Fiction as history: The bananeras and Gabriel García Márquez's one hundred years of solitude

Journal of Latin American Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 395-414

  Posada Carbó, Eduardo ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 2442610281     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X98005094     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. My Macondo, Dal Weldon, dir., (Channel Four, London, 1990), in British Film Institute, London.
2. Gabriel García Márquez, Cien años de soledad (Barcelona, 1995), p. 375.
3. '- Eran más de tres mil - fue todo cuanto dijo José Arcadio Segundo -. Ahora estoy seguro que eran todos los que estaban en la estación'; idem, p. 382.
4. See also idem, pp. 408,423, and 429.
5. Idem., p. 377.
6. As Michael Bell observes, there are two main lines of interpretation around One Hundred Years of Solitude: one stresses the imaginary dimension, the other the historical vision - the latter 'usually by regional specialists'. See Bell, Gabriel García Márquez (Basingstoke and London, 1993), p. 2.
7. Michael Wood, García Márquez. 100 Years of Solitude (Cambridge, 1990), p. 58.
8. Quoted in Anna Marie Taylor, 'Cien años de soledad: History and the Novel', Latin American Perspectives, 6/3 (1975), p. 106. '...Lo que yo escribo en mis libros no es literature, sino la expresión de una verdad profunda, una realidad desesperada...', Jean Pierre Richard, 'García Márquez y la mujer', in Juan G. Cobo Borda (ed.), Repertorio critico sobre Gabriel García Márquez (Bogotá, 1995), p. 47.
9. Quoted in Anna Marie Taylor, 'Cien años de soledad: History and the Novel', Latin American Perspectives, 6/3 (1975), p. 106. '...Lo que yo escribo en mis libros no es literature, sino la expresión de una verdad profunda, una realidad desesperada...', Jean Pierre Richard, 'García Márquez y la mujer', in Juan G. Cobo Borda (ed.), Repertorio critico sobre Gabriel García Márquez (Bogotá, 1995), p. 47.
10. Stephen Minta, García Márquez, Writer of Colombia (New York, 1987), p. 170.
11. 'Nos han escrito y ofcializado una versión complaciente de la historia'; Gabriel García Márquez, ' Por un país al alcance de los niños ', in Presidencia de la República, Colombia : Al filo de la oportunidad (Bogotá, 1994), p. 6. See also his interview with María Elvira Samper in Semana, 14 March 1989. For how García Márquez has ignored recent Colombian historiography in his campaign against the 'historia oficial', see Jacques Gilard, 'García Márquez o la otra historia oficial', in Revista Universidad National, 21 (1989), pp. 43-7, and Eduardo Posada Carbó, 'Usos y abusos de la historia. Divergencias con anotaciones de García Márquez', Lecturas Dominicales. El Tiempo, 15 January 1995, reprinted in Cobo Borda, (ed.), Repertorio critico sobre Gabriel García Márquez, pp. 81-8.
12. 'Nos han escrito y ofcializado una versión complaciente de la historia'; Gabriel García Márquez, ' Por un país al alcance de los niños ', in Presidencia de la República, Colombia : Al filo de la oportunidad (Bogotá, 1994), p. 6. See also his interview with María Elvira Samper in Semana, 14 March 1989. For how García Márquez has ignored recent Colombian historiography in his campaign against the 'historia oficial', see Jacques Gilard, 'García Márquez o la otra historia oficial', in Revista Universidad National, 21 (1989), pp. 43-7, and Eduardo Posada Carbó, 'Usos y abusos de la historia. Divergencias con anotaciones de García Márquez', Lecturas Dominicales. El Tiempo, 15 January 1995, reprinted in Cobo Borda, (ed.), Repertorio critico sobre Gabriel García Márquez, pp. 81-8.
13. 'Nos han escrito y ofcializado una versión complaciente de la historia'; Gabriel García Márquez, ' Por un país al alcance de los niños ', in Presidencia de la República, Colombia : Al filo de la oportunidad (Bogotá, 1994), p. 6. See also his interview with María Elvira Samper in Semana, 14 March 1989. For how García Márquez has ignored recent Colombian historiography in his campaign against the 'historia oficial', see Jacques Gilard, 'García Márquez o la otra historia oficial', in Revista Universidad National, 21 (1989), pp. 43-7, and Eduardo Posada Carbó, 'Usos y abusos de la historia. Divergencias con anotaciones de García Márquez', Lecturas Dominicales. El Tiempo, 15 January 1995, reprinted in Cobo Borda, (ed.), Repertorio critico sobre Gabriel García Márquez, pp. 81-8.
14. 'Nos han escrito y ofcializado una versión complaciente de la historia'; Gabriel García Márquez, ' Por un país al alcance de los niños ', in Presidencia de la República, Colombia : Al filo de la oportunidad (Bogotá, 1994), p. 6. See also his interview with María Elvira Samper in Semana, 14 March 1989. For how García Márquez has ignored recent Colombian historiography in his campaign against the 'historia oficial', see Jacques Gilard, 'García Márquez o la otra historia oficial', in Revista Universidad National, 21 (1989), pp. 43-7, and Eduardo Posada Carbó, 'Usos y abusos de la historia. Divergencias con anotaciones de García Márquez', Lecturas Dominicales. El Tiempo, 15 January 1995, reprinted in Cobo Borda, (ed.), Repertorio critico sobre Gabriel García Márquez, pp. 81-8.
15. 'Nos han escrito y ofcializado una versión complaciente de la historia'; Gabriel García Márquez, ' Por un país al alcance de los niños ', in Presidencia de la República, Colombia : Al filo de la oportunidad (Bogotá, 1994), p. 6. See also his interview with María Elvira Samper in Semana, 14 March 1989. For how García Márquez has ignored recent Colombian historiography in his campaign against the 'historia oficial', see Jacques Gilard, 'García Márquez o la otra historia oficial', in Revista Universidad National, 21 (1989), pp. 43-7, and Eduardo Posada Carbó, 'Usos y abusos de la historia. Divergencias con anotaciones de García Márquez', Lecturas Dominicales. El Tiempo, 15 January 1995, reprinted in Cobo Borda, (ed.), Repertorio critico sobre Gabriel García Márquez, pp. 81-8.
