Increased UVA exposures and decreased cutaneous Vitamin D3 levels may be responsible for the increasing incidence of melanoma

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 434-443

  Godar, Dianne E ^a   Landry, Robert J ^a   Lucas, Anne D ^a  

^a CENTER FOR DEVICES AND RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; COLECALCIFEROL;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOMA; ERYTHEMA; FEMALE; GENE MUTATION; GROWTH INHIBITION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MALE; MELANOMA; MELANOMA CELL; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION MEASUREMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOLAR RADIATION; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SUNBURN; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; WORKER;

CHOLECALCIFEROL; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MELANOMA; SKIN; SKIN NEOPLASMS; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

EID: 60849118634     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.056     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Godar D.E. UV doses worldwide. Photochem Photobiol 81 (2005) 736-749
2. Thieden E., Philipsen P.A., Heydenreich J., and Wulf H.C. UV radiation exposure related to age, sex, occupation, and sun behavior based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Arch Dermatol 140 (2004) 197-203
3. Slaper H. Skin cancer and UV exposure: investigations on the estimation of risks. PhD dissertation, University of Utrecht; 1987. p. 24-48 [chapter 2].
4. Godar D.E., Wengraitis S.P., Shreffler J., and Sliney D.H. UV doses of Americans. Photochem Photobiol 73 (2001) 621-629
5. Godar D.E. UV doses of American children and adolescents. Photochem Photobiol 74 (2001) 787-793
6. Godar D.E., Urbach F., Gasparro F.P., and van der Leun J.C. UV doses of young adults. Photochem Photobiol 77 (2003) 453-457
7. Rigel D.S., Friedman R.J., and Kopf A.W. The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States: issues as we approach the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol 34 (1996) 839-847
8. Rigel D.S., and Carucci J.A. Malignant melanoma: prevention, early detection, and treatment in the 21st century. CA-Cancer J Clin 50 (2000) 215-236
9. Lee J.A.H. Melanoma and exposure to sunlight. Epidemiol Rev 4 (1982) 110-136
10. Vagero D., Ringback G., and Kiveranta H. Melanoma and other tumors of the skin among office, other indoor, and outdoor workers in Sweden 1961-1979. Brit J Cancer 53 (1986) 507-512
11. Kennedy C., Bajdik C.D., Willemze R., De Gruijl F.R., and Bouwes Bavinck J.N. The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi, and skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 120 (2003) 1087-1093
12. 3 in human skin and the physiological consequences. Science 210 (1980) 203-205
13. 3. Ann NY Acad Sci 548 (1988) 14-26
14. Seifert M., Diesel B., Meese E., Tilgen W., and Reichrath J. Expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase in malignant melanoma: implications for growth control via local synthesis of 1,25(OH)D and detection of multiple splice variants. Exp Dermatol 14 (2005) 153-154
15. 3 (calcitriol). J Dermatol Sci 18 (1998) 118-127
16. 3-induced apoptosis of murine squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 26365-26373
17. 3 and its analogues. Cell Death Differ 5 (1998) 946-951
18. 3. J Cancer Res 45 (1985) 5426-5430
19. 3. Cancer Res 47 (1987) 21-25
20. 3 and malignant melanoma: the presence of receptors and inhibition of cell growth in culture. Endocrinology 108 (1981) 1083-1086
21. 3 metabolites. Cancer Res 43 (1983) 4443-4447
22. 3 in human malignant melanoma cell lines. J Surg Res 61 (1996) 127-133
23. 3 in primary human melanocytes. Melanoma Res 13 (2003) 339-347
24. 3 receptors: gene regulation and genetic circuitry. FASEB J 2 (1988) 3043-3053
25. Ainsleigh G.H. Beneficial effects of Sun exposure on cancer mortality. Prev Med 22 (1993) 132-140
26. _ Can it prevent as well as cause cancer?. Cancer Res 55 (1995) 4014-4022
27. 3 in HL-60 cells. Cancer Res 56 (1996) 264-267
28. Wong G., Gupta R., Dixon K.M., Deo S.S., Choong S.M., Halliday G.M., et al. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and three low-calcemic analogs decrease UV-induced DNA damage via the rapid response pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90 (2004) 567-570
