From calvin klein to Paris Hilton and MySpace: Adolescents, sex, and the media

Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 484-507

  Brown, Jane D ^a   Strasburger, Victor C ^b  

^a The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60349087225     PISSN: 19344287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Strasburger VC. Adolescents, sex, and the media: ooooo, baby, baby: a Q & A. Adolesc Med Clin. 2005;16:269-288, vii
2. Kunkel D, Cope KM, Biely E. Sexual messages on television: comparing findings from three studies. J Sex Res. 1999;36:230-236
3. Roberts DF, Foehr UG. Kids and Media in America. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2004
4. Rideout V, Roberts DF, Foehr UG. Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year-Olds. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2005
5. Kunkel D, Eyal K, Finnerty K, Biely E, Donnerstein E. Sex on TV 4: A Biennial Report to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2005
6. Kunkel D, Cope KM, Colvin C. Sexual Messages on Family Hour Television: Content and Context. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1996
7. Cope-Farrar KM, Kunkel D. Sexual messages in teens' favorite prime-time TV programs. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K, eds. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:59-78
8. Fisher DA, Hill DL, Grabe JW, Grabe EL. Sex on American television: an analysis across program genres and network types. J Broadcast Electronic Media. 2004;48:529-553
9. Moore F. Study: fewer gay television characters. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Entertain-ment/print?id=2340204. Accessed August 22, 2006
10. Aubrey JS. Sex and punishment: an examination of sexual consequences and the sexual double standard in teen programming. Sex Roles. 2004;50:505-514
11. Strasburger VC. Risky business: what primary care practitioners need to know about the influence of the media on adolescents. Prim Care. 2006;33:317-348
12. Ward LM. Talking about sex: common themes about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children and adolescents view most. J Youth Adolesc. 1995;24:595-615
13. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education; American Psychological Association. Sexuality, contraception, and the media. Pediatrics. 2001;107:191-194
14. Hill A. Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television. Oxford, United Kingdom: Routledge; 2005
15. Murray S, Ouellette L, eds. Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture. New York, NY: NYU Press; 2005
16. Nielsen ratings, June 26-July 2. Available at: http/ www.accessmylibrary. com/coms2/summary- ITM. Accessed July 6, 2006
17. Zurbriggen EL, Morgan EM. Who wants to marry a millionaire? Reality dating television programs, attitudes toward sex, and sexual behaviors. Sex Roles. 2006;54:1-17
18. Stern BB, Russell CA, Russell DW. Vulnerable women on screen and at home: soap opera consumption. J Macromark. 2005;25:222-225
19. Greenberg BS, Busselle RW. Soap Operas and Sexual Activity. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1994
20. Heintz-Knowles KE. Sexual Activity on Daytime Soap Operas: A Content Analysis of Five Weeks of Television Programming. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1996
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sentinel for Health Award: writers and producers gather to address the role of women in daytime dramas. Available at: http://www.population.org/ summits/soapsummit/cdcaward.htm. Accessed May 25, 2007
22. Treise D, Gotthoffer A. Stuff you couldn't ask your parents about: teens talking about using magazines for sex information. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K, eds. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002: 173-189
23. Wray J, Steele J. Girls in print: figuring out what it means to be a girl. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K, eds. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002: 191-208
24. Batchelor SA, Kitzinger J, Burtney E. Representing young people's sexuality in the "youth" media. Health Educ Res. 2004;19:669-676
25. Peirce K. Socialization of teenage girls through teen-magazine fiction: The making of a new woman or an old lady? Sex Roles. 1993;29:59-68
26. Kilbourne J. Deadly Persuasion: Why Women and Girls Must Fight the Addictive Power of Advertising. New York, NY: Free Press; 1999
27. Brown JD, Steele JR. Sex and the Mass Media. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1995
28. Walsh-Childers K, Gotthoffer A, Lepre CR. From "just the facts" to "downright salacious:" teens' and women's magazines' coverage of sex and sexual health. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K, eds. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002: 153-171
29. Walsh-Childers K. A Content Analysis: Sexual Health Coverage in Women's, Men's, Teen and Other Specialty Magazines. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1997
30. Planned Parenthood Federation of America. PPFA Maggie Awards. Available at: www.planned-parenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/ppfa- maggie-awards-10047.htm Accessed May 25, 2007
31. Christenson PG, Roberts DF. It's Not Only Rock & Roll: Popular Music in the Lives of Adolescents. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press; 2001
32. Pardun CJ, L'Engle K, Brown JD. Linking exposure to outcomes: early adolescents' consumption of sexual content in six media. Mass Commun Soc. 2005;8:75-91