16. Gene H. Bell-Villada, García Márquez. The Man and His Work (Chapel Hill and London, 1990), p. 107.
17. Gerald Martin, Journeys Through the Labyrinth. Latin American Fiction in the Twentieth Century (London and New York, 1989), pp. 227, 229.
18. Minta, García Márquez, p. 169.
19. Gustavo Alfaro, Constante de la bistoria de Latinoamérica en García Márquez (Cali, 1979); and Lucila Inés Mena, ' La huelga de la compañía bananera como expresión de lo 'real maravilloso' en 100 años de soledad', in Bulletin Hispanique, LXXIV (1972), pp. 379-405 ; and her La functión de la bistoria en Cien Años de Soledad (Barcelona, 1979), pp. 63-99.
20. Gustavo Alfaro, Constante de la bistoria de Latinoamérica en García Márquez (Cali, 1979); and Lucila Inés Mena, ' La huelga de la compañía bananera como expresión de lo 'real maravilloso' en 100 años de soledad', in Bulletin Hispanique, LXXIV (1972), pp. 379-405 ; and her La functión de la bistoria en Cien Años de Soledad (Barcelona, 1979), pp. 63-99.
21. Gustavo Alfaro, Constante de la bistoria de Latinoamérica en García Márquez (Cali, 1979); and Lucila Inés Mena, ' La huelga de la compañía bananera como expresión de lo 'real maravilloso' en 100 años de soledad', in Bulletin Hispanique, LXXIV (1972), pp. 379-405 ; and her La functión de la bistoria en Cien Años de Soledad (Barcelona, 1979), pp. 63-99.
22. Darío Jaramillo Agudelo, 'Su mejor novela', Cambio16, 13 January 1997.
23. See the observation by Catherine LeGrand in her article, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, vol. 3 (Bogotá, 1989), p. 183.
24. The book was first published in 1971 ; by 1978, it had reached its 9th edition. Alvaro Tirado Mejía, Introducción a la bistoria económica de Colombia (Bogotá, 1978), pp. 308-12.
25. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
26. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
27. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
28. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
29. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
30. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
31. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
32. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
33. Roberto Herrera Soto and Rafael Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena. Historia y Léxico (Bogotá, 1979)- See also C. D. Kepner and J. H. Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York, 1935), C. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry (New York, 1936) ; P. Gilhodes, ' La Colombia et !'United Fruit Company', Revue Française de Science Politique, 17, April 1967; Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven and London, 1969); Judith White, Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) ; Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores de Colombia (CSTC), (eds.), Bananeras, 1928-1978) (Bogotá, 1978); Catherine LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', in A. Tirado Mejía, (ed.), Nueva Historia de Colombia, 3 (Bogotá, 1989), and 'Campesinos y asalariados en la zona bananera de Santa Marta, 1900-1935', in G. Bell Lemus, (ed.), El Caribe Colombiano (Batranquilla, 1988), pp. 183-197).
34. None of the recent literary critics whom I consulted, and who argue for the historical faithfulness of One Hundred Years of Solitude, seem to have bothered with this book I refer to Martin, Journeys; Bell Villada, García Marqué; and Mima, Gabriel García Márquez. An exception is Maurice P. Brungardt who praised La zona bananera del Magdalena as 'el mejor trabajo sobre la huelga'. Brungardt was not commenting on García Márquez's work, but on Alvaro Cepeda Samudio's Le casa grande. See Brungardt, 'Mitos históricos y literarios. La casa grande', in A. Pineda and R. Williams, De ficciones y realidades. Perspectivas sobre literatura e historia cohmbiana (Bogotá, 1989), P. 63.
35. None of the recent literary critics whom I consulted, and who argue for the historical faithfulness of One Hundred Years of Solitude, seem to have bothered with this book I refer to Martin, Journeys; Bell Villada, García Marqué; and Mima, Gabriel García Márquez. An exception is Maurice P. Brungardt who praised La zona bananera del Magdalena as 'el mejor trabajo sobre la huelga'. Brungardt was not commenting on García Márquez's work, but on Alvaro Cepeda Samudio's Le casa grande. See Brungardt, 'Mitos históricos y literarios. La casa grande', in A. Pineda and R. Williams, De ficciones y realidades. Perspectivas sobre literatura e historia cohmbiana (Bogotá, 1989), P. 63.
36. None of the recent literary critics whom I consulted, and who argue for the historical faithfulness of One Hundred Years of Solitude, seem to have bothered with this book I refer to Martin, Journeys; Bell Villada, García Marqué; and Mima, Gabriel García Márquez. An exception is Maurice P. Brungardt who praised La zona bananera del Magdalena as 'el mejor trabajo sobre la huelga'. Brungardt was not commenting on García Márquez's work, but on Alvaro Cepeda Samudio's Le casa grande. See Brungardt, 'Mitos históricos y literarios. La casa grande', in A. Pineda and R. Williams, De ficciones y realidades. Perspectivas sobre literatura e historia cohmbiana (Bogotá, 1989), P. 63.
37. None of the recent literary critics whom I consulted, and who argue for the historical faithfulness of One Hundred Years of Solitude, seem to have bothered with this book I refer to Martin, Journeys; Bell Villada, García Marqué; and Mima, Gabriel García Márquez. An exception is Maurice P. Brungardt who praised La zona bananera del Magdalena as 'el mejor trabajo sobre la huelga'. Brungardt was not commenting on García Márquez's work, but on Alvaro Cepeda Samudio's Le casa grande. See Brungardt, 'Mitos históricos y literarios. La casa grande', in A. Pineda and R. Williams, De ficciones y realidades. Perspectivas sobre literatura e historia cohmbiana (Bogotá, 1989), P. 63.