29. 3. J Pharmacol Sci 92 (2003) 283-290
30. 3 and its analogs. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 3 (2004) 377-393
31. Rigby W.F.C. The immunobiology of vitamin D. Immunol Today 9 (1988) 54-58
32. 3 suppress immunoglobulin production and thymic lymphocyte proliferation in vivo. Biochem Biophys Acta 1158 (1993) 279-286
33. Yang S., Smith C., Prahl J.M., Luo X., and DeLuca H.F. Vitamin D deficiency suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys Acta 303 (1993) 98-106
34. 3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocr Metab 68 (1989) 882-887
35. Parrish J.A., Anderson R.R., Urbach F., and Pitts D. Optical properties of the skin and eye. In: Parrish J.A., Anderson R.R., Urbach F., and Pitts D. (Eds). UV-A: biological effects of ultraviolet radiation with special emphasis on human responses to long-wave ultraviolet (1978), Plenum press, New York 59-83
36. Tyrrell R.M., and Keyse S.M. The interaction of UVA radiation with cultured cells. J Photochem Photobiol 4B (1990) 349-361
37. Godar D.E., Thomas D.P., Miller S.A., and Lee W. Long-wavelength UVA radiation induces oxidative stress, cytoskeletal damage and hemolysis. Photochem Photobiol 57 (1993) 1018-1026
38. Godar D.E. Light and death: photons and apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4 (1999) 17-23
39. Godar D.E. Singlet oxygen-triggered immediate preprogrammed apoptosis. Meths Enz 319 (2000) 309-330
40. Godar D.E., and Swicord M.L. Studies on the mechanism of UVA1-induced hemolysis. In: Holick M.F., and Kligman A.M. (Eds). Biologic effects of light (1992), Walter de Gruyter, New York 349-353
41. Godar DE, Beer JZ. UVA1-induced anuclear damage in mammalian cells. In: Urbach F, editor. Biological responses to UV-A. Overland Park, Kansas: Valdenmar Publishing Co.; 1992. p. 65-73.
42. Godar D.E., Swicord M.L., and Kligman L.H. Photoaging. In: Schopka H.-J., and Steinmetz M. (Eds). Environmental UV radiation and health effects (1995), BfS-ISH-Berichte, Munich-Neuherberg 123-131
43. Peak J.G., and Peak M.J. Comparison of initial yields of DNA-to-protein crosslinks and single-strand breaks induced in cultured human cells by far- and near-ultraviolet light, blue light and X-rays. Mutat Res 246 (1991) 187-191
44. Jones C.A., Huberman E., Cunningham M.L., and Peak M.J. Mutagenesis and cytotoxicity in human epithelial cells by far- and near-ultraviolet radiations: action spectrum. Radiat Res 110 (1987) 244-254
45. Halliday G.M., Agar N.S., Barnetson R.S., Ananthaswamy H.N., and Jones A.M. UV-A fingerprint mutations in human skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol 81 (2005) 3-8
46. Sterenborg H.J., and van der Leun J.C. Tumorigenesis by a long wavelength UV-A source. Photochem Photobiol 51 (1990) 325-330
47. Kligman L.H., Crosby M.J., Miller S.A., Hitchins V.M., and Beer J.Z. Carcinogenesis by long wavelength UV-A and failure of reciprocity. In: Urbach F. (Ed). Biological responses to UV-A (1992), Valdenmar Publishing Co., Overland Park, Kansas 65-73
48. Ley R.D. Ultraviolet radiation A-induced precursors of cutaneous melanoma in Monodelphis domestica. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 3682-3684
49. Staberg B., Wulf H.C., Poulson T., Klemp P., and Brodhagen H. Carcinogenic effect of sequential artificial sunlight and UV-A irradiation in hairless mice. Arch Dermatol 119 (1983) 641-643
50. Elwood J.M., Gallagher R.P., Hill G.B., and Pearson J.C.G. Cutaneous melanoma in relation to intermittent and constant sun exposure - The Western Canada melanoma study. Br J Cancer 35 (1985) 427-433
51. 3 inhibits phorbol ester-dependent chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 116 (1983) 605-611
52. 3 inhibits in vitro invasiveness through the extracellular matrix and in vivo pulmonary metastasis of B16 mouse melanoma. J Lab Clin Med 133 (1999) 120-128
53. Wolf P., Donawho C.K., and Kripke M.L. Effect of sunscreens on UV radiation-induced enhancement of melanoma growth in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 86 (1994) 99-105
54. CIE Research Note. A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin. CIE J 6 (1987) 17-22
