The life and deaths of Felipa Poot: Women, fiction, and Cardenismo in postrevolutionary Mexico

HAHR - Hispanic American Historical Review

Volumn 82, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 645-683

  Fallaw, Ben ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 60949586719     PISSN: 00182168     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00182168-82-4-645     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Martín Luis Guzman, "Maestros rurales," in Obras completas, 2 vols. (Mexico City: Compañía General de Ediciones, 1971)
2. For an attempt to disentangle history from myth in the life of another female revolutionary leader, see David Stoll, Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999)
3. On the dangers of assigning historical validity to fictionalized history, see Eduardo Posada Carbó, "Fiction as History: The Bananeras and Gabriel García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude," Journal of Latin American Studies 30 (1998)
4. See, for example, Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Knopf, 1998)
5. Diario de Yucatán, 30 Mar. 1936
6. On marriage in rural Yucatán, see Barbara Ellen Holmes, "Women and Yucatec Kinship" (Ph.D. diss., Tulane Univ., 1978), 219
7. Richard Allen Thompson, "Status, Ethnicity and Mobility in a Yucatec Town" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Texas, 1970), esp. 219-21
8. For a critical view of machismo, see Matthew C. Gutmann, The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1996), 26-27
9. and John D. French and Daniel James, "Squaring the Circle: Women's Factory Labor, Gender Ideology, and Necessity," in The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers: From Household and Factory to the Union Hall and Ballot Box, ed. John D. French and Daniel James (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1997), 20
10. On the gendered worlds of rural Yucatecan society, see Christopher J. Gill, "Campesino Patriarchy in the Times of Slavery: The Henequen Plantation Society of Yucatán, 1860-1915" (master's thesis, Univ. of Texas, 1991), 63, 119-20
11. Matthew Restall, "The Ties that Bind: Social Cohesion and the Yucatec Maya Family," Journal of Family History 23, no. 4 (1998)
12. Christopher J. Gill, "The Intimate Life of the Family: Patriarchy and the Liberal Project in Yucatan, Mexico, 1860-1915" (Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ., 2001), chap. 3
13. Franco Savarino Roggero, Pueblos y nacionalismo: Del régimen oligárquico a la sociedad de masas en Yucatán, 1894-1925 (Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana, 1997), 229
14. Gilbert M. Joseph, Revolution from Without: Yucatán, Mexico, and the United States, 1880-1924, 2nd ed. (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1988), 106
15. La Voz de la Revolución, 11 Feb. 1919
16. Mayor Kinchil to governor, 25 Sept. 1926, AGEY, PE, vol. 822
17. Relación de los Ministros, AGEY, PE, vol. 826, SG 1
18. La Revista de Yucatán, 8 July, 15 Aug. 1919
19. and La Voz de la Revolución, 19 June 1919
20. Robert Redfield, The Folk Culture of Yucatan (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1941), ix-x
21. Aercel Espadas Medina, "Transformaciones territoriales y urbanas de la zona henequenra, 1888-1910," in Arquitectura de la haciendas henequeneras, ed. Roberto Ancona Riestra (Santafé de Bogotá: Escala; Mérida: Univ. Autónoma de Yucatán, 1996)
