메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 248-258

Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: Executive summary

(15)  Balter, Meyer S a   La Forge, Jacques b   Low, Donald E a,c   Mandell, Lionel d   Grossman, Ronald F a   Anzueto, Antonio e   Born, Abraham a   Bouchard, Jacques f   Duguid, Nigel J D g   Harding, Godfrey h   Julien, Marcel i   Lampron, Noel b   Levy, Robert D j   McSherry, James A k   Weiss, Karl A l  


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOPHYLLINE; AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTITUSSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITOR; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; EXPECTORANT AGENT; MACROLIDE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MUCOLYTIC AGENT; OFLOXACIN; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TETRACYCLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 0141558911     PISSN: 11982241     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2003/108656     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (37)

References (135)
  • 1
    • 0002088197 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations on the management of chronic bronchitis: A practical guide for Canadian physicians
    • Balter M, Hyland R, Low D. Recommendations on the management of chronic bronchitis: A practical guide for Canadian physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1994; 151 (Suppl):7-33.
    • (1994) Can. Med. Assoc. J. , vol.151 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 7-33
    • Balter, M.1    Hyland, R.2    Low, D.3
  • 2
    • 0034456999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: An evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Disease Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society
    • The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group
    • Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF, Chow AW, Hyland RH. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: An evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Disease Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. The Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Working Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:383-421.
    • (2000) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.31 , pp. 383-421
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Marrie, T.J.2    Grossman, R.F.3    Chow, A.W.4    Hyland, R.H.5
  • 3
    • 85021231671 scopus 로고
    • Lung Facts. Ottawa: Canadian Lung Association
    • Lung Facts. Ottawa: Canadian Lung Association, 1991.
    • (1991)
  • 4
    • 0029156848 scopus 로고
    • Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • The European Respiratory Society Task Force
    • Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB, et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force. Eur Respir J 1995;8:1398,420.
    • (1995) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.8 , pp. 1398-1420
    • Siafakas, N.M.1    Vermeire, P.2    Pride, N.B.3
  • 5
    • 0028827084 scopus 로고
    • Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • American Thoracic Society
    • American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:S77-121.
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.152
  • 6
    • 50549202202 scopus 로고
    • Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes
    • A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis
    • Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis. Lancet 1965;1:775-9.
    • (1965) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 775-779
  • 7
    • 0000194865 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pattern of chronic bronchitis
    • Oswald NC, Harold JT, Martin WJ. Clinical pattern of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1953;2:693-743.
    • (1953) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 693-743
    • Oswald, N.C.1    Harold, J.T.2    Martin, W.J.3
  • 10
    • 0017685774 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in chronic bronchitis: Comparison of transtracheal, fiberbronchoscopic, and oropharyngeal sampling methods
    • Haas H, Morris J, Samson S, Kilbourn J, Kim P. Bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in chronic bronchitis: Comparison of transtracheal, fiberbronchoscopic, and oropharyngeal sampling methods. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;116:41-7.
    • (1977) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.116 , pp. 41-47
    • Haas, H.1    Morris, J.2    Samson, S.3    Kilbourn, J.4    Kim, P.5
  • 12
    • 0016698550 scopus 로고
    • Role of infection in chronic bronchitis
    • Tager I, Speizer F. Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. N Engl J Med 1975;292:563-71.
    • (1975) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.292 , pp. 563-571
    • Tager, I.1    Speizer, F.2
  • 13
    • 0021141417 scopus 로고
    • Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human tracheobronchial mucin
    • Vishwanath S, Ramphal R. Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human tracheobronchial mucin. Infect Immun 1984;45:197-202.
    • (1984) Infect. Immun. , vol.45 , pp. 197-202
    • Vishwanath, S.1    Ramphal, R.2
  • 14
    • 0024603204 scopus 로고
    • Host-microbial interrelationships in respiratory infection
    • Cole P, Wilson R. Host-microbial interrelationships in respiratory infection. Chest 1989;95:217S-21S.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.95
    • Cole, P.1    Wilson, R.2
  • 15
    • 0026746409 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Murphy T, Sethi S. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Respir Dis 1992;146:1067-83.