38. White's Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) was originally written as a B.Phil. Oxford thesis: 'The United Fruit Company in the Santa Marta Banana Zone, Colombia: Conflicts of the 20s' (1971).
39. White's Historia de una ignominia (Bogotá, 1978) was originally written as a B.Phil. Oxford thesis: 'The United Fruit Company in the Santa Marta Banana Zone, Colombia: Conflicts of the 20s' (1971).
40. Dasso Saldívar, García Márquez. El viaje a la semilla (Madrid, 1997), pp. 60-1.
41. Arciniegas, 'Macondo', El Tiempo, 27 February 1997.
42. See the relevant sections in my The Colombian Caribbean: A Regional History, 1870-1950 (Oxford, 1996). New historiographical trends have opened fresh perspectives on the role of banana companies elsewhere in the continent. See Darío Euraque, 'El imperialismo y Honduras como "República bananera": Hacia una nueva historiografía', paper presented at the LASA Conference, Guadalajara, 17-19 April 1997. See also his Reinterpreting the Banana Republic. Region and State in Honduras, 1870-1972 (Chapel Hill, and London, 1996). Catherine LeGrand, from a different angle, also poses new questions regarding the role of the United Fruit Company in the Colombian Caribbean.
43. See the relevant sections in my The Colombian Caribbean: A Regional History, 1870-1950 (Oxford, 1996). New historiographical trends have opened fresh perspectives on the role of banana companies elsewhere in the continent. See Darío Euraque, 'El imperialismo y Honduras como "República bananera": Hacia una nueva historiografía', paper presented at the LASA Conference, Guadalajara, 17-19 April 1997. See also his Reinterpreting the Banana Republic. Region and State in Honduras, 1870-1972 (Chapel Hill, and London, 1996). Catherine LeGrand, from a different angle, also poses new questions regarding the role of the United Fruit Company in the Colombian Caribbean.
44. See the relevant sections in my The Colombian Caribbean: A Regional History, 1870-1950 (Oxford, 1996). New historiographical trends have opened fresh perspectives on the role of banana companies elsewhere in the continent. See Darío Euraque, 'El imperialismo y Honduras como "República bananera": Hacia una nueva historiografía', paper presented at the LASA Conference, Guadalajara, 17-19 April 1997. See also his Reinterpreting the Banana Republic. Region and State in Honduras, 1870-1972 (Chapel Hill, and London, 1996). Catherine LeGrand, from a different angle, also poses new questions regarding the role of the United Fruit Company in the Colombian Caribbean.
45. 'Colombia. Report for Year ending June 1928', Public Records Office, London (PRO), Fo371/13477.
46. Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, p. 229. See also Gene H. Bell-Villada, 'Banana Strike and Military Massacre: One Hundred Years of Solitude and What Happened in 1928 ', in A. Giménez and G. Pistoriou, (eds.), From Dante to García Márqué: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics Presented to Anson C. Piper (Williamston, 1987), p. 391 ; and Alfaro, Constante de la historia, p. 89. For other Colombian novels based on the bananeras, see David H. Bost, 'Una vista panorámica de las respuestas literarias a la huelga de las bananeras', Revista de Estudios Colombianos, 10 (1991), pp. 12-23. A short story, not considered by Bost's review, also based on the bananeras is : Ramón Illan Bacca, 'Si no fuera por la zona caramba', in his Maribuana para Goering (Barranquilla, n.d., possibly 1978).
47. Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, p. 229. See also Gene H. Bell-Villada, 'Banana Strike and Military Massacre: One Hundred Years of Solitude and What Happened in 1928 ', in A. Giménez and G. Pistoriou, (eds.), From Dante to García Márqué: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics Presented to Anson C. Piper (Williamston, 1987), p. 391 ; and Alfaro, Constante de la historia, p. 89. For other Colombian novels based on the bananeras, see David H. Bost, 'Una vista panorámica de las respuestas literarias a la huelga de las bananeras', Revista de Estudios Colombianos, 10 (1991), pp. 12-23. A short story, not considered by Bost's review, also based on the bananeras is : Ramón Illan Bacca, 'Si no fuera por la zona caramba', in his Maribuana para Goering (Barranquilla, n.d., possibly 1978).
48. Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, p. 229. See also Gene H. Bell-Villada, 'Banana Strike and Military Massacre: One Hundred Years of Solitude and What Happened in 1928 ', in A. Giménez and G. Pistoriou, (eds.), From Dante to García Márqué: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics Presented to Anson C. Piper (Williamston, 1987), p. 391 ; and Alfaro, Constante de la historia, p. 89. For other Colombian novels based on the bananeras, see David H. Bost, 'Una vista panorámica de las respuestas literarias a la huelga de las bananeras', Revista de Estudios Colombianos, 10 (1991), pp. 12-23. A short story, not considered by Bost's review, also based on the bananeras is : Ramón Illan Bacca, 'Si no fuera por la zona caramba', in his Maribuana para Goering (Barranquilla, n.d., possibly 1978).
49. Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, p. 229. See also Gene H. Bell-Villada, 'Banana Strike and Military Massacre: One Hundred Years of Solitude and What Happened in 1928 ', in A. Giménez and G. Pistoriou, (eds.), From Dante to García Márqué: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics Presented to Anson C. Piper (Williamston, 1987), p. 391 ; and Alfaro, Constante de la historia, p. 89. For other Colombian novels based on the bananeras, see David H. Bost, 'Una vista panorámica de las respuestas literarias a la huelga de las bananeras', Revista de Estudios Colombianos, 10 (1991), pp. 12-23. A short story, not considered by Bost's review, also based on the bananeras is : Ramón Illan Bacca, 'Si no fuera por la zona caramba', in his Maribuana para Goering (Barranquilla, n.d., possibly 1978).
50. Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, p. 229. See also Gene H. Bell-Villada, 'Banana Strike and Military Massacre: One Hundred Years of Solitude and What Happened in 1928 ', in A. Giménez and G. Pistoriou, (eds.), From Dante to García Márqué: Studies in Romance Literatures and Linguistics Presented to Anson C. Piper (Williamston, 1987), p. 391 ; and Alfaro, Constante de la historia, p. 89. For other Colombian novels based on the bananeras, see David H. Bost, 'Una vista panorámica de las respuestas literarias a la huelga de las bananeras', Revista de Estudios Colombianos, 10 (1991), pp. 12-23. A short story, not considered by Bost's review, also based on the bananeras is : Ramón Illan Bacca, 'Si no fuera por la zona caramba', in his Maribuana para Goering (Barranquilla, n.d., possibly 1978).
51. The Conservative Hegemony, particularly the last two decades of its rule, remains one of the relatively less studied periods in Colombia's political history. See my 'Limits of Power: Elections under the Conservative Hegemony, 1886-1950', Hispanic American Historical Review, 77:2 (May 1997), pp. 245-79, where I review the nature of Colombian politics during this period. For decades the standard essay for the Conservative Hegemony has been Jorge Orlando Melo's 'La República Conservadora', originally published in ldeología y Sociedad, 12 (1975), and recently reprinted in Melo, (ed.), Colombia boy. Perspectives bacia el siglo XXI (Bogotá, 1995), pp. 57-102. See also Malcolm Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, c. 1880-1930', in L. Bethell, (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 641-82, and C. Abel, Palitica, iglesia y partidos en Colombia, 1886-1853 (Bogotá, 1987).
52. The Conservative Hegemony, particularly the last two decades of its rule, remains one of the relatively less studied periods in Colombia's political history. See my 'Limits of Power: Elections under the Conservative Hegemony, 1886-1950', Hispanic American Historical Review, 77:2 (May 1997), pp. 245-79, where I review the nature of Colombian politics during this period. For decades the standard essay for the Conservative Hegemony has been Jorge Orlando Melo's 'La República Conservadora', originally published in ldeología y Sociedad, 12 (1975), and recently reprinted in Melo, (ed.), Colombia boy. Perspectives bacia el siglo XXI (Bogotá, 1995), pp. 57-102. See also Malcolm Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, c. 1880-1930', in L. Bethell, (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 641-82, and C. Abel, Palitica, iglesia y partidos en Colombia, 1886-1853 (Bogotá, 1987).
53. The Conservative Hegemony, particularly the last two decades of its rule, remains one of the relatively less studied periods in Colombia's political history. See my 'Limits of Power: Elections under the Conservative Hegemony, 1886-1950', Hispanic American Historical Review, 77:2 (May 1997), pp. 245-79, where I review the nature of Colombian politics during this period. For decades the standard essay for the Conservative Hegemony has been Jorge Orlando Melo's 'La República Conservadora', originally published in ldeología y Sociedad, 12 (1975), and recently reprinted in Melo, (ed.), Colombia boy. Perspectives bacia el siglo XXI (Bogotá, 1995), pp. 57-102. See also Malcolm Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, c. 1880-1930', in L. Bethell, (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 641-82, and C. Abel, Palitica, iglesia y partidos en Colombia, 1886-1853 (Bogotá, 1987).
54. The Conservative Hegemony, particularly the last two decades of its rule, remains one of the relatively less studied periods in Colombia's political history. See my 'Limits of Power: Elections under the Conservative Hegemony, 1886-1950', Hispanic American Historical Review, 77:2 (May 1997), pp. 245-79, where I review the nature of Colombian politics during this period. For decades the standard essay for the Conservative Hegemony has been Jorge Orlando Melo's 'La República Conservadora', originally published in ldeología y Sociedad, 12 (1975), and recently reprinted in Melo, (ed.), Colombia boy. Perspectives bacia el siglo XXI (Bogotá, 1995), pp. 57-102. See also Malcolm Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, c. 1880-1930', in L. Bethell, (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 641-82, and C. Abel, Palitica, iglesia y partidos en Colombia, 1886-1853 (Bogotá, 1987).
55. The Conservative Hegemony, particularly the last two decades of its rule, remains one of the relatively less studied periods in Colombia's political history. See my 'Limits of Power: Elections under the Conservative Hegemony, 1886-1950', Hispanic American Historical Review, 77:2 (May 1997), pp. 245-79, where I review the nature of Colombian politics during this period. For decades the standard essay for the Conservative Hegemony has been Jorge Orlando Melo's 'La República Conservadora', originally published in ldeología y Sociedad, 12 (1975), and recently reprinted in Melo, (ed.), Colombia boy. Perspectives bacia el siglo XXI (Bogotá, 1995), pp. 57-102. See also Malcolm Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, c. 1880-1930', in L. Bethell, (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 641-82, and C. Abel, Palitica, iglesia y partidos en Colombia, 1886-1853 (Bogotá, 1987).
56. For an account of the origins of the strike, and a discussion of these demands, see the works by White, Historia de una iguminia ;
57. Herrera Soto and Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera del Magdalena,
58. and LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras'.
59. Carlos Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras (Bogotá, 1979), pp. 30-1, 68, 79.
60. Ignacio Torres Giraldo, Los incanformes. Historia de las rebeldías de las masas en Colombia, 5 vols, (Bogotá, 1978), vol. 4, p. 948.