22. On the "feminization of labor markets," see Patricia Aria, "Three Microhistories of Women's Work in Rural Mexico," in Women of the Mexican Countryside, 1850-1990: Creating Spaces, Shaping Transitions, ed. Heather Fowler-Salamini and Mary Kay Vaughan (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1994), esp. 166
23. Paul Eiss, "Redemption's Archive: Revolutionary Figures and Indian Work in Yucatán's Mexico" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan, 2000)
24. Heather Fowler-Salamni, "Gender, Work, and Coffee in Córdoba, Veracruz, 1850-1910," in Fowler-Salamini and Vaughan, Women of the Mexican Countryside, esp. 68
25. On women in the Mexican Revolution, see Elizabeth Salas, "The Soldadera in the Mexican Revolution: War and Men's Illusions," in Fowler-Salamini and Vaughan, Women of the Mexican Countryside
26. Anastasio Manzanilla Domínguez, El bolchevismo criminal de Yucatán: Documentos y apuntos para la historia trágica del estado (Mexico City: n.p., 1921), 65
27. Allen Wells and Gilbert M. Joseph, Summer of Discontent, Seasons of Upheaval: Elite Politics and Rural Insurgency in Yucatán, 1876-1915 (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1996), 265-69
28. and Anacleto Cetina Aguilar, Breves datos históricos y culturales del municipio de Hunucmá (Mérida: n.p., 1990), 50-67
29. Jesús Solís Alpuche, "Hace 50 años: El asesinato de Felipa Poot," Diario del Sureste, 29 Mar. 1986, pt. 8, p. 3
30. Guzmán, "Maestros rurales," 1547
31. Solís Alpuche, "Hace 50 años"; idem, Diario del Sureste, 21 Mar. 1986, pt. 2, pp. 3-4
32. E. Pérez Peniche, Directoria peninsular (Mérida: n.p., 1915)
33. Joseph, Revolution from Without, 205
34. La Revista de Yucatán, 18 Oct., 19 Nov. 1919
35. Frans J. Schryer, The Rancheros of Pisaflores: The History of a Peasant Bourgeoisie in Twentieth-Century Mexico (Toronto, Buffalo: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1980)
36. and Ian Jacobs, Ranchero Revolt: The Mexican Revolution in Guerrero (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1982)
37. Mary K. Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, 1930-1940 (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1997), esp. chap. 1
38. and Stephen Lewis, "Revolution and the Rural Schoolhouse: Forging State and Nation in Chiapas, Mexico, 1913-1948" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California at San Diego, 1:997)
39. William Brito Sansores, "¡Adiós maestro rural!" in Los maestros y la cultura nacional, 1920-1952, 5 vols. (Mexico City: Museo Nacional de Culturas Populares; Dirección de Culturas Populares, SEP, 1987), 5:39-72, esp. 45
40. and Aldo Baroni, Yucatán (Mexico City: Ed. Botas, 1937), 135-36
41. La Revista de Yucatán, 15 Aug. 1919
42. and Diario del Sureste, 10 May 1933
43. Luis Aboites, La revolución mexicana en Espita, Yucatán (1910-40): Microhistoria de la formación del estado de la revolución (Mérida: Maldonado Ed., 1985), 88
44. Mary Kay Vaughan, "Rural Women's Literacy and Education during the Mexican Revolution: Subverting a Patriarchal Event?," in Fowler-Salamini and Vaughan, Women in the Mexican Countryside, 118
45. Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution
46. David L. Raby, Educación y revolución social en México, 1921-1940 (Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1974)
47. and Lewis, "Revolution in the Rural Schoolhouse."