    • (1992) Am. Respir. Dis. , vol.146 , pp. 1067-1083
    • Murphy, T.1    Sethi, S.2
  • 18
    • 1842671720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease
    • The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments)
    • Connors AF, Dawson NV, Thomas C, et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:959-67.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.154 , pp. 959-967
    • Connors, A.F.1    Dawson, N.V.2    Thomas, C.3
  • 19
    • 0015778281 scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immediate and long-term prognosis
    • Burk RH, George RB. Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immediate and long-term prognosis. Arch Intern Med 1973;132:865-8.
    • (1973) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.132 , pp. 865-868
    • Burk, R.H.1    George, R.B.2
  • 20
    • 0029562173 scopus 로고
    • Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Seneff MG, Wagner DF, Wagner RP, Zimmerman JE, Knaus WA. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 1995;274:1852-7.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 1852-1857
    • Seneff, M.G.1    Wagner, D.P.2    Wagner, R.P.3    Zimmerman, J.E.4    Knaus, W.A.5
  • 22
    • 0031035531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of life and hospital re-admission in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Osman IM, Godden DJ, Friend JA, Legge JS, Douglas JG. Quality of life and hospital re-admission in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1997;52:67-71.
    • (1997) Thorax , vol.52 , pp. 67-71
    • Osman, I.M.1    Godden, D.J.2    Friend, J.A.3    Legge, J.S.4    Douglas, J.G.5
  • 23
    • 0019416983 scopus 로고
    • Follow-up study of disability among elderly patients discharged from hospital with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Peach H, Pathy MS. Follow-up study of disability among elderly patients discharged from hospital with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax 1981;36:585-9.
    • (1981) Thorax , vol.36 , pp. 585-589
    • Peach, H.1    Pathy, M.S.2
  • 24
    • 0026516691 scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbations of COPD. How to evaluate severity and treat the underlying cause
    • Hagedorn SD. Acute exacerbations of COPD. How to evaluate severity and treat the underlying cause. Postgrad Med 1992;91:105-7.
    • (1992) Postgrad. Med. , vol.91 , pp. 105-107
    • Hagedorn, S.D.1
  • 25
    • 0035509117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1618-23.
    • (2001) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.164 , pp. 1618-1623
    • Seemungal, T.1    Harper-Owen, R.2    Bhowmik, A.3
  • 26
    • 0024424523 scopus 로고
    • Routine chest radiographs in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diagnostic value
    • Sherman S, Skoney JA, Ravikrishnan KP. Routine chest radiographs in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diagnostic value. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2493-6.
    • (1989) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.149 , pp. 2493-2496
    • Sherman, S.1    Skoney, J.A.2    Ravikrishnan, K.P.3
  • 27
    • 0024332914 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between pulmonary function and dyspnea in obstructive lung disease
    • Wolkove N, Dajczman E, Colacone A, Kreisman H. The relationship between pulmonary function and dyspnea in obstructive lung disease. Chest 1989;96:1247-51.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.96 , pp. 1247-1251
    • Wolkove, N.1    Dajczman, E.2    Colacone, A.3    Kreisman, H.4
  • 28
    • 0020619644 scopus 로고
    • The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Results from 20 years of prospective observation
    • Peto R, Speizer F, Cochrane A, et al. The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Results from 20 years of prospective observation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:491-500.
    • (1983) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.128 , pp. 491-500
    • Peto, R.1    Speizer, F.2    Cochrane, A.3
  • 29
    • 0025046543 scopus 로고
    • Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hodgkin JE. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 1990;11:555-69.
    • (1990) Clin. Chest Med. , vol.11 , pp. 555-569
    • Hodgkin, J.E.1
  • 30
    • 0030055662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbations in patients with COPD: Predictors of need for mechanical ventilation
    • Vitacca M, Clini E, Porta R, Foglio K, Ambrosino N. Acute exacerbations in patients with COPD: Predictors of need for mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 1996;9:1487-93.
    • (1996) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.9 , pp. 1487-1493
    • Vitacca, M.1    Clini, E.2    Porta, R.3    Foglio, K.4    Ambrosino, N.5
  • 31
    • 0034643610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The ISOLDE trial
    • Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, Spencer S, Anderson JA, Maslen TK. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The ISOLDE trial. Br Med J 2000;320:1297-303.