61. Victor Fuentes, Los sucesos de las bananeras (Santa Marta, 1929), p. 10.
62. Fuentes, Los sucesos, p. 11.
63. G. Castañeda Aragón, Papeles de la buelga del Magdalena en 1928 (Barcelona, 1931), p. 10.
64. CSTC, Bananeras, 1928-1978 (Bogotá, 1928), p. 95. Cortés Vargas referred to the Diario de Córdoba as 'el alma mater del movimiento, sus ediciones eran devoradas por el pueblo', Los sucesos, p. 69. Historians, however, have not yet been able to locate any surviving copies of this newspaper; I owe this reference to one of the anonymous JLAS readers.
65. CSTC, Bananeras, 1928-1978 (Bogotá, 1928), p. 95. Cortés Vargas referred to the Diario de Córdoba as 'el alma mater del movimiento, sus ediciones eran devoradas por el pueblo', Los sucesos, p. 69. Historians, however, have not yet been able to locate any surviving copies of this newspaper; I owe this reference to one of the anonymous JLAS readers.
66. José María Valdcblánquez, Historia del departamento del Magdalena y del territoria de la Guajira. Desde el eño de 1895 basta el de 1963 (Santa Marta, 1964), p. 252.
67. For a biographical note on Mahecha, see Carlos Arango Z, Sobrevivientes de las bananeras (Bogotá, second edition, 1985), pp. 127-58.
68. 'Difficulties of the United Fruit Company in Colombia', 17 December 1930, National Archives of the United States (USNA), Washington, RG59/821.6156. On newspapers being read aloud in the plantations, particularly El Estado, see Herrera Soto and Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera, p. 39.
69. 'Difficulties of the United Fruit Company in Colombia', 17 December 1930, National Archives of the United States (USNA), Washington, RG59/821.6156. On newspapers being read aloud in the plantations, particularly El Estado, see Herrera Soto and Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera, p. 39.
70. See, for example, Bananeras, 1928-1978, p. 88.
71. On his arrival at Barranquilla in June 1929, the Bolivian Ambassador and man of letters, Alcides Arguedas, was impressed by the harsh language employed by newspapers in their attacks against President Abadía. See his La danza de las sombras (Bogotá, 1983), p. 25. '... freedom of the press and freedom of speech are the order of the day', in 'Colombia. Report for year ending June 1928'.
72. On his arrival at Barranquilla in June 1929, the Bolivian Ambassador and man of letters, Alcides Arguedas, was impressed by the harsh language employed by newspapers in their attacks against President Abadía. See his La danza de las sombras (Bogotá, 1983), p. 25. '... freedom of the press and freedom of speech are the order of the day', in 'Colombia. Report for year ending June 1928'.
73. Torres Giraldo, Las inconformes, vol. 4, p. 959; Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos, pp. 167-68.
74. Torres Giraldo, Las inconformes, vol. 4, p. 959; Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos, pp. 167-68.
75. Fifty years later, Josefa María Blanco Pérez gratefully recalled Gaitán's actions. See, C. Arango, Los sobrevivientes de las bananeras (Bogotá, first ed., 1981), p. 99.
76. 'Hoy a las cinco de la tarde será proclamado candidate comunista', El Tiempo, 6 December 1929. That Castrillón was candidate in the 1930 presidential election has passed almost unnoticed among Colombian historians. See also Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes vol. 4, p. 1005 ; Uribe, Los años escondidos. Sueños y rebeldias en la década del veinte (Bogotá, 1994), p. 310; and M. Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista de Colombia (Bogotá, 1980), vol. 1, pp. 150-1.
77. 'Hoy a las cinco de la tarde será proclamado candidate comunista', El Tiempo, 6 December 1929. That Castrillón was candidate in the 1930 presidential election has passed almost unnoticed among Colombian historians. See also Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes vol. 4, p. 1005 ; Uribe, Los años escondidos. Sueños y rebeldias en la década del veinte (Bogotá, 1994), p. 310; and M. Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista de Colombia (Bogotá, 1980), vol. 1, pp. 150-1.
78. 'Hoy a las cinco de la tarde será proclamado candidate comunista', El Tiempo, 6 December 1929. That Castrillón was candidate in the 1930 presidential election has passed almost unnoticed among Colombian historians. See also Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes vol. 4, p. 1005 ; Uribe, Los años escondidos. Sueños y rebeldias en la década del veinte (Bogotá, 1994), p. 310; and M. Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista de Colombia (Bogotá, 1980), vol. 1, pp. 150-1.
79. 'Hoy a las cinco de la tarde será proclamado candidate comunista', El Tiempo, 6 December 1929. That Castrillón was candidate in the 1930 presidential election has passed almost unnoticed among Colombian historians. See also Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes vol. 4, p. 1005 ; Uribe, Los años escondidos. Sueños y rebeldias en la década del veinte (Bogotá, 1994), p. 310; and M. Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista de Colombia (Bogotá, 1980), vol. 1, pp. 150-1.
80. 'Colombia. Annual Report 1929', PRO/Fo371/14221.
81. Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela ',p. 661. For a critical view of these measures, see Gerardo Molina, Las ideas liberales en Colombia, 1915-1934 (Bogotá, 1974), pp. 176-87. On the civilian successful opposition to the Minister of War's campaign, see Abel, Político, igfesia y partidos en Colombia, pp. 229-31.
82. Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela ',p. 661. For a critical view of these measures, see Gerardo Molina, Las ideas liberales en Colombia, 1915-1934 (Bogotá, 1974), pp. 176-87. On the civilian successful opposition to the Minister of War's campaign, see Abel, Político, igfesia y partidos en Colombia, pp. 229-31.
83. Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela ',p. 661. For a critical view of these measures, see Gerardo Molina, Las ideas liberales en Colombia, 1915-1934 (Bogotá, 1974), pp. 176-87. On the civilian successful opposition to the Minister of War's campaign, see Abel, Político, igfesia y partidos en Colombia, pp. 229-31.
84. Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes, vol. 4, p. 898.
85. See Manuel Caballero, Gómez, el tirano liberal (Caracas, 1994); and Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela', pp. 678-80.
