JUPITER to earth: A statin helps people with normal LDL-C and high hs-CRP, but what does it mean?

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 37-44

  Shishehbor, Mehdi H ^a   Hazen, Stanley L ^b,c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention   (United States)

^c LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; FLUOROBENZENE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; ROSUVASTATIN; SULFONAMIDE;

AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

AGED; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; FEMALE; FLUOROBENZENES; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; MALE; PYRIMIDINES; SULFONAMIDES;

EID: 60849135440     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.75a.08105     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2195-2207.
2. Topol EJ. Intensive statin therapy - a sea change in cardiovascular prevention. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1562-1564.
3. Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Braunwald E. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:93-96.
4. Cohen DJ, Carrozza JP, Baim DS. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1853-1854.
5. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006; 295:1556-1565.
6. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:1071-1080.
7. Robinson JG, Smith B, Maheshwari N, Schrott H. Pleiotropic effects of statins: benefit beyond cholesterol reduction? A meta-regression analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:1855-1862.
8. Aikawa M, Rabkin E, Sugiyama S, et al. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, cerivastatin, suppresses growth of macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinases and tissue factor in vivo and in vitro. Circulation 2001; 103:276-283.
9. Liao JK. Effects of statins on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96:24F-33F.
10. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:29-38.
11. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:20-28.
12. Shishehbor MH, Aviles RJ, Brennan ML, et al. Association of nitrotyrosine levels with cardiovascular disease and modulation by statin therapy. JAMA 2003; 289:1675-1680.
13. Shishehbor MH, Brennan ML, Aviles RJ, et al. Statins promote potent systemic antioxidant effects through specific inflammatory pathways. Circulation 2003; 108:426-431.
14. Takemoto M, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1712-1719.
15. Shishehbor MH, Patel T, Bhatt DL. Using statins to treat inflammation in acute coronary syndromes: Are we there yet? Cleve Clin J Med 2006; 73:760-766.
16. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1959-1965.
17. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 1998; 98:731-733.
18. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:836-843.
19. Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001; 285:2481-2485.
20. Rifai N, Ridkar PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a novel and promising marker of coronary heart disease. Clin Chem 2001; 47:403-411.
21. Shishehbor MH, Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Using C-reactive protein to assess cardiovascular disease risk. Cleve Clin J Med 2003; 70:634-640.
22. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:973-979.
23. Zacho J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Grande P, Sillesen H, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1897-1908.
24. Ridker PM. Are statins anti-inflammatory? Issues in the design and conduct of the pravastatin inflammation C-reactive protein evaluation. Curr Cardiol Rep 2000; 2:269-273.
25. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003; 107:391-397.
26. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003; 107:499-511.
27. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-2497.
28. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110:227-239.
29. Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56:53-56.
30. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1495-1504.
31. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, et al. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 2004; 292:1307-1316.
32. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1425-1435.
33. Liem AH, van Boven AJ, Veeger NJ, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on ischaemia following acute myocardial infarction: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2002; 23:1931-1937.
34. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294:2437-2445.
35. Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV, et al. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:70-76.
36. Ray KK, Cannon CP, McCabe CH, et al. Early and late benefits of high-dose atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:1405-1410.
37. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285:1711-1718.
38. Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Macaya C, et al. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 287:321 5-3222.
39. Patel TN, Shishehbor MH, Bhatt DL. A review of high-dose statin therapy: targeting cholesterol and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2007; 28:664-672.
40. Ridker PM. Novel risk factors and markers for coronary disease. Adv Intern Med 2000; 45:391-418.
41. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001; 103:1813-1818.
42. Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998; 97:2007-2011.
43. Cushman M, Arnold AM, Psaty BM, et al. C-reactive protein and the 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease in older men and women: the cardiovascular health study. Circulation 2005; 112:25-31.
44. Ridker PM. C-reactive protein and the prediction of cardiovascular events among those at intermediate risk: moving an inflammatory hypothesis toward consensus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:2129-2138.
45. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 2001; 286:64-70.
46. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks F, Braunwald E. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 1999; 100:230-235.
47. Bisoendial RJ, Kastelein JJ, Levels JH, et al. Activation of inflammation and coagulation after infusion of C-reactive protein in humans. Circ Res 2005; 96:714-716.
48. Schwedler SB, Amann K, Wernicke K, et al. Native C-reactive protein increases whereas modified C-reactive protein reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation 2005; 112:1016-1023.
49. Pfister R. Hellmich M. Multiple biomarkers and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:760.
50. Schunkert H, Samani NJ. Elevated C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis - chicken or egg? N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1953-1955.
51. Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:13;87-1397.
52. Kushner I, Sehgal AR. Is high-sensitivity C-reactive protein an effective screening test for cardiovascular risk? Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:867-869.
53. Hlatky MA. Expanding the orbit of primary prevention - moving beyond JUPITER. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2280-2282.
54. Shishehbor MH, Hazen SL. Inflammatory and oxidative markers in atherosclerosis: relationship to outcome. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004; 6:243-250:
55. Nicholls SJ, Hazen SL. Myeloperoxidase and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1102-1111.
56. Bhattacharyya T, Nicholls SJ, Topol EJ, et al. Relationship of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms and functional activity with systemic oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk. JAMA 2008; 299:1265-1276.
57. Choi SH, Chae A, Miller E, et al. Relationship between biomarkers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, statin therapy, quantitative coronary angiography, and atheroma: volume observations from the REVERSAL (Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:24-32.
58. Hakonarson H, Thorvaldsson S, Helgadottir A, et al. Effects of a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor on biomarkers associated with risk of myocardial infarction: a randomized trial JAMA 2005; 293:2245-2256.
59. Ky B, Burke A, Tsimikas S, et al. The influence of pravastatin and atorvastatin on markers of oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1653-1662.
60. Levy AR, Levy JE, Kalet-Litman S, et al. Haptoglobin genotype is a determinant of iron, lipid peroxidation, and macrophage accumulation in the atherosclerotic plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:134-140.
61. Mukherjee D, Topol EJ. Pharmacogenomics in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol 2003; 28:317-347
62. West of Scotland Coronary prevention Study: identification of high-risk groups and comparison with other cardiovascular intervention trials. Lancet 1996; 348:1339-1342.
63. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998; 279:1615-1622.
64. Davidson MH, Robinson JG. Safety of aggressive lipid management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:1753-1762.
65. Davidson MH. Rosuvastatin safety: lessons from the FDA review and post-approval surveillance. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2004; 3:547-557.
66. Kasiske BL, Wanner C, O'Neill WC. An assessment of statin safety by nephrologists. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:82C-85C.
67. McTaggart F, Buckett L, Davidson R, et al. Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:28B-32B.
68. Jacobson TA. Statin safety: lessons from new drug applications for marketed statins. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:44C-51C.
69. Jacobson TA. Comparative pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin when coadministered with cytochrome P450 inhibitors. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94:1140-1146.
70. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366:1267-1278.