    • (2000) Br. Med. J. , vol.320 , pp. 1297-1303
    • Burge, P.S.1    Calverley, P.M.2    Jones, P.W.3    Spencer, S.4    Anderson, J.A.5    Maslen, T.K.6
  • 32
    • 0032515756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • International COPD Study Group
    • Paggiaro PL, Dahle R, Bakran I, Frith L, Hollingworth K, Efthimiou J. Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International COPD Study Group. Lancet 1998;351:773-80.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 773-780
    • Paggiaro, P.L.1    Dahle, R.2    Bakran, I.3    Frith, L.4    Hollingworth, K.5    Efthimiou, J.6
  • 33
    • 0034108213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 to clinical outcomes during exacerbations of chronic obstuctive pulmonary disease
    • The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group
    • 1 to clinical outcomes during exacerbations of chronic obstuctive pulmonary disease. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1201-5.
    • (2000) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.161 , pp. 1201-1205
    • Niewoehner, D.1    Collins, D.2    Erbland, M.3
  • 34
    • 0034968423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment and baseline severity of disease in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: A re-evaluation of previously published data of a placebo controlled randomized study
    • Allegra L, Blasi F, deBernardi B, Cosentini R, Tarsia F. Antibiotic treatment and baseline severity of disease in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: A re-evaluation of previously published data of a placebo controlled randomized study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2001;14:149-55.
    • (2001) Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.14 , pp. 149-155
    • Allegra, L.1    Blasi, F.2    de Bernardi, B.3    Cosentini, R.4    Tarsia, P.5
  • 35
    • 0027378747 scopus 로고
    • Do the medical history and physical examination predict low lung function?
    • Mannino DM, Etzel RA, Flanders WD. Do the medical history and physical examination predict low lung function? Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1892-7.
    • (1993) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.153 , pp. 1892-1897
    • Mannino, D.M.1    Etzel, R.A.2    Flanders, W.D.3
  • 36
    • 0027199131 scopus 로고
    • Physician perceptions and management of COPD
    • Kesten S, Chapman K. Physician perceptions and management of COPD. Chest 1993;104:254-8.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 254-258
    • Kesten, S.1    Chapman, K.2
  • 37
    • 0030028293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and treatment of chronic airways obstruction in adults over the age of 45
    • Renwick DS, Connolly MJ. Prevalence and treatment of chronic airways obstruction in adults over the age of 45. Thorax 1996;51:164-8.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 164-168
    • Renwick, D.S.1    Connolly, M.J.2
  • 38
    • 0028593594 scopus 로고
    • Beta-agonists in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Kuhl DA, Agiri OA, Mauro LS. Beta-agonists in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:1379-88.
    • (1994) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.28 , pp. 1379-1388
    • Kuhl, D.A.1    Agiri, O.A.2    Mauro, L.S.3
  • 39
    • 0030993498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of different albuterol dosing regimens in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Emerman CL, Cydulka RK. Effect of different albuterol dosing regimens in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:474-8.
    • (1997) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.29 , pp. 474-478
    • Emerman, C.L.1    Cydulka, R.K.2
  • 40
    • 0024375231 scopus 로고
    • Nebulised salbutamol with and without ipratropium bromide in acute airflow obstruction
    • O'Driscoll BR, Taylor RJ, Horsley MG, Chambers DK, Bernstein A. Nebulised salbutamol with and without ipratropium bromide in acute airflow obstruction. Lancet 1989;i:1418-20.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1418-1420
    • O'Driscoll, B.R.1    Taylor, R.J.2    Horsley, M.G.3    Chambers, D.K.4    Bernstein, A.5
  • 41
    • 0021813596 scopus 로고
    • Fenoterol and ipratropium bromide for treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis
    • Backman R, Helstrom P. Fenoterol and ipratropium bromide for treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis. Curr Ther Res 1985;38:135-40.
    • (1985) Curr. Ther. Res. , vol.38 , pp. 135-140
    • Backman, R.1    Helstrom, P.2
  • 42
    • 0025051495 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the effects of ipratropium bromide and metaproterenol sulfate in acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Karpel JP, Pesin J, Greenberg D, Gentry E. A comparison of the effects of ipratropium bromide and metaproterenol sulfate in acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 1990;98:835-9.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.98 , pp. 835-839
    • Karpel, J.P.1    Pesin, J.2    Greenberg, D.3    Gentry, E.4
  • 43
    • 0030740911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis
    • Turner M, Patel A, Ginsburg S, FitzGerald J. Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1736-44.