86. See Manuel Caballero, Gómez, el tirano liberal (Caracas, 1994); and Deas, 'Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela', pp. 678-80.
87. Herrera Soto and Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera, p. 79.
88. Quoted in Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes, vol. 4, p. 966.
89. 1928. La masacre de las bananeras, pp. 116-18, 123.
90. Gaitán's speeches were published in full by the major national newspapers. See 'Comenzo ayer en la Cámara el sensacional debate sobre las bananeras', 'El régimen militar cometió abusos fiscales en la zona', 'El R. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán hizo ayer terribles revelaciones sobre las bananeras', 'El R. Gaitán terminó ayer sus gravísimos denuncios sobre los crímenes de las bananeras', in El Tiempo, 4, 5, 6 and 8 September 1929. These speeches were later compiled as 1928. La masacre de las bananeras (Bogotá, Ediciones Los comuneros, n.d.), a little book that ran into various editions, readily available today in Colombian book stores. See also ' La responsabilidad constitucional del Presidente Abadía en la matanza de las bananeras', El Tiempo, 4 December 1929.
91. Gaitán's speeches were published in full by the major national newspapers. See 'Comenzo ayer en la Cámara el sensacional debate sobre las bananeras', 'El régimen militar cometió abusos fiscales en la zona', 'El R. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán hizo ayer terribles revelaciones sobre las bananeras', 'El R. Gaitán terminó ayer sus gravísimos denuncios sobre los crímenes de las bananeras', in El Tiempo, 4, 5, 6 and 8 September 1929. These speeches were later compiled as 1928. La masacre de las bananeras (Bogotá, Ediciones Los comuneros, n.d.), a little book that ran into various editions, readily available today in Colombian book stores. See also ' La responsabilidad constitucional del Presidente Abadía en la matanza de las bananeras', El Tiempo, 4 December 1929.
92. Gaitán's speeches were published in full by the major national newspapers. See 'Comenzo ayer en la Cámara el sensacional debate sobre las bananeras', 'El régimen militar cometió abusos fiscales en la zona', 'El R. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán hizo ayer terribles revelaciones sobre las bananeras', 'El R. Gaitán terminó ayer sus gravísimos denuncios sobre los crímenes de las bananeras', in El Tiempo, 4, 5, 6 and 8 September 1929. These speeches were later compiled as 1928. La masacre de las bananeras (Bogotá, Ediciones Los comuneros, n.d.), a little book that ran into various editions, readily available today in Colombian book stores. See also ' La responsabilidad constitucional del Presidente Abadía en la matanza de las bananeras', El Tiempo, 4 December 1929.
93. Mena, 'La huelga de la compañía bananera', p. 73. Saldívar's biography of Garcia Marquez is the most recent example of how Gaitán's account is accepted as an unchallengeable truth; García Márquez. El viaje a la semilla, p. 71.
94. Mena, 'La huelga de la compañía bananera', p. 73. Saldívar's biography of Garcia Marquez is the most recent example of how Gaitán's account is accepted as an unchallengeable truth; García Márquez. El viaje a la semilla, p. 71.
95. Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes, vol. 4, p. 966.
96. On the possible influences of Vargas Vila on Gaitán, see Malcolm Deas, 'José María Vargas Vila', in Del poder y la gramática (Bogotá, 1993), pp. 296-99. In the prologue to the second edition of his Sobrevivientes de las bananeras, Carlos Arango Z. quotes Vargas Vila: '...el odio al yanqui debe ser nuestra divisa; pues es odio es nuestro deber; renunciar a él es renunciar a la vida', pp. 14-15. An exceptional note of cautiousness on the fidelity of Gaitán's account is found in Urrutia, The Colombian Labor Movement, p. 108.
97. On the possible influences of Vargas Vila on Gaitán, see Malcolm Deas, 'José María Vargas Vila', in Del poder y la gramática (Bogotá, 1993), pp. 296-99. In the prologue to the second edition of his Sobrevivientes de las bananeras, Carlos Arango Z. quotes Vargas Vila: '...el odio al yanqui debe ser nuestra divisa; pues es odio es nuestro deber; renunciar a él es renunciar a la vida', pp. 14-15. An exceptional note of cautiousness on the fidelity of Gaitán's account is found in Urrutia, The Colombian Labor Movement, p. 108.
98. On the possible influences of Vargas Vila on Gaitán, see Malcolm Deas, 'José María Vargas Vila', in Del poder y la gramática (Bogotá, 1993), pp. 296-99. In the prologue to the second edition of his Sobrevivientes de las bananeras, Carlos Arango Z. quotes Vargas Vila: '...el odio al yanqui debe ser nuestra divisa; pues es odio es nuestro deber; renunciar a él es renunciar a la vida', pp. 14-15. An exceptional note of cautiousness on the fidelity of Gaitán's account is found in Urrutia, The Colombian Labor Movement, p. 108.
99. White, for example, hardly cites Cortés Vargas's Los sucesos de las bananeras. Mena does quote this source in a couple of occasions, while Saldívar does not seem to have bothered to consult the book. Before being commissioned to the Coast, Cortés Vargas was head of the History Department at the Army's Estado Mayor General, from 1920 to 1926. During this period, in 1924, he published a three volume history book, Participación de Colombia en la Libertad del Perú. For a sympathetic biographical note on Cortes Vargas, see Roberto Herrera Soto's prologue to Los sucesos de las bananeras, pp. 11-17.
100. Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos, pp. 87-90.
101. Kepner, Social Aspects of the Banana Industry, pp. 193-4.
102. Medina, Historia del partido comunista, p. 131. Founded in 1926, the PSR became the Communist Party in 1930. On its foundation, see Torres Giraldo, Los Inconformes, vol. 4, PP. 837-48.
103. Medina, Historia del partido comunista, p. 131. Founded in 1926, the PSR became the Communist Party in 1930. On its foundation, see Torres Giraldo, Los Inconformes, vol. 4, PP. 837-48.
