High-pressure, high-temperature technologies

Oilfield Review

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 46-60

  DeBruijn, Gunnar ^a   Skeates, Craig ^a   Greenaway, Robert ^a   Harrison, David ^a   Parris, Mike ^a   James, Simon ^a   Mueller, Fred ^a   Ray, Shantonu ^a   Riding, Mark ^a   Temple, Lee ^a   Wutherich, Kevin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS; DOWNHOLE CONDITIONS; HIGH TEMPERATURES; SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS;

HIGH TEMPERATURE OPERATIONS;

EID: 60549083830     PISSN: 09231730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Belani A and Orr S: "A Systematic Approach to Hostile Environments," Journal of Petroleum Technology 60, no. 7 (July 2008): 34-39.
2. The "he" term comes from the steepest mountain-grade classifications used by the Tour de France bicycle race. In the French language, "he" stands for "hors catégorie," essentially meaning "beyond classification."
3. Adarnson K, Birch G, Gao E, Hand S, Macdonald C, Mack D and Quadri A: "High-Pressure, High-Temperature Well Construction," Oilfield Review 10, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 36-49.
4. Baird T, Fields T, Drummond R, Mathison D, Langseth B, Martin A and Silipigno L: "High-Pressure, High-Temperature Well Logging, Perforating and Testing," Oilfield Review 10, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 50-67.
5. Arena M, Dyer S, Bernard LJ, Harrison A, Luckett W, Rebler T, Srinivasan S, Borland B, Watts R, Lesso B and Warren TM: "Testing Oilfield Technologies for Wellsite Operations," Oilfield Review 17, no. 4 (Winter 2005/2006): 58-67.
6. Organizations governing the testing and qualification of oilfield products and services include the American Petroleum Institute (API), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), NACE International (NACE) and ASTM International (ASTM).
7. For more on laboratory testing of fluids: Dargaud B and Boukhellfa L: "Laboratory Testing, Evaluation and Analysis of Well Cements," in Nelson EB and Guillot D (eds): Well Cementing-2nd Edition. Houston: Schlumberger (2006): 627-658.
8. Gusler W, Pless M, Maxey J, Graver P, Perez J, Moon J and Boaz T: "A New Extreme HPHT Viscometer for New Drilling Fluid Challenges," paper IADC/SPE 99009, presented at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Miami, Florida, USA, February 21-23, 2006. "Laboratory Techniques for Fracturing-Fluid Characterization," in Economides MJ and Nolte KG (eds): Reservoir Stimulation. Houston: Schlumberger Educational Services (1987): C-1-C-3.
9. Formate salts are based on formic acid - HCOOH. Sodium, potassium and cesium formate (and combinations thereof) are used in drilling-fluid applications.
10. An invert emulsion contains oil in the continuous, or external, phase and water in the internal phase.
11. w value of one indicates pure water, whereas zero indicates the total absence of "free" water molecules. Addition of solutes (such as formate salts) always reduces the water activity.
12. Byrne M, Patey I, George L, Downs J and Turner J: "Formate Brines: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Their Formation Damage Control Properties Under Realistic Reservoir Conditions," paper SPE 73766, presented at the SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, February 20-21, 2002.
13. Berg PC, Pedersen ES, Lauritsen A, Behjat N, Hagerup-Jenssen S, Howard S, Olsvik G, Downs JD, Harris M and Turner J: "Drilling, Completion and Openhole Formation Evaluation of High-Angle Wells in High-Density Cesium Formate Brine: The Kvitebjorn Experience, 2004-2006," paper SPE/IADC 105733, presented at the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, February 20-22, 2007.
14. The sonde is the section of a logging tool that contains the measurement sensors. The cartridge contains the electronics and power supplies.
15. n. Chemraz elastomer is a similar compound that contains more fluorine. Both are related to the well-known Teflon fluoropolymer.
16. Sarian S: "Wireline Evaluation Technology in HPHT Wells," paper SPE 97571, presented at the SPE High Pressure/High Temperature Sour Well Design Applied Technology Workshop, The Woodlands, Texas, May 17-19, 2005.
17. Introduced during the late 1990s, Xtreme well-logging tools record basic petrophysical measurements at conditions up to 260°C and 172 MPa [25,000 psi]. The measurements include resistivity, formation density, neutron porosity, sonic logging and gamma ray spectroscopy.
18. Henkes IJ and Prater TE: "Formation Evaluation in Ultra-Deep Wells," paper SPE/IADC 52805, presented at the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, March 9-11, 1999.
19. Akkurt R, Bowcock M, Davies J, Del Campo C, Hill B, Joshi S, Kundu D, Kumar S, O'Keefe M, Samir M, Tarvin J, Weinheber P, Williams S and Zeybek M: "Focusing on Downhole Fluid Sampling and Analysis," Oilfield Review 18, no. 4 (Winter 2006/2007): 4-19.
20. Betancourt S, Davies T, Kennedy R, Dong C, Elshahawi H, Mullins OC, Nighswander J and O'Keefe M: "Advancing Fluid-Property Measurements," Oilfield Review 19, no. 3 (Autumn 2007): 56-70.
21. Aghar H, Carie M, Elshahawi H, Ricardo Gomez J, Saeedi J, Young C, Pinguet B, Swainson K, Takla E and Theuveny B: "The Expanding Scope of Well Testing," Oilfield Review 19, no. 1 (Spring 2007): 44-59.
22. Nelson EB and Barlet-Gouédard V: "Thermal Cements," in Nelson EB and Guillot D (eds): Well Cementing-2nd Edition. Houston: Schlumberger (2006): 319-341.