48. Barry Carr, Marxism and Communism in Twentieth-Century Mexico (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1992)
49. Ben Fallaw, "Antonio Betancourt Pérez: La educación y la izquierda en Yucatán, 1931-1937," Unicornio (A supplement of Por Esto, Mérida) 9, nos. 459-61 (2000)
50. Carr, Marxism and Communism in Twentieth-Century Mexico, 48-49
51. Ben Fallaw, "The Southeast was Red: Left-State Alliances and Popular Mobilizations in Yucatán, 1930-1940," Social Science History 23, no. 2 (1999)
52. and Alfonso Tec Buenfil to SEP, 25 Jan. 1935, ASEP, no. 1395
53. Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution, 75-6; Cortes to JDER/SEP, 28 May 1935, ASEP, no. 1395, exp. Informes
54. DEF to governor, 2 Oct. 1935, ASEP, no. 1395, exp. Quejas
55. Fallaw, "The Southeast was Red," 254
56. DEF Séptimo Pérez Palacio to SEP, 18 Dec. 1935
57. and Governor to SEP, 27 Dec. 1935, ASEP, no. 5343, exp. Conflictos Magisteriales
58. DEF to JDER/SEP, 12 Nov. 1935, ASEP, no. 1395, IG, exp. Asuntos Administrativos
59. Robert Patch, "Decolonization, the Agrarian Problem, and the Origins of the Caste War, 1812-1847," in Land, Labor and Capital in Modern Yucatán: Esays in Regional History and Political Economy, ed. Jeffery T. Brannon and Gilbert M. Joseph (Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press, 1991), 65, 78
60. Diario Oficial, 21, 24 Dec. 1935
61. Adan Cárdenas to governor, 30 Mar. 1938, AGEY, no. 1038, SG 2
62. Diario del Sureste, 2 Dec. 1936
63. Diario de Yucatán, 12 Mar. 1938
64. Candelario Reyes to Adolfo Palma, 7 Nov. 1936, AGEY, PE, vol. 1022, SG 2
65. Diario de Yucatán, 16 Aug. 1937
66. and Diario del Sureste, 20 Nov. 1938
67. see also Registro Nacional Agrario, Collección Yucatán, exp. Kinchil 21/5637
68. The Syndicate's founding document can be found in AGEY, PE, vol. 1013, SG
69. Fallaw, "The Southeast was Red."
70. DEF to governor, 11 Nov. 1935, ASEP, no. 1395, IG, exp. Quejas
71. Victoria de Grazia, How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922-1945 (Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1992), xi
72. Juan Rico, La huelga de junio, 2 vols. (Mérida: n.p., 1922), 1: 25
73. Victoria E. Rodríguez, "The Emerging Role of Women in Mexican Political Life," in Women's Participation in Mexican Political Life, ed. Victoria E. Rodríguez (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998)
74. Carmen Ramos Escandón, "Women and Power in Mexico: The Forgotten Heritage, 1880-1954," in Rodríguez, Women's Participation in Mexican Political Life
75. Esperanza Tuñón Pablos, Mujeres que se organizan: El frente único pro derechos de la mujer, 1935-1938 (Mexico City: Univ. Nacional Autónoma de México; M. A. Porrúa, 1992), 88
76. Ward M. Morton, Woman Suffrage in Mexico (Gainesville: Univ. of Florida Press, 1962), 22-3
77. Luis Alvarez Barret, Cartilla civic para trabajadores (Mexico City: Pluma y Lapiz de Mexico, 1938), 51
78. and Antonio Betancourt Pérez, interview by author, Mérida, Yucatán, 6 Nov. 1994
79. Gregrorio Quintal et al. to governor, 24 Dec. 1935, AGEY, PE, vol. 1013
80. Diario del Sureste, 5, 11 Jan. 1936
81. and Diario de Yucatán, 15 Jan. 1936
82. Diario Oficial, 16 Jan. 1935, 25 Feb. 1936
83. and Víctor Solís to Second Criminal Court, AGEY, PE, vol. 1013
84. Anonymous letter to governor, 10 Jul. 1936, AGN, Dirección General del Gobierno (hereafter DGG) 2.317.4, vol. 71, exp.19
85. On violence in the senatorial election of 1936, see Diario de Yucatán, 12 Mar. 1936
86. and Diario del Sureste, 24 Mar. 1936
87. Professor Cervera to governor, 31 Mar. 1936, AGEY, PE, vol. 1013, SG 1
88. and Diario del Sureste, 30, 31 Mar. 1936
89. Diario del Sureste, 31 Mar. 1936
90. Diario del Sureste, 31 Mar., 1, 2 Apr. 1936
91. and Marcial Sayavedro to Jefe, 20 Apr. 1936, AGN, DGG 2.311S(27), vol. 120, exp. 1
92. and Diario de Yucatán, 30 Mar. 1936
93. Cervera to governor, 31 Mar. 1936, AGEY, no. 1013