104. Herrera Soto and Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera, pp. 28-30.
105. On Mahecha, see Arango, Sobrevivientes de las bananeras (Bogotá, 2nd. edition, 1985), chapter 6;
106. Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista de Colombia, vol. 1, pp. 131-3.
107. See Uribe, Los años escondidos, p. 261. Other members of the PRS involved in the leadership of the strike included Russo, Erasmo Coronet and Sixto Ospino; Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista, p. 132. For PSR's involvement, see also CSTC, Bananeras, p. 104.
108. See Uribe, Los años escondidos, p. 261. Other members of the PRS involved in the leadership of the strike included Russo, Erasmo Coronet and Sixto Ospino; Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista, p. 132. For PSR's involvement, see also CSTC, Bananeras, p. 104.
109. See Uribe, Los años escondidos, p. 261. Other members of the PRS involved in the leadership of the strike included Russo, Erasmo Coronet and Sixto Ospino; Medina, Historia del Partido Comunista, p. 132. For PSR's involvement, see also CSTC, Bananeras, p. 104.
110. Representing the Venezuelans were Arévalo Cedeño, General Carabaño, and Pedro Elías Aristigueta. See Uribe, Los años escondidos, pp. 242-52. The anti-Gómez forces launched a frustrated revolution in 1929. See Caballero, Gómez. El tirano liberal, pp. 289-326.
111. Representing the Venezuelans were Arévalo Cedeño, General Carabaño, and Pedro Elías Aristigueta. See Uribe, Los años escondidos, pp. 242-52. The anti-Gómez forces launched a frustrated revolution in 1929. See Caballero, Gómez. El tirano liberal, pp. 289-326.
112. Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes, vol. 4, p. 939;
113. CSTC, Bananeras, p. 104.
114. Quoted in Arango, Los sobrevivientes, (2nd edition), pp. 146, 165-6.
115. Medina, Historia del partido, p. 135.
116. LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', p. 206. On the threats of Liberal rebellions elsewhere in Colombia during the late 1920s, see M. Jiménez, 'At the Banquet of Civilization: The Limits of Planter Hegemony in Early Twentieth-Century Colombia', in W. Roseberry et al., (eds.), Coffee, Society and Power in Latin America (Baltimore and London, 1995), pp. 262-94. 'Si nosotros no hacemos la revolutión' - Mahecha pleaded to his camarades in a Congreso Sindical Latinoamericano gathered in Montevideo months after the strike - 'es seguro, pero absolutamente seguro, que la harán los liberales'; Arango, Sobrevivientes (second edition), p. 143.
117. LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', p. 206. On the threats of Liberal rebellions elsewhere in Colombia during the late 1920s, see M. Jiménez, 'At the Banquet of Civilization: The Limits of Planter Hegemony in Early Twentieth-Century Colombia', in W. Roseberry et al., (eds.), Coffee, Society and Power in Latin America (Baltimore and London, 1995), pp. 262-94. 'Si nosotros no hacemos la revolutión' - Mahecha pleaded to his camarades in a Congreso Sindical Latinoamericano gathered in Montevideo months after the strike - 'es seguro, pero absolutamente seguro, que la harán los liberales'; Arango, Sobrevivientes (second edition), p. 143.
118. LeGrand, 'El conflicto de las bananeras', p. 206. On the threats of Liberal rebellions elsewhere in Colombia during the late 1920s, see M. Jiménez, 'At the Banquet of Civilization: The Limits of Planter Hegemony in Early Twentieth-Century Colombia', in W. Roseberry et al., (eds.), Coffee, Society and Power in Latin America (Baltimore and London, 1995), pp. 262-94. 'Si nosotros no hacemos la revolutión' - Mahecha pleaded to his camarades in a Congreso Sindical Latinoamericano gathered in Montevideo months after the strike - 'es seguro, pero absolutamente seguro, que la harán los liberales'; Arango, Sobrevivientes (second edition), p. 143.
119. Victor Fuentes, Los sucesos de las bananeras (Santa Marta, 1929), p. 10.
120. Natives from the interior department of Antioquia.
121. Mauricio Archila, 'La clase obrera colombiana, 1886-1930', A. Tirado, ed., Nueva Historia de Colombia, vol. 3, p. 236.
122. The army was also described as 'distinctly inferior to that of Peru and Venezuela, and barely equal to that of Ecuador'; see 'Colombia. Report for the Year ending 1928'.
123. Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos, pp. 62, 66.
124. Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos, pp. 66, 67. LeGrand raised doubts about the authenticity of this letter, suggesting that it might have been fabricated by Cortes Vargas. LeGrand, 'Las bananeras', p. 210. María Tila Uribe, Uribe Márquez's daughter, however, reproduces the text of this letter in her memoirs. She also claims that this and other letters by Uribe Marquez were widely read by the strikers; Los años escondidos, pp. 262-3.
125. Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos, pp. 66, 67. LeGrand raised doubts about the authenticity of this letter, suggesting that it might have been fabricated by Cortes Vargas. LeGrand, 'Las bananeras', p. 210. María Tila Uribe, Uribe Márquez's daughter, however, reproduces the text of this letter in her memoirs. She also claims that this and other letters by Uribe Marquez were widely read by the strikers; Los años escondidos, pp. 262-3.
126. Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos, pp. 66, 67. LeGrand raised doubts about the authenticity of this letter, suggesting that it might have been fabricated by Cortes Vargas. LeGrand, 'Las bananeras', p. 210. María Tila Uribe, Uribe Márquez's daughter, however, reproduces the text of this letter in her memoirs. She also claims that this and other letters by Uribe Marquez were widely read by the strikers; Los años escondidos, pp. 262-3.
127. El Estado, 5 December 1928, quoted in Valdeblanquez, Histaria del departamento del Magdalena. See also Herrera Soto and Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera, pp. 47, 51.
