungs = Comites, erstattet im Januar 1899'. StAH Senat Cl.vii, Lit. Fc. Nr. 21, 17, Fasc. 5.
    • 'An den engeren Ausschuß für die Errichtung eines Bismarck = Denkmals in Hamburg. Bericht des Asführungs = Comites, erstattet im Januar 1899'. StAH Senat Cl.vii, Lit. Fc. Nr. 21, Vol. 17, Fasc. 5.
  • 85
    • 77950059793 scopus 로고
    • After-dinner speech of Mayor Mönckeberg of 5 Jan. 1902, transcribed in 'Hamburger Bismark-Denkmal'
    • After-dinner speech of Mayor Mönckeberg of 5 Jan. 1902, transcribed in 'Hamburger Bismark-Denkmal', Der Lotse, 2 (1902), p. 2.
    • (1902) Der Lotse , vol.2 , pp. 2
  • 88
    • 77950034343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bericht des Ausführungs-Comité, erstattet im Januar 1899', StAH Senat Ci.vii, Lit. Fc. Nr. 21, 17, Fasc. 5.
    • 'Bericht des Ausführungs-Comité, erstattet im Januar 1899', StAH Senat Ci.vii, Lit. Fc. Nr. 21, Vol. 17, Fasc. 5.
  • 89
    • 85085631849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3, Bd. I, p. 2. Lichtwark resigned from the prize jury when it became clear its members favoured a colossal work of art.
    • 3, Bd. I, p. 2. Lichtwark resigned from the prize jury when it became clear its members favoured a colossal work of art.
  • 90
    • 77950057769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See letters to the Hamburgischer Correspondent in StA H Zeitungsausschnittsammlung, A144, Bismarck-Denkmal.
    • See letters to the Hamburgischer Correspondent in StA H Zeitungsausschnittsammlung, A144, Bismarck-Denkmal.
  • 92
    • 77950039630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussions of the Bismarck memorial type see amongst others Nipperdey, 'Nationalidee und Nationaldenkmal', pp. 166-70;
    • For discussions of the Bismarck memorial type see amongst others Nipperdey, 'Nationalidee und Nationaldenkmal', pp. 166-70;
  • 94
    • 84963019804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bismarck-Denkmaler und Bismarck-Verehrung
    • Mai and Waetzoldt, eds
    • Hans-Walter Hedinger, 'Bismarck-Denkmaler und Bismarck-Verehrung', in Mai and Waetzoldt, eds., Kunstvirwaltung, pp. 277-314;
    • Kunstvirwaltung , pp. 277-314
    • Hedinger, H.-W.1
  • 99
    • 77950043030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On these points see especially Machtan, Bismarck und der deutsche National-Mythos, pp. 15-30.
    • On these points see especially Machtan, Bismarck und der deutsche National-Mythos, pp. 15-30.
  • 100
    • 77950053183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Friedrich Nietzsche quoted in ibid., p. 17.
    • Friedrich Nietzsche quoted in ibid., p. 17.
  • 102
    • 77950050007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 71Quoted in Tittel, 'Monumentaldenkmäler', p. 242.
    • 71Quoted in Tittel, 'Monumentaldenkmäler', p. 242.
  • 104
    • 77950034131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Otto Rieth quoted in Hofmann, 'Der Wettbewerb', p. 46.
    • Otto Rieth quoted in Hofmann, 'Der Wettbewerb', p. 46.
  • 107
    • 77950032989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • William Müller quoted in Hofmann, 'Der Wettbewerb', p. 46.
    • William Müller quoted in Hofmann, 'Der Wettbewerb', p. 46.
  • 108
    • 77950043498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 77Preisgekrönten Entwürfe, sig. 7.
    • 77Preisgekrönten Entwürfe, sig. 7.
  • 113
    • 77950040076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hugo Lederer quoted in ibid.
    • Hugo Lederer quoted in ibid.
  • 116
    • 77950057325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See letters to the Hamburgischer Correspondent in StAH Zeitungsausschnittsammlung, A144, Bismarck-Denkmal.