94. Governor to President, 14 May 1936, AGN, LC 404.1/4913
95. Celso Flores Zamora to DEF, 21 Apr. 1936, AGN, DGG 2.311G, vol. 340, exp. 3
96. Antonio Bustillo Carrillo, Yucatán al servicio de la patria y de la revolución (Mexico City: Casa Ramírez, 1959), 355
97. and Luis Cabrera, Un ensayo comunista en México (Mexico City: Ed. Polis, 1937), 77
98. Raymundo Dzul et al. to president, AGN, LC 404.1/4913
99. Cárdenas' letter to Francisco Mújica, 14 Aug, 1937
100. cited in Adolfo Gilly, El cardenismo: Una utopía mexicana (Mexico City: Cal y Arena, 1994)
101. Leopoldo O. Arias to President Cárdenas, 3 Dec. 1937
102. Chief of Staff of President to SEP, Secretary of Communication and Public Works, Banco Nacional de Credito Ejidal, 8 Dec. 1937
103. Gilly, El cardenismo, 212-14
104. Paul Friedrich, The Princes of Naranja: An Essay in Anthrohistorical Method (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1986)
105. Marjorie Becker, Setting the Virgin on Fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán Peasants, and the Redemption of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1995), esp. 155-62
106. Guillermo Rojas, "Characterization of Pancho Villa and Other Historical Figures in the Major Works of Martin Luis Guzmán" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Illinois, 1970), 193-95
107. Fernando Curiel, La querella de Martín Luis Guzmán (Mexico City: Ed. Oasis, 1987), 205-12
108. See Ermilo Abreu Gómez, Martín Luis Guzmán (Mexico City: Empresas Ed., 1968), 77
109. Mayor Tixkokob to governor, 4 Mar. 1935
110. Chief of Staff to Mayor Cansahcab, 14 Oct. 1937, AGEY, PE, vol. 1044
111. and Diario del Sureste 22 Nov. 1939
112. Enrique Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810-1976, trans. Hank Heifetz (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 582
113. Joanne Hershfield, Mexican Cinema/Mexican Woman, 1940-1950 (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1996), 3
114. Ilene V. O'Malley, The Myth of the Revolution: Hero Cults and the Institutionalization of the Mexican State, 1920-1940 (New York Greenwood Press, 1986)
115. For an example of plata o plomo, see Eric Villanueva Mukul, Así tomamos las tierras: Henequén y haciendas en Yucatán durante el porfiriato (Yucatán: Maldonado Ed.; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1984), 43-46
116. Luis Rosado Vega, Lo que ya pasó y aun vive: Entraña yucateca (Mexico City: Ed. Cultura, 1947), 311-13
117. and Savarino Roggero, Pueblos y nacionalismo, 351
118. Antonio Betancourt Pérez, Memorias de un combatiente social (Mérida: Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán, 1991), 119
119. Fallaw, "Antonio Betancourt Pérez."
120. José Luis Sierra Villareal and José Antonio Paoli Bolio, Cárdenas y el reparto de los henequenales (Mérida: Consejo Ed. Yucatán, 1986), 75
121. Similarly, subsequent narratives warped depictions of the female soldiers and camp-followers of the armed phase of the Mexican Revolution into the stereotypical "prostitute, sweetheart or subdued Amazon." See Salas, "The Soldadera in the Mexican Revolution," 103
122. Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniel Nugent have challenged scholars to expand our understanding of the formation of the postrevolutionary state in Mexico by exploring the contested relationship between the state and popular culture in "Popular Culture and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico," in Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico, ed. Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniel Nugent (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1994)
123. For a substantial analysis of Cardenista women's mobilization, see Jocelyn Olcott, "Las Hijas de la Malinche: Women's Organizing and State Formation in Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1934-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ., 2000)