    • (1997) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.157 , pp. 1736-1744
    • Turner, M.1    Patel, A.2    Ginsburg, S.3    FitzGerald, J.4
  • 44
    • 0023263423 scopus 로고
    • Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A controlled trial
    • Rice KL, Leatherman JW, Duane PG, et al. Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:305-9.
    • (1987) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.107 , pp. 305-309
    • Rice, K.L.1    Leatherman, J.W.2    Duane, P.G.3
  • 45
    • 0021367702 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of acute bronchospastic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Seidenfeld JJ, Jones WN, Moss RE, Tremper J. Intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of acute bronchospastic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13:248-52.
    • (1984) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.13 , pp. 248-252
    • Seidenfeld, J.J.1    Jones, W.N.2    Moss, R.E.3    Tremper, J.4
  • 46
    • 0024336401 scopus 로고
    • Acute or chronic respiratory failure. Assessment and management of patients with COPD in the emergency setting
    • Schmidt GA, Hall JB. Acute or chronic respiratory failure. Assessment and management of patients with COPD in the emergency setting. JAMA 1989;261:3444-53.
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.261 , pp. 3444-3453
    • Schmidt, G.A.1    Hall, J.B.2
  • 47
    • 0018224178 scopus 로고
    • Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A reappraisal
    • Bone R, Pierce A, Johnson RJ. Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A reappraisal. Am J Med 1978;65:896-902.
    • (1978) Am. J. Med. , vol.65 , pp. 896-902
    • Bone, R.1    Pierce, A.2    Johnson, R.J.3
  • 48
    • 0022481446 scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure and chronic obstructive lung disease
    • Rosen RL. Acute respiratory failure and chronic obstructive lung disease. Med Clin North Am 1986;70:895-907.
    • (1986) Med. Clin. North Am. , vol.70 , pp. 895-907
    • Rosen, R.L.1
  • 49
    • 0023730501 scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory failure of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Derenne JP, Fleury B, Pariente R. Acute respiratory failure of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:1006-33.
    • (1988) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.138 , pp. 1006-1033
    • Derenne, J.P.1    Fleury, B.2    Pariente, R.3
  • 51
    • 0023035335 scopus 로고
    • Hypercapnia during oxygen therapy in airways obstruction: A reappraisal
    • Stradling JR. Hypercapnia during oxygen therapy in airways obstruction: A reappraisal. Thorax 1986;41:897-902.
    • (1986) Thorax , vol.41 , pp. 897-902
    • Stradling, J.R.1
  • 52
    • 0022624825 scopus 로고
    • Three-month follow-up of arterial blood gas determinations in candidates for long-term oxygen therapy. A multicentric study
    • Levi-Valensi P. Weitzenblum E, Pedinielli JL, Racineux JL, Duwoos H. Three-month follow-up of arterial blood gas determinations in candidates for long-term oxygen therapy. A multicentric study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:547-51.
    • (1986) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.133 , pp. 547-551
    • Levi-Valensi, P.1    Weitzenblum, E.2    Pedinielli, J.L.3    Racineux, J.L.4    Duwoos, H.5
  • 53
    • 0024505726 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for long term oxygen therapy (LTOT)
    • European Society of Pneumology Task Group
    • European Society of Pneumology Task Group. Recommendations for long term oxygen therapy (LTOT). Eur Respir J 1992;2:160-4.
    • (1992) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.2 , pp. 160-164
  • 54
    • 84944965008 scopus 로고
    • Selection of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for long-term oxygen therapy
    • Timms RM, Kvale PA, Anthonisen NR, et al. Selection of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for long-term oxygen therapy. JAMA 1981;245:2514-5.