55. de Gruijl F.R., and van der Leun J.C. Estimate of the wavelength dependency of ultraviolet carcinogenesis in humans and its relevance to the risk assessment of stratospheric ozone depletion. Health Phys 67 (1994) 314-325
56. de Gruijl F.R., Sterenborg H.J., Forbes P.D., Daivies R.E., Cole C., Kelfkens G., et al. Wavelength dependence of skin cancer induction by ultraviolet irradiation of albino hairless mice. Cancer Res 53 (1993) 53-60
57. Setlow R.B., Grist E., Thompson K., and Woodhead A.D. Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90 (1993) 6666-6670
58. 3 and its photoisomers in human skin. Science 216 (1982) 1001-1003
59. Moehrle M., Soballa M., and Korn M. UV exposure in cars. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 19 (2003) 175-181
60. 3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67 (1988) 373-378
61. Davie M.W.J., Lawson D.E.M., Emberson C., Barnes J.L.C., Roberts G.E., and Barnes N.D. Vitamin D from skin: contribution to vitamin D status compared with oral vitamin D in normal and anticonvulsant-treated subjects. Clinical Sci 63 (1982) 461-472
62. Cornwell M.L., Comstock G.W., Holick M.F., and Bush T.L. Prediagnostic serum levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and malignant melanoma. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 9 (1992) 109-112
63. Autier P., Dore J.F., Schifflers E., Cesarini J.P., Bollaerts A., Koelmel K.F., et al. Melanoma and use of sunscreens: an EORTC case-control study in Germany, Belgium and France. The EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Int J Cancer 61 (1995) 749-755
64. Matsuoka L.Y., Wortsman J., Hanifan N., and Holick M.F. Chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A preliminary study. Arch Dermatol 124 (1988) 1802-1804
65. Holly E.A., Aston D.A., Cress R.D., Ahn D.K., and Kristiansen J.J. Cutaneous melanoma in women I. Exposure to sunlight, ability to tan, and other risk factors related to ultraviolet light. Am J Epidemiol 141 (1995) 923-933
66. Kaskel P., Sandler S., Kron M., Kind P., Peter R.U., and Krahn G. Outdoor activities in childhood: a protective factor for cutaneous melanoma? Results of a case-control study in 271 matched pairs. Br J Dermatol 145 (2001) 602-609
67. Pfahlberg A., Kolmel K.-.P., and Gefeler O. Timing of excessive ultraviolet radiation and melanoma: epidemiology does not support the existence of a critical period of high susceptibility to solar ultraviolet radiation-induced melanoma. Br J Dermatol 144 (2001) 471-475
68. Whiteman D.C., Whiteman C.A., and Green A.C. Childhood sun exposure as a risk factor for melanoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Causes Control 12 (2001) 69-82
69. Berwick M., Armstrong B.K., Ben-Porat L., Fine J., Kricker A., Eberle C., et al. Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma. JNCI 97 (2005) 195-199
70. Hutchinson P.E., Osborne J.E., Lear J.T., Smith A.G., Bowers P.W., Morris P.N., et al. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with altered prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 498-504
71. ASTM Suncommittee G03.09. ASTM G173-03 Standard Tables for reference solar spectral irradiance direct normal and hemispherical on 37° tilted surface. Annual book of ASTM standards vol. 14.04 (2003), ASTM International
72. de Laat A., van der Leun J.C., and de Gruijl F.R. Carcinogenesis induced by UVA (365-nm) radiation: the dose-time dependence of tumor formation in hairless mice. Carcinogenesis 18 (1997) 1013-1020
73. Ley R.D., Applegate L.A., Padilla R.S., and Stuart T.D. Ultraviolet radiation-induced malignant melanoma in Monodelphis domestica. Photochem Photobiol 50 (1989) 1-5
74. Roy N.K., and Rossman T.G. Mutagenesis and co-mutagenesis by lead compounds. Mutation Res 298 (1992) 97-103
75. Miller S.A., Hamilton S.L., Wester U.G., and Cyr W.H. An analysis of UVA emissions from sunlamps and the potential importance for melanoma. Photochem Photobiol 68 (1998) 63-70
76. Elwood J.M., Williamson C., and Stapleton P.J. Malignant melanoma in relation to moles, pigmentation, and exposure to fluorescent and other lighting sources. Br J Cancer 53 (1986) 65-74
77. Beral V., and Robinson N. The relationship of malignant melanoma, basal and squamous skin cancers to indoor and outdoor work. Br J Cancer 44 (1981) 886-891