    • See letters to the Hamburgischer Correspondent in StAH Zeitungsausschnittsammlung, A144, Bismarck-Denkmal.
  • 120
    • 77950046608 scopus 로고
    • The statue was first proved not to be a Roland column in the
    • Rempel, Die Rolandstatuen, pp. 100-5. The statue was first proved not to be a Roland column in the 1930s.
    • (1930) Die Rolandstatuen , pp. 100-105
    • Rempel1
  • 122
    • 77950062255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • My account is based upon the ' Fest-Zeitung zur Feier der Enthüllung des Bismarck-Denkmals in Hamburg am Sonnabend, den 2. Juni 1906', StAH Zeitungsausschnittsammlung, A144, Bismarck-Denkmal.
    • My account is based upon the ' Fest-Zeitung zur Feier der Enthüllung des Bismarck-Denkmals in Hamburg am Sonnabend, den 2. Juni 1906', StAH Zeitungsausschnittsammlung, A144, Bismarck-Denkmal.
  • 124
    • 77950054644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anton Lindner, 'Der Goldene Saal im Hamburger Rathause', Neue Hamburgischer Zeitung, n. d., WIA, III. 112.3.
    • Anton Lindner, 'Der Goldene Saal im Hamburger Rathause', Neue Hamburgischer Zeitung, n. d., WIA, III. 112.3.
  • 125
    • 77950056397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bericht über den 31. Mai 1906', quoted in Hering, 'Kutscher und Kanzler', p. 45.
    • 'Bericht über den 31. Mai 1906', quoted in Hering, 'Kutscher und Kanzler', p. 45.
  • 126
    • 77950050894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bericht über den II. Juni 1906', quoted in ibid., p. 46.
    • 'Bericht über den II. Juni 1906', quoted in ibid., p. 46.
  • 127
    • 77950030060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bericht über den 15. Januar 1902', quoted in ibid., p. 45.
    • 'Bericht über den 15. Januar 1902', quoted in ibid., p. 45.
  • 129
    • 77950027714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hamburger Echo, 12 July 1906, quoted in Bracker, 'Michel kontra Bismarck', p. 10.
    • Hamburger Echo, 12 July 1906, quoted in Bracker, 'Michel kontra Bismarck', p. 10.
  • 134
    • 77950063694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ein anschwellendes Gedicht von Kultur
    • See, Joist Grolle, ed, Hamburg
    • See Rainer Donandt, 'Ein anschwellendes Gedicht von Kultur', in Joist Grolle, ed., Das Rathaus der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Hamburg, 1997), pp. 53-60.
    • (1997) Das Rathaus der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg , pp. 53-60
    • Donandt, R.1
  • 135
    • 77950046168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plagemann, 'Vaterstadt, Valeriana', p. 130.
    • Plagemann, 'Vaterstadt, Valeriana', p. 130.
  • 137
    • 77950032767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plagemann, ' Vaterstadt, Valeriana', p. 129.
    • Plagemann, ' Vaterstadt, Valeriana', p. 129.
  • 138
    • 77950046837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adopting a broad definition of culture that encompasses the institutions, associations, scholars, and bourgeois dilettantes who devoted themselves to the arts, Inge Stephan and Hans-Gerd Winter have described Hamburg as a place of 'cultural activity, cultural change and new developments'. Inge Stephan und Hans Gerd Winter, eds., 'Heil über dir, Hammonia': Hamburg im 19. Jahrhunder: Kultur, Geschichte, Politik (Hamburg, 1992), pp. 13-14.
    • Adopting a broad definition of culture that encompasses the institutions, associations, scholars, and bourgeois dilettantes who devoted themselves to the arts, Inge Stephan and Hans-Gerd Winter have described Hamburg as a place of 'cultural activity, cultural change and new developments'. Inge Stephan und Hans Gerd Winter, eds., 'Heil über dir, Hammonia': Hamburg im 19. Jahrhunder: Kultur, Geschichte, Politik (Hamburg, 1992), pp. 13-14.


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