    • (1981) JAMA , vol.245 , pp. 2514-2515
    • Timms, R.M.1    Kvale, P.A.2    Anthonisen, N.R.3
  • 55
    • 0000280305 scopus 로고
    • Clinical study on an antibiotic and mucolytic association (amoxicillin and domiodal) in gypersecretory chronic bronchopulmonary diseases
    • Finiguerra M, Conti F, Figura I, Legnani W, Morandini G. Clinical study on an antibiotic and mucolytic association (amoxicillin and domiodal) in gypersecretory chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. Curr Ther Res 1982;31:895-905.
    • (1982) Curr. Ther. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 895-905
    • Finiguerra, M.1    Conti, F.2    Figura, I.3    Legnani, W.4    Morandini, G.5
  • 56
    • 0014965457 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind clinical trial of bromhexine as a mucolytic drug in chronic bronchitis
    • Langlands JH. Double-blind clinical trial of bromhexine as a mucolytic drug in chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1970;i:448-50.
    • (1970) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 448-450
    • Langlands, J.H.1
  • 57
    • 0015776369 scopus 로고
    • A between-patient, double-blind comparison of S-carboxymethylcysteine and bromhexine in chronic obstructive bronchitis
    • Aylward M. A between-patient, double-blind comparison of S-carboxymethylcysteine and bromhexine in chronic obstructive bronchitis. Curr Med Res Opin 1973;1:219-27.
    • (1973) Curr. Med. Res. Opin. , vol.1 , pp. 219-227
    • Aylward, M.1
  • 58
    • 0002328615 scopus 로고
    • The value of lung physiotheraphy in the treatment of acute exacerbations in chronic bronchitis
    • Anthonisen P, Riis P. Sogaard-Anderson T. The value of lung physiotheraphy in the treatment of acute exacerbations in chronic bronchitis. Acta Med Scand 1964;175:715-9.
    • (1964) Acta Med. Scand. , vol.175 , pp. 715-719
    • Anthonisen, P.1    Riis, P.2    Sogaard-Anderson, T.3
  • 59
    • 0018120005 scopus 로고
    • Physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of chronic bronchitis
    • Newton DA, Bevans HG. Physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of chronic bronchitis. BMJ 1978;ii:1525-8.
    • (1978) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1525-1528
    • Newton, D.A.1    Bevans, H.G.2
  • 61
    • 0018972923 scopus 로고
    • Chest physical therapy. The immediate effect on oxygenation in acutely ill patients
    • Connors AF, Hammon WE, Martin RJ, Rogers RM. Chest physical therapy. The immediate effect on oxygenation in acutely ill patients. Chest 1980;78:559-64.
    • (1980) Chest , vol.78 , pp. 559-564
    • Connors, A.F.1    Hammon, W.E.2    Martin, R.J.3    Rogers, R.M.4
  • 62
    • 0034600516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: A multicentre randomised controlled trial
    • Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:1931-5.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1931-1935
    • Plant, P.K.1    Owen, J.L.2    Elliott, M.W.3
  • 63
    • 0030760992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: A meta-analysis
    • Keenan SP, Kernerman PD, Cook DJ, Martin CM, McCormack D, Sibbald WJ. Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: A meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1685-92.
    • (1997) Crit. Care Med. , vol.25 , pp. 1685-1692
    • Keenan, S.P.1    Kernerman, P.D.2    Cook, D.J.3    Martin, C.M.4    McCormack, D.5    Sibbald, W.J.6
  • 65
    • 0024552974 scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the emergency treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Emerman C, Connors A, Lukens T, May M, Effron D. A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the emergency treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 1989;95:563-7.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.95 , pp. 563-567
    • Emerman, C.1    Connors, A.2    Lukens, T.3    May, M.4    Effron, D.5
  • 67
    • 0033533144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A prospective randomised controlled trial
    • Davies L, Angus R, Calverley P. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:456-60.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 456-460
    • Davies, L.1    Angus, R.2    Calverley, P.3
  • 68
    • 0033600275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group
    • Niewoehner D, Erbland M, Deupree R, et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1941-7.