78. Beral V., Evans S., and Milton G. Malignant melanoma and exposure to fluorescent lighting at work. Lancet 2 8293 (1982) 290-293
79. Holick M.F. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80 (2004) 1678S-1688S
80. Elwood J.M., and Gallagher R.P. Body site distribution of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relationship to patterns of sun exposure. Int J Cancer 78 (1998) 276-280
81. Kraemer K.H., Lee M.-.M., Andrews A.D., and Lambert W.C. The role of sunlight and DNA repair in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Arch Dermatol 130 (1994) 1018-1021
82. 3: an in vitro study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 20 (2004) 53-58
83. 3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75 (1992) 1099-1103
84. Sollitto R.B., Kraemer K.H., and DiGiovanna J.J. Normal vitamin D levels can be maintained despite rigorous photoprotection: six years' experience with xeroderma pigmentosum. J. Am Acad Dermatol 37 (1997) 942-947
85. Gellin G.A., Kopf A.W., and Garfinkel L. Malignant melanoma. A case controlled study of possibly associated factors. Arch Dermatol 99 (1969) 43-48
86. Grob J.J., Gouvernet J., Aymar D., Mostaque A., Romana M.H., Collet A.M., et al. Count of benign melanocytic nevi as a major indicator of risk of nonfamilial nodular and superficial spreading melanoma. Cancer 66 (1990) 386-395
87. Klepp O., and Magnus K. Some environmental and bodily characteristics of melanoma patients. A case-control study. Int J Cancer 23 (1979) 482-486
88. Green A. Sun exposure and the risk of melanoma. Australian J Dermatol 25 (1984) 99-102
89. Green A., Bain C., McLennan R., and Siskind V. Recent results in Cancer Research. Cancer Res 102 (1986) 76-97
90. Cristofolini M., Franceschi S., Tasin L., Zumiani G., Piscoli F., Talamini R., et al. Risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma in a northern Italian population. Int J Cancer 39 (1987) 150-154
91. Holly E.A., Kelly J.W., Shpall S.N., and Shu-Hui Chiu M.S. Number of melanocytic nevi as a major risk factor for malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 17 (1987) 459-468
92. Mackie R.M., and Aitchison T. Servere sunburn and subsequent risk of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in Scotland. Br J Cancer 46 (1982) 955-960
93. Graham S., Marshall J., Haughey B., Stoll H., Zielenzy M., Brasure J., et al. An inquiry into the epidemiology of melanoma. Am J Epidemiol 122 (1985) 606-619
94. Holman C.D.J., Armstrong B.K., and Heenan P.J. Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight exposure habits. J Int Cancer Inst 76 (1986) 403-413
95. Osterlind A., Tucker M.A., Stone B.J., and Jensen O.M. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma: II. The importance of UV-light exposure. Int J Cancer 42 (1988) 319-324
96. Beitiner H., Norel S.E., Ringborg U., Wennersten G., and Mattson B. Malignant melanoma: aetioloical importance of individual pigmentation and sun exposure. Br J Dermatol 122 (1990) 43-51
97. Moan J., Dahlback A., and Setlow R.B. Epidemiological support for an hypothesis for melanoma induction indicating a role for UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 70 (1999) 243-247
98. Marks R., Staples M., and Giles G.G. Trends in non-melanocytic skin cancer treated in Australia: the second national survey. Int J Cancer 53 (1993) 585-590
99. Barton I.J., and Partridge G.W. The Australian climatology biologically effective ultraviolet radiation. Australian J Dermatol 20 (1979) 68-74
100. Diffey B.L. Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems. Phys Med Biol 36 (1991) 299-328
101. Crombie I.K. Variation of melanoma incidence with latitude in North America and Europe. Br J Cancer 40 (1979) 774-781
102. Pion I.A., Rigel D.S., Garfinkel L., Silverman M.K., and Kopf A.W. Occupation and the risk of malignant melanoma. Cancer 75 (1995) 637-644
103. Schwartz S.M., Armstrong B.K., and Weiss N.S. Seasonal variation in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma: an analysis by body site and histologic type. Am J Epidemiol. 126 (1987) 104-111
104. Braun M.M., Tucker M.A., Devesa S.S., and Hoover R.N. Seasonal variation in frequency of diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 4 (1994) 235-241