Case study of the effects of office-based generic drug sampling on antibiotic drug costs and first-line antibiotic prescribing ratios

Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 55-61

  Conklin, Mark H ^a   Culley, Eric J ^a   O'Donnell, Jerry ^a  

^a Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CARINDACILLIN; CEFADROXIL; CEFALEXIN; CEFAZOLIN; CEPHALOSPORIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DEMECLOCYCLINE; DICLOXACILLIN; DOXYCYCLINE; DOXYCYCLINE HYCLATE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GENERIC DRUG; MACROLIDE; MINOCYCLINE; PENICILLIN G; PENICILLIN V POTASSIUM; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TETRACYCLINE;

ARTICLE; AUTOMATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DRUG COST; DRUG MARKETING; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PRESCRIPTION; SAMPLING;

EID: 59849098288     PISSN: 10834087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2009.15.1.55     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Curtiss FR. 3-tier drug benefit designs based on sound formulary principles will maximize favorable outcomes. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004;10(1):83-84,86. Available at: www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/ EditorialSubjects_84-86.pdf.
2. Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: background, specific aims, and methods. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):479-86.
3. Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults: background. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):490-94.
4. Hickner JM, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis in adults: background. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):498-505.
5. Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Inject Dis. 2002;35(2):113-25.
6. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory illness in children and adults. Bloomington, MN: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI); 2008 Jan. Available at: www.guideline.gov/summary/ summary.aspx?doc_id=12294&nbr=006369&string= Acute+AND+pharyngitis. Accessed December 3, 2008.
7. Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Barlett JG, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults: background. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(6):509-17.
8. Balter MS, La Forge J, Low DE, Mandell L, Grossman RF. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: executive summary. Can Respir J. 2003;10(5):248-58.
9. Anonymous. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: executive summary. Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;123(1 Pt 2):1-4.
10. Gilberg K, Laouri M, Wade S, Isonaka S. Analysis of medication use patterns: apparent overuse of antibiotics and underuse of prescription drugs for asthma, depression, and CHF. J Manag Care Pharm. 2003;9(3):232-37. Available at: www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/ Research-232-237.pdf.
11. Kane RL, Garrard J. Changing physician prescribing practices: regulation vs education. JAMA. 1994;271(5):393-94.
12. Steinman MA, Landefeld CS, Gonzales R. Predictors of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in adult primary care. JAMA. 2003;289(6):719-25.
13. Cosgrove SE, Carmeli Y. The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and economic outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(11):1433-37.
14. Kennedy J, Tuleu I, Mackay K. Unfilled prescriptions of Medicare beneficiaries: prevalence, reasons, and types of medicines prescribed. J Manag Care Pharm. 2008;14(6):553-60. Available at: www.amcp.org/ data/jmcp/JMCPMaga_553-560.pdf.
15. Hsu J, Fung V, Price M, et al. Medicare beneficiaries' knowledge of Part D prescription drug program benefits and responses to drug costs. JAMA. 2008;299(16):1929-936.
16. Heisler M, Wagner TH, Piette JD. Patient strategies to cope with high prescription medication costs: who is cutting back on necessities, increasing debt, or underusing medications?. J Behav Med. 2005;28(1):43-51.
17. Hansen LA, Vermeulen LC, Bland S, Wetterneck TB. Guideline for low-cost antimicrobial use in the outpatient setting. Am J Med. 2007;120(4):295-302.
18. Shlaes DM, Gerding DN, John Jr., JF, et al. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance: guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 25(3):584-99.
19. Arnold FW, McDonald LC, Newman D, Smith RS, Ramirez JA. Improving antimicrobial use: longitudinal assessment of an antimicrobial team including a clinical pharmacist. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004;10(2):152-58. Available at: www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/ Contemporary%20Subjects-152-158.pdf.
20. Hux JE, Melady MP, DeBoer D. Confidential prescriber feedback and education to improve antibiotic use in primary care: a controlled trial. CMAJ. 1999;161(4):388-92.
21. Madaras-Kelly KJ, Hannah EL, Bateman K, Samore MH. Experience with a clinical decision support system in community pharmacies to recommend narrow-spectrum antimicrobials, nonantimicrobial prescriptions, and OTC products to decrease broad-spectrum antimicrobial use. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;12(5):390-97. Available at: www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/ contemporary_subjects_390-397.pdf.
22. Samore MH, Bateman K, Alder SC, et al. Clinical decision support and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2305-14.
23. Patel SJ, Larson EL, Kubin CJ, Saiman L. A review of antimicrobial control strategies in hospitalized and ambulatory pediatric populations. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26(6):531-37.
24. Motheral BR, Henderson R. The effect of a copay increase on pharmaceutical utilization, expenditures, and treatment continuation. Am J Manag Care. 1999;5(11):383-94.
25. Huskamp HA, Deverka PA, Epstein AM, et al. The effect of incentive-based formularies on prescription-drug utilization and spending. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(23):2224-32.
26. Scott AB, Culley EC, O'Donnell J. Effects of a physician office generic drug sampling system on generic dispensing ratios and drug costs in a large managed care organization. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007; 13(5):412-19. Available at: www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/ JMCPMaga_June%2007_p412-419.pdf.
27. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Bloomington, MN: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI); 2007 Jan. Available at: www.guideline.gov/summary/ summary.aspx?doc_id=9657&nbr=005173. Accessed October 15, 2007.
28. Perfetto EM, Keating K, Merchant S, Nichols BR. Acute uncomplicated UTI and E. coli resistance: implications for first-line empirical antibiotic therapy. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004;10(1):17-25. Available at: www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/Research-17-25.pdf.
29. Petersen I, Hayward AC, et al. Antibacterial prescribing in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(suppl 1):i43-i47.
30. Gilber DN, Moellering Jr., RC, Eliopoulos GM, Sande MA. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, 36th Edition. Sperryville, VA: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc.; 2006.
31. Piccirillo JF, Mager DE, Frisse ME, Brophy RH, Goggin A. Impact of first-line vs second-line antibiotics for the treatment of acute uncomplicated sinusitis. JAMA. 2001;286(15):1849-56.
32. Linder JA, Stafford RS. Antibiotic treatment of adults with sore throat by community primary care physicians: a national survey, 1989-1999. JAMA. 2001;286(10):1181-86.