23. Alboudwarej H, Felix J, Taylor S, Badry R, Bremner C, Brough B, Skeates C, Baker A, Palmer D, Pattison K, Beshry M, Krawchuk P, Brown G, Calvo R, Cañas Triana JA, Hathcock R, Koerner K, Hughes T, Kundu D, López de Cardenas J and West C: "Highlighting Heavy Oil," Oilfield Review 18, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 34-53.
24. Thiercelin M: "Mechanical Properties of Well Cements," in Nelson EB and Guillot D (eds): Well Cementing-2nd Edition. Houston: Schlumberger (2006): 269-288.
25. James S and Boukhelifa L: "Zonal Isolation Modeling and Measurements - Past Myths and Today's Realities," paper SPE 101310, presented at the SPE Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, November 5-8, 2006.
26. Young's modulus, also called the modulus of elasticity, is the ratio between the stress applied to an object and the resulting deformation, or strain. Lower Young's moduli correspond to more flexible materials.
27. Abbas R, Cunningham E, Munk T, Bjelland B, Chukwueke V, Ferri A, Garrison G, Hollies D, Labat C and Moussa O: "Solutions for Long-Term Zonal Isolation," Oilfield Review 14, no. 3 (Autumn 2002): 16-29.
28. Stiles D: "Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Ultrahigh Temperature on the Mechanical Parameters of Cement," paper IADC/SPE 98896, presented at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Miami, Florida, February 21-23, 2006.
29. For more on engineered-particle-size cements: Nelson EB, Drochon B and Michaux M: "Special Cement Systems," in Nelson EB and Guillot D (eds): Well Cementing-2nd Edition. Houston: Schlumberger (2006): 233-268.
30. Cement systems that expand slightly after setting are a proven means for sealing microannuli and improving primary cementing results. Improved bonding results from tightening of the cement sheath against the casing and formation.
31. Palmer IAC: "Jade North Sea HPHT Development: Innovative Well Design Generates Best in Class Performance," paper SPE/IADC 92218, presented at the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, February 23-25, 2005.
32. Smith RJ and Perepelecta KR: "Steam Conformance Along Horizontal Wells at Cold Lake," paper SPE/ PS-CIM/CHOA 79009, presented at the SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, Calgary, November 4-7, 2002.
33. For more on reservoir stimulation: Economides MJ and Nolte KG (eds): Reservoir Stimulation, 3rd Edition. New York City: Wiley, 2003.
34. Chelating agents, also known as sequestering agents, are compounds used to control undesirable reactions of metal ions (such as Ca, Mg and Fe). For example, they form chemical complexes that do not precipitate during acidizing treatments, thereby preventing formation damage. EDTA and HEDTA are acronyms for ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid and hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid.
35. Frenier WW, Fredd CN and Chang F: "Hydroxyamino-carboxylic Acids Produce Superior Formulations for Matrix Stimulation of Carbonates at High Temperatures," paper SPE 71696, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, September 30-October 3, 2001.
36. Frenier WW, Brady M, Al-Harthy S, Arangath R, Chan KS, Flamant N and Samuel M: "Hot Oil and Gas Wells Can Be Stimulated Without Acids," paper SPE 86522, presented at the SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, February 18-20, 2004.
37. For more on hydraulic fracturing: Economides and Nolte, reference 26.
38. Crosslinks are bonds that link one polymer chain to another. Boron and zirconium interact with guar-base polymers, forming linkages that increase the effective polymer molecular weight by several orders of magnitude and dramatically increase the fluid viscosity.
39. Screenout occurs when proppant particles bridge the perforations and block further fluid ingress. This condition is accompanied by a sudden treatment-pressure increase. A premature screenout occurs when the fracture volume is insufficient, when less than the desired amount of proppant is placed in the fracture, or both.
40. Guar gum, a powder consisting of the ground endosperm of guar beans, is used extensively as a food thickener. Guar-gum derivatives are purified and functionalized products with good thermal stability. Common derivatives for hydraulic-fracturing applications include hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) and carboxymethyl-hydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG).
41. Friction-pressure loss is the pressure decrease arising from frictional losses that occur as a fluid passes through pipe. The pressure decrease is mainly a function of pipe diameter, pipe length, fluid rheological properties and flow rate. High friction reduces the available fluid pressure at the pipe outlet.
42. Fracturing treatments consist of two fluid stages. The first stage, the pad, initiates and propagates the fracture The second stage, the proppant slurry, transports proppant down the tubulars, through the perforations and into the fracture.
43. Al-Asimi M, Butler G, Brown G, Hartog A, Clancy T, Cosad C, Fitzgerald J, Navarro J, Gabb A, Ingham J, Kimminau S, Smith J and Stephenson K: "Advances in Well and Reservoir Surveillance," Oilfield Review 14, no. 4 (Winter 2002/2003): 14-35.
44. Muftimode optical fiber is mainly used for communication over relatively short distances, such as within a building or a campus. Typical multimode links support data rates up to 10 Gbits/s over distances up to a few kilometers. Multimode fiber has a higher "light-gathering" capacity than single-mode optical fiber and allows the use of lower-cost electronics such as light-emitting diodes or low-power lasers that operate at the 850-nm wavelength.