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.340 , pp. 1941-1947
    • Niewoehner, D.1    Erbland, M.2    Deupree, R.3
  • 69
    • 0024990589 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous and oral corticosteroids for the prevention of relapse after treatment for decompensated COPD: Effect on patients with a history of multiple relapses
    • Murata G, Gorby M, Chick T, Halperin A. Intravenous and oral corticosteroids for the prevention of relapse after treatment for decompensated COPD: Effect on patients with a history of multiple relapses. Chest 1990;98:845-9.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.98 , pp. 845-849
    • Murata, G.1    Gorby, M.2    Chick, T.3    Halperin, A.4
  • 70
    • 0035089716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic glucocorticoids in severe exacerbations of COPD
    • Sayiner A, Aytemur ZA, Cirit M, Unsal I. Systemic glucocorticoids in severe exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2001;119:726-30.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 726-730
    • Sayiner, A.1    Aytemur, Z.A.2    Cirit, M.3    Unsal, I.4
  • 72
    • 0035181225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptom resolution assessed using a patient directed diary card during treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Woolhouse C, Hill S, Stockley R. Symptom resolution assessed using a patient directed diary card during treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax 2001;56:947-53.
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 947-953
    • Woolhouse, C.1    Hill, S.2    Stockley, R.3
  • 73
    • 0036499526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial
    • Maltais F, Ostinelli J, Bourbeau J, Tonnel A, Jacquemet N, Haddon J. Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:698-703.
    • (2002) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.165 , pp. 698-703
    • Maltais, F.1    Ostinelli, J.2    Bourbeau, J.3    Tonnel, A.4    Jacquemet, N.5    Haddon, J.6
  • 74
    • 0000952206 scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic use of oxytetracycline for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Elmes P, Fletcher C, Dutton A. Prophylactic use of oxytetracycline for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1957;ii:1272-5.
    • (1957) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 1272-1275
    • Elmes, P.1    Fletcher, C.2    Dutton, A.3
  • 75
    • 0000373392 scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis treatment with oxytetracycline
    • Berry D, Fry J, Hindley C, et al. Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis treatment with oxytetracycline. Lancet 1960;i:137-9.
    • (1960) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 137-139
    • Berry, D.1    Fry, J.2    Hindley, C.3
  • 76
    • 0001244281 scopus 로고
    • Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • 5467
    • Elmes P, King T, Langlands J, et al. Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1965;5467:904-8.
    • (1965) Br. Med. J. , pp. 904-908
    • Elmes, P.1    King, T.2    Langlands, J.3
  • 77
    • 0014125482 scopus 로고
    • A controlled study of the effect of treatment on chronic bronchitis: An evaluation using pulmonary function tests
    • Peterson E, Esmann V, Honcke P, Munkner C. A controlled study of the effect of treatment on chronic bronchitis: An evaluation using pulmonary function tests. Acta Med Scand 1967;182:293-305.
    • (1967) Acta Med. Scand. , vol.182 , pp. 293-305
    • Peterson, E.1    Esmann, V.2    Honcke, P.3    Munkner, C.4
  • 78
    • 0015325381 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic regimens in moderately ill patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Pines A, Raafat H, Greenfield J, Linsell W, Solari M. Antibiotic regimens in moderately ill patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br J Dis Chest 1972;66:107-15.
    • (1972) Br. J. Dis. Chest , vol.66 , pp. 107-115
    • Pines, A.1    Raafat, H.2    Greenfield, J.3    Linsell, W.4    Solari, M.5
  • 79
    • 0019981027 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A controlled study using tetracycline
    • Nicotra MB, Rivera M, Awe RJ. Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A controlled study using tetracycline. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:18-21.
    • (1982) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.97 , pp. 18-21
    • Nicotra, M.B.1    Rivera, M.2    Awe, R.J.3
  • 80
    • 0001511667 scopus 로고
    • Puolo degli antibiotici nel trattamento delle riacutizza della bronchite cronica
    • Allegre L, Grasi E, Pozzi E. Puolo degli antibiotici nel trattamento delle riacutizza della bronchite cronica. Ital J Chest Dis 1991;45:138-48.