33. Martino SC, Collins RL, Elliott MN, Strachman A, Kanouse DE, Berry SH. Exposure to degrading versus nondegrading music lyrics and sexual behavior among youth. Pediatrics. 2006; 118(2). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ full/118/2/e430
34. Griffiths M. Sex on the Internet: issues, concerns and implications. In: Von Feilitzen C, Carlsson U, eds. Children in the New Media Landscape: Games, Pornography, Perceptions. Gotenborg, Sweden: UNESCO Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen; 2000:169-184
35. Zillmann D. Influence of unrestrained access to erotica on adolescents' and young adults' dispositions toward sexuality. J Adolesc Health. 2000;27(2 suppl):41-44
36. Rideout V. Generation RX.com How Young People Use the Internet for Health Information. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2000
37. Mitchell KJ, Finkelhor D, Wolak J. The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the Internet: a national survey of risk, impact, and prevention. Youth Soc. 2003; 34:330-358
38. Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: a national survey. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2005; 8:473-486
39. Stern S. Sexual selves on the World Wide Web: adolescent girls' home pages as sites for sexual self-expression. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K, eds. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:265-286
40. American Psychological Association. Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Available at: www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualizationsum.html Accessed May 25, 2007
41. Rowe J. Grossly distorting perception. Available at: www.theecologist. org/archive-detail.asp? contentid=400. Accessed May 25, 2007
42. Downs AC, Harrison SK. Embarrassing age spots or just plain ugly? Physical attractiveness stereotyping as an instrument of sexism on American television commercials. Sex Roles. 2003; 13:9-19
43. Pardun CJ, Forde KR. Sexual content of television commercials watched by early adolescents. In: Reichert T, Lambiase J, eds. Sex in Promotional Culture: The Erotic Content of Media and Marketing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2006:125-139
44. Reichert T, Carpenter C. An update on sex in magazine advertising: 1983 to 2003. Journal Mass Commun Q. 2004; 81:823-837
45. Reichert T, Lambiase J, Morgan S, Carstarphen M, Zavoina S. Cheesecake and beefcake: no matter how you slice it, sexual explicitness in advertising continues to increase. Journal Mass Commun Q. 1999; 76:7-20
46. Leo J. '90s advertisements portray women with "attitude." Albuquerque Journal. October 20, 1993:A11
47. Snowbeck C. FDA tells Levitra to cool it with ad. Available at: www.post-gazette.com/pg/05109/490334.stm. Accessed July 20, 2005
48. Rudman WJ, Verdi P. Exploitation: comparing sexual and violent imagery of females and males in advertising. Women Health. 1993;20(4):1-14
49. Kaiser Family Foundation/Children Now. The Family Hour Focus Groups: Children's Responses to Sexual Content on TV and Their Parents' Reactions. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1996
50. Kaiser Family Foundation/Seventeen Magazine. Sex Smarts: Birth Control and Protection. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2004
51. Escobar-Chaves SL, Tortolero S, Markham C, Low B. Impact of the Media on Adolescent Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Austin, TX: Medical Institute for Sexual Health; 2004
52. Ward LM. Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: a review of empirical research. Dev Rev. 2003; 33:347-388
53. Bandura A. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1993
54. Gerbner G, Gross L, Morgan M, Signorielli N, Shanahan J. Growing up with television: cultivation processes. In: Bryant J, Zillmann D, eds. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:43-68
55. Gagnon JH, Simon W. The sexual scripting of oral genital contacts. Arch Sex Behav. 1987;16: 1-25
56. Bryant J, Rockwell SC. Effects of massive exposure to sexually-oriented primetime television programming on adolescents' moral judgment. In: Zillmann D, Bryant J, Huston AC, eds. Media, Children, and the Family: Social Scientific, Psychodynamic, and Clinical Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994:183-195
57. Larson MS. Sex roles and soap operas: what adolescents learn about single motherhood. Sex Roles. 1996; 35:97-110
58. Greenberg BS, Smith SW. Daytime talk shows: up close and in your face. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K, eds. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:79-93
59. Kaiser Family Foundation. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine National Survey of Teens: Teens Talk About Dating, Intimacy, and Their Sexual Experiences. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 1998
60. Greeson LE, Williams RA. Social implications of music videos for youth: an analysis of the contents and effects of MTV. Youth Soc. 1986; 18:177-189
61. Zillmann D. Erotica and family values. In: Zillmann D, Bryant J, Huston AC, eds. Media, Children, and the Family: Social Scientific, Psychodynamic, and Clinical Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1994:19-213
62. Zillmann D, Bryant J. Pornography, sexual callousness and the trivialization of rape. J Commun. 1982; 32:10-21
63. Zillmann D, Bryant J. Pornography's impact on sexual satisfaction. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1988; 18:438-453
64. Brown JD, Halpern CT, L'Engle KL. Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. J Adolesc Health. 2005; 36:420-427
65. Strasburger V. "Clueless:" why do pediatricians underestimate the media's influence on children and adolescents? Pediatrics. 2006; 117:1427-1431