128. El Estado, 5 December 1928, quoted in Valdeblanquez, Histaria del departamento del Magdalena. See also Herrera Soto and Romero Castañeda, La zona bananera, pp. 47, 51.
129. Fuentes, Los sucesos de las bananeras, pp. 12-13.
130. Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras, p. 80.
131. See their recollections in Arango, Sobrevivientes de las bananeras, pp. 68 and 74. Later, in June 1929, Mahecha acknowledged that during the confrontations that followed the shooting at the plaza on the eve of 6 December, strikers counted on 'ciento siete rifles Gras y unas cien escopetas pésimamente municionadas, y algunos centenares de machetes'; Arango, Sobrevivientes (second ed.), p. 141.
132. See their recollections in Arango, Sobrevivientes de las bananeras, pp. 68 and 74. Later, in June 1929, Mahecha acknowledged that during the confrontations that followed the shooting at the plaza on the eve of 6 December, strikers counted on 'ciento siete rifles Gras y unas cien escopetas pésimamente municionadas, y algunos centenares de machetes'; Arango, Sobrevivientes (second ed.), p. 141.
133. Cortés Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras, p. 31.
134. See Fuentes, Los sucesos de las bananeras, and Cottés Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras. The complaints against civilian authorities in the latter figure prominently.
135. See Fuentes, Los sucesos de las bananeras, and Cottés Vargas, Los sucesos de las bananeras. The complaints against civilian authorities in the latter figure prominently.
136. Castrillón, 120 días bajo el terror militar, p. 38.
137. Castañeda, p. 19.
138. CSTC, Bananeras, p. 100.
139. See Bell-Villada, García Márquez, p. 105; and Martin, Journeys through the labyrinth, pp. 230 and 385.
140. See Bell-Villada, García Márquez, p. 105; and Martin, Journeys through the labyrinth, pp. 230 and 385.
141. A. Castrillón 120 días bajo el terror militar o la buelga de las bananeras (Bogotá, first ed. 1929;
142. reprinted in 1974). In this text Castrillón appealed to the legislators to do justice as representatives of the republic in a democratic country. His line was condemned by the Communist International: '...ha dirigido al parlamento colombiano una súplica en la cual no habla con la altivez de un militante revolucionario de la clase obrera...sino en la forma de un vil cortesano que implora la gracia de la burguesia'; Communist International Bureau to the PSR, Moscú, February 1930, in Arango, Los sobrevivientes de las bananeras (2nd. ed), pp. 178-9.
143. These two works were reprinted in one volume in 1979 as Los sucesos de las bananeras. H. Braun, The assassination of Gaitán: Public Life and
144. These two works were reprinted in one volume in 1979 as Los sucesos de las bananeras. H. Braun, The assassination of Gaitán: Public Life and Urban Violence in Colombia (Madison, 1985), P. 58. 'He stopped at every major populated area along the way, attacked the government for its illegal action and corruption, and urged the people to give him support in the coming congressional debate', Sharpless, Gaitán of Colombia: A Political Biography (Pittsburgh, 1970), p. 58.
145. Sharpless, Gaitán of Colombia, p. 58.
146. See Braun's observation on García Márquez's novel and Gaitán's actions, regarding the tale that silence surrounded the dead of the massacre, in Braun, The assassination of Gaitán, p. 211, fn. 23.
147. Torres Giraldo, Los inconformes, vol. 4, p. 963.
148. Quoted in G. Colmenares, Ricardo Rendóa. Una fuente para la bistoria de la opinión púbica (Bogotá, 1984), p. 261.
149. Arguedas, La danza de las sombras, pp. 78-80.
150. See Colmenares, Ricardo Rendón. Una fuente para ta bistoria de la opinión pública.
151. Uribe, Los años escandidos, p. 293.
152. 'La responsabilidad constitucional del Presidente Abadía en la matanza de las bananeras', El Tiempo, 4 December 1929.
153. 'Hoy a las cinco de la tarde será proclamado candidato comunista', El Tiempo, 6 December 1929.
154. 'El candidate comunista fue proclamado en el Municipal', El Tiempo, 7 December 1929. Castrillón's speech was published here in full.
155. Interview with María Elvira Samper, Semana, 14 March 1989.
156. Germán Arciniegas, Entre la libertad y el miedo (Bogotá, 1996 - published first as The State in Latin America in 1952), p. 39.
157. Germán Arciniegas, Entre la libertad y el miedo (Bogotá, 1996 - published first as The State in Latin America in 1952), p. 39.
158. See, for example, Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse. Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore and London, 1978). For a critical account of the distinction between history and fiction, see Richard J. Evans, In Defence of History (London, 1997).
159. See, for example, Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse. Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore and London, 1978). For a critical account of the distinction between history and fiction, see Richard J. Evans, In Defence of History (London, 1997).
160. Alan Knight, Latin America. What Price the Past? An Inaugural Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on it November 1993 (Oxford, 1994), p. 32.
161. Quoted in Evans, In Defence of History, p. 250. See also Trevelyan's 'History and Literature', History, vol. IX, No. 54 (1924), pp. 81-91.
162. Quoted in Evans, In Defence of History, p. 250. See also Trevelyan's 'History and Literature', History, vol. IX, No. 54 (1924), pp. 81-91.
163. My Macando, Dan Weldon, dir., (Channel Four, London, 1990), in British Film Institute, London.
164. Garcia Marquez, 'Por un país al alcance de los niños', p. 6.
165. H. Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (New York and London, 1965), p. 131. 'The knowledge of the past is something progressive which is constantly transforming and perfecting itself', M. Bloch, The Historian's Craft (Manchester, 1992), p. 48.
166. H. Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (New York and London, 1965), p. 131. 'The knowledge of the past is something progressive which is constantly transforming and perfecting itself', M. Bloch, The Historian's Craft (Manchester, 1992), p. 48.