    • (1991) Ital. J. Chest Dis. , vol.45 , pp. 138-148
    • Allegre, L.1    Grasi, E.2    Pozzi, E.3
  • 81
    • 0035894617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: A randomized placebo-controlled trial
    • Nouira S, Marghli S, Belghith M, Besbes L, Elatrous S, Abroug F. Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001;358:2020-35.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 2020-2035
    • Nouira, S.1    Marghli, S.2    Belghith, M.3    Besbes, L.4    Elatrous, S.5    Abroug, F.6
  • 83
    • 0034047904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Stockley R, O'Brien C, Pye A, Hill S. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2000;117:1638-45.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1638-1645
    • Stockley, R.1    O'Brien, C.2    Pye, A.3    Hill, S.4
  • 84
    • 0028918620 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis
    • Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1995;273:957-60.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 957-960
    • Saint, S.1    Bent, S.2    Vittinghoff, E.3    Grady, D.4
  • 85
    • 0035882293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Weiss K, Restieri C, Gauthier R, et al. A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:517-22.
    • (2001) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.33 , pp. 517-522
    • Weiss, K.1    Restieri, C.2    Gauthier, R.3
  • 86
    • 0027464647 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community
    • Macfarlane JT, Colville A, Guion A, Macfarlane RM, Rose DH. Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community. Lancet 1993;341:511-4.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.341 , pp. 511-514
    • Macfarlane, J.T.1    Colville, A.2    Guion, A.3    Macfarlane, R.M.4    Rose, D.H.5
  • 87
    • 0029947193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity
    • Copenhagen City Heart Study Group
    • 1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1530-5.
    • (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.153 , pp. 1530-1535
    • Vestbo, J.1    Prescott, E.2    Lange, P.3
  • 88
  • 89
    • 0034018656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbations of COPD: Factors associated with poor treatment outcome
    • Dewan NA, Rafique S, Kanwar B, et al. Acute exacerbations of COPD: Factors associated with poor treatment outcome. Chest 2000;117:662-71.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 662-671
    • Dewan, N.A.1    Rafique, S.2    Kanwar, B.3
  • 90
    • 0034949016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • on behalf of the DAFNE study group
    • Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T, on behalf of the DAFNE study group. Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 2001;17:928-33.
    • (2001) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.17 , pp. 928-933
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Murio, C.2    Guerrero, T.3
  • 91
    • 0000809921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics are associated with lover relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Adams S, Melo J, Luther M, Anzueto A. Antibiotics are associated with lover relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2000;117:1345-52.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1345-1352
    • Adams, S.1    Melo, J.2    Luther, M.3    Anzueto, A.4
  • 92
    • 0031974453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 1-year community-based health economic study of ciprofloxacin vs usual antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • The Canadian Ciprofloxacin Health Economic Study Group
    • Grossman R, Mukherjee J, Vaughan D, et al. A 1-year community-based health economic study of ciprofloxacin vs usual antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Canadian Ciprofloxacin Health Economic Study Group. Chest 1998;113:131-41.
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 131-141
    • Grossman, R.1    Mukherjee, J.2    Vaughan, D.3
  • 93
    • 0032956553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive factors of hospitalization for acute exacerbation in a series of 64 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Kessler R, Faller M, Fourgaut G, Nennevier B, Weitsenblum E. Predictive factors of hospitalization for acute exacerbation in a series of 64 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Crit Care Med 1999;159:158-64.
    • (1999) Am. J. Crit. Care Med. , vol.159 , pp. 158-164
    • Kessler, R.1    Faller, M.2    Fourgaut, G.3    Nennevier, B.4    Weitsenblum, E.5
  • 95
    • 0033781008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with increased risk of exacerbation and hospital admission in a cohort of ambulatory COPD patients: A multiple logistic regression analysis
    • The EOLO Study Group
    • Miravitlles M, Guerrero T, Mayordomo C, Sanchez-Agudo L, Nicolau F, Segu JL. Factors associated with increased risk of exacerbation and hospital admission in a cohort of ambulatory COPD patients: A multiple logistic regression analysis. The EOLO Study Group. Respiration 2000;67:495-501.
    • (2000) Respiration , vol.67 , pp. 495-501
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Guerrero, T.2    Mayordomo, C.3    Sanchez-Agudo, L.4    Nicolau, F.5    Segu, J.L.6
  • 96
    • 0036242204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000
    • Low DE, de Azavedo J, Weiss K, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1295-301.
