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Volumn 48, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1360-1363

Light in aminocatalysis: The asymmetric intermolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes

Author keywords

alkylation; enamines; organocatalysis; photoredox catalysis; radicals

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDES; ALKYLATION; AMINES; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; FOURIER TRANSFORMS; HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; RATE CONSTANTS; REACTION KINETICS;

EID: 60149109803     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804995     Document Type: Short Survey
Times cited : (136)

References (43)
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    • The classic drawbacks associated with the stoichiometric alky-lation of preformed aldehyde enolates or enamines are atendency towards self-aldol condensation, the Canizzaro or Tischenko reactions, and O- or N-alkylations with the electro-philic alkyl halides; see: a G. Stork, A. Brizzolara, H. Landes-man, J. Szmuszkovicz, R. Terrell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 8829;
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    • As validation of its reliability and effectiveness, the enamine-catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular a-alkylation of aldehydes has recently been integrated into domino sequences, thus leading to the synthesis of complex cyclic molecules with high optical purity: a) H. Xie, L. Zu, H. Li, J. Wang, W. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10886;
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    • In the course of luminescence-quenching studies, it was observed that preformed chiral enamines decreased the emission intensityof 6, while the presence of a-bromo carbonyl compounds did not. This result supports the mechanistic proposal that 6 is acting as an oxidant in the photoredox cycle
    • In the course of luminescence-quenching studies, it was observed that preformed chiral enamines decreased the emission intensityof 6, while the presence of a-bromo carbonyl compounds did not. This result supports the mechanistic proposal that 6 is acting as an oxidant in the photoredox cycle.
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    • Circumstantial evidence for the direct involvement of the enamine intermediate in the key bond-forming step has been collected. The coupling of an electron-rich enamine with electron-deficient radicals has the converse mechanism to that of the previously described SOMO-catalyzed reactions, where the susceptibility of the transient enamine for undergoing selective oxidation generates a reactive 3π-electron radical cation, see Ref, 9, This complementary reactivity further expands the synthetic potential of SOMO catalysis
    • Circumstantial evidence for the direct involvement of the enamine intermediate in the key bond-forming step has been collected. The coupling of an electron-rich enamine with electron-deficient radicals has the converse mechanism to that of the previously described SOMO-catalyzed reactions, where the susceptibility of the transient enamine for undergoing selective oxidation generates a reactive 3π-electron radical cation, see Ref. [9]. This complementary reactivity further expands the synthetic potential of SOMO catalysis.
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    • As a propagation step, the direct SET from the electron-rich α-amino radical 9 to the a-bromo carbonyl compound cannot be excluded. As a matter of fact, good results are obtained in the absence of any photoredox catalyst while irradiating the reaction mixture with a high-energy UV lamp. For an example of a catalytic enantioselective reaction driven by photo-induced electron transfer, see: A. Bauer, F. Westkaemper, S. Grimme, T. Bach, Nature 2005, 436, 1139.
    • As a propagation step, the direct SET from the electron-rich α-amino radical 9 to the a-bromo carbonyl compound cannot be excluded. As a matter of fact, good results are obtained in the absence of any photoredox catalyst while irradiating the reaction mixture with a high-energy UV lamp. For an example of a catalytic enantioselective reaction driven by photo-induced electron transfer, see: A. Bauer, F. Westkaemper, S. Grimme, T. Bach, Nature 2005, 436, 1139.
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    • The possibility to employ other activated alkyl bromides in the a-alkylation chemistry (e.g. the asymmetric benzylation of aldehydes using benzyl bromide) has been preliminary reported by D. W. C. MacMillan et al. at a recent conference: IASOC conference, Ischia (Italy), October 1, 2008.
    • The possibility to employ other activated alkyl bromides in the a-alkylation chemistry (e.g. the asymmetric benzylation of aldehydes using benzyl bromide) has been preliminary reported by D. W. C. MacMillan et al. at a recent conference: IASOC conference, Ischia (Italy), October 1, 2008.
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    • Enantioselective radical reactions catalyzed by chiral Lewis acids are nowadays a common practice in organic synthesis: a) J. Zimmerman, M. P. Sibi, Top. Curr. Chem. 2006, 263, 107; however, only isolated examples of organocatalyzed asymmetric processes involving radical intermediates are known:


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