66. Tucker K. Kids these days. Entertainment Weekly. December 17, 1999:62-63
67. Ward LM, Gorvine B, Cytron A. Would that really happen? Adolescents' perceptions of sexual relationships according to prime-time television. In: Brown JD, Steele JR, Walsh-Childers K, eds. Sexual Teens, Sexual Media. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:95-123
68. Collins RL, Elliott MN, Berry SH, et al. Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/114/3/e280
69. Ashby SL, Arcari CM, Edmonson MB. Television viewing and risk of sexual initiation by young adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160:375-380
70. Brown JD, L'Engle K, Pardun CJ, Guo G, Kenneavy K, Jackson C. Sexy media matter exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black and white adolescents' sexual behavior. Pediatrics. 2006; 117:1018-1027
71. Steele JR, Brown JD. Adolescent room culture: studying media in the context of everyday life. J Youth Adolesc. 1995; 24:551-576
72. Hust SJ, Brown JD. Gender, media use and effects. In: Calvert SL, Wilson BJ, eds. Blackwell Handbook of Child Development and the Media. New York, NY: Blackwell; 2008: In press
73. Peter J, Valkenburg PM. Adolescents' exposure to sexually explicit material on the Internet. Commun Res. 2006; 33:178-204
74. Brown JD, Pardun CJ. Little in common: racial and gender differences in adolescents' TV diets. J Broadcast Electronic Media. 2004; 48:266-278
75. Teen Media Monitor. Menlo Park, CA; Kaiser Family Foundation; 2003
76. Brown JD, Schulze L. The effects of race, gender, and random on audience interpretations of Madonna's music videos. J Commun. 1990; 40:88-102
77. Singhal A, Rogers EM. Entertainment-Education: A Communication Strategy for Social Change. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1999
78. Wakefield D. Teen sex and TV: how the medium has grown up. TV Guide. November 7, 1987:4-6
79. Kaiser Family Foundation. Public and networks getting comfortable with condom advertising on TV [press release]. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; June 19, 2001
80. Strasburger VC; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications. Children, adolescents, and advertising [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 2007; 119:424]. Pediatrics. 2006; 118:2563-2569
81. Alter J. The power to change what's "cool." Newsweek. January 17, 1994:23
82. Kirby D, Brener ND, Brown NL, Peterfreund N, Hillard P, Harrist R. The impact of condom distribution in Seattle schools on sexual behavior and condom use. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89:182-187
83. Kaiser Family Foundation. National Survey of Teens and Young Adults on Sexual Health Public Education Campaigns: Topline Results. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2003
84. Doniger AS, Adams E, Utter CA, Riley JS. Impact evaluation of the "Not Me, Not Now" abstinence-oriented adolescent pregnancy prevention communications program, Monroe County, New York. J Health Commun. 2001; 6:45-60
85. DuRant RH, Wolfson M, LaFrance B, Balkrishnan R, Altaian D. An evaluation of a mass media campaign to encourage parents of adolescents to talk to their children about sex. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38:298.el-298.e9
86. Wellings K. Evaluating AIDS public education in Europe: a cross-national comparison. In: Hornik RC, ed. Public Health Communication: Evidence of Behavior Change. Mahway NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002:131-146
87. FoIb KL. "Don't touch that dial!" TV as a-what!? positive influence. SlECUS Rep. 2000; 28: 16-18
88. Brodie M, Foehr U, Rideout V, et al. Communicating health information through the entertainment media. Health Aff (Millwood). 2001; 20:1-8
89. Collins RL, Elliott MN, Berry SH, Kanouse E, Hunter SB. Entertainment television as a healthy sex educator the impact of condom-efficacy information in an episode of Friends. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:1115-1121
90. Farrar KM. Sexual intercourse on television: do safe sex messages matter? J Broadcast Electronic Media. 2006; 50:635-650
91. Tannen T. Media giant and foundation team up to fight HTV/AIDS. Lancet. 2003; 361:1440-1441
92. Rich M, Bar-on M. Child health in the information age: media education of pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2001; 107:156-162
93. Kubey R. Obstacles to the development of media education in the United States. J Commun. 1998; Winter:58-69
94. McCannon R. Media literacy/media education: solution to big media? In: Strasburger VC, Wilson BJ, Jordan A, eds. Children, Adolescents, & the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2008: In press
95. Austin EA, Chen YC, Pinkleton BE, Johnson JQ. Benefits and costs of Channel One in a middle school setting and the role of media-literacy training. Pediatrics. 2006; 117(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/ 3/e423
96. Primack, BA, Gold MA, Land SR, Fine MJ. Association of cigarette smoking and media literacy about smoking among adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 39:465-472
97. Trenholm C, Devaney B, Fortson K, Quay L, Wheeler J, Clark M. Impacts of Four Title V, Section 510 Abstinence Education Programs: Final Report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research; 2007
98. Donnerstein E. The Internet In: Strasburger VC, Wilson BJ, Jordan A, eds. Children, Adolescents, & the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2008: In press
99. Young TL, Zimmerman R. Clueless: parental knowledge of risk behaviors of middle school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998; 152:1137-1139