    • (2002) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.46 , pp. 1295-1301
    • Low, D.E.1    de Azavedo, J.2    Weiss, K.3
  • 97
    • 0029084854 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations
    • Ball P. Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations. Chest 1995;108(Suppl 2):43S-52S.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Ball, P.1
  • 98
    • 0031748499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function
    • Eller J, Ede A, Schaberg T, Niederman MS, Mauch H, Lode H. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function. Chest 1998;113:1542-8.
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 1542-1548
    • Eller, J.1    Ede, A.2    Schaberg, T.3    Niederman, M.S.4    Mauch, H.5    Lode, H.6
  • 99
    • 0032778277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD
    • Miravitlles M, Espinosa C, Fernandez-Laso E, Martos JA, Maldonado JA, Gallego M. Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD. Chest 1999;116:40-6.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 40-46
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Espinosa, C.2    Fernandez-Laso, E.3    Martos, J.A.4    Maldonado, J.A.5    Gallego, M.6
  • 100
    • 0031747166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Soler N, Torres A, Ewig S, et al. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1498-505.
    • (1998) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.157 , pp. 1498-1505
    • Soler, N.1    Torres, A.2    Ewig, S.3
  • 101
    • 0028942241 scopus 로고
    • Relation between beta-lactamase producing bacteria and patient characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Sportel JH, Koeter GH, van Altena R, Lowenberg A, Boersma WG. Relation between beta-lactamase producing bacteria and patient characteristics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax 1995;50:249-53.
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 249-253
    • Sportel, J.H.1    Koeter, G.H.2    van Altena, R.3    Lowenberg, A.4    Boersma, W.G.5
  • 103
    • 0036257392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD
    • Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T, Gisbert R. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD. Chest 2002;121:1449-55.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121 , pp. 1449-1455
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Murio, C.2    Guerrero, T.3    Gisbert, R.4
  • 104
    • 0034687862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncomplicated acute bronchitis
    • Gonzales R, Sande M. Uncomplicated acute bronchitis. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:981-91.
    • (2000) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.133 , pp. 981-991
    • Gonzales, R.1    Sande, M.2
  • 105
    • 0037065486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis in primary care: Blinded, randomised conrolled trial of patient information leaflet
    • Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Gard P, Thornhill D, Macfarlane R, Hubbard R. Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis in primary care: Blinded, randomised conrolled trial of patient information leaflet. BMJ 2002;324:91-4.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 91-94
    • Macfarlane, J.1    Holmes, W.2    Gard, P.3    Thornhill, D.4    Macfarlane, R.5    Hubbard, R.6
  • 106
    • 0032835722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7 day clarithromycin therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Wilson R, Kubin I, Deppermann K-M, et al. Five day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7 day clarithromycin therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:501-13.
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 501-513
    • Wilson, R.1    Kubin, I.2    Deppermann, K.-M.3
  • 107
    • 0032909077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Results of a randomized, double-blind study
    • Shah PM, Maesen FPV, Dolmann A, Vetter N, Fiss E, Wesch R. Levofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Results of a randomized, double-blind study. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43:529-39.
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.43 , pp. 529-539
    • Shah, P.M.1    Maesen, F.P.V.2    Dolmann, A.3    Vetter, N.4    Fiss, E.5    Wesch, R.6
  • 108
    • 0032869642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Langan C, Zuck F, Vogel F, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:515-23.
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 515-523
    • Langan, C.1    Zuck, F.2    Vogel, F.3
  • 109
    • 0026324132 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: State of the art
    • Chodosh S. Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: State of the art. Am J Med 1991;91(Suppl 6A):87S-92S.
    • (1991) Am. J. Med. , vol.91 , Issue.SUPPL. 6A
    • Chodosh, S.1
  • 110
    • 2442733205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin vs. clarithromycin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • The Bronchitis Study Group
    • Chodosh S, Schreurs A, Siami G, et al. Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin vs. clarithromycin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:730-8.
    • (1998) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.27 , pp. 730-738
    • Chodosh, S.1    Schreurs, A.2    Siami, G.3
  • 111
    • 0036255914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes
    • 068 Study Group
    • Wilson R, Schentag J, Ball P, Mandell L, 068 Study Group. A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes. Clin Ther 2002;24:639-52.
    • (2002) Clin. Ther. , vol.24 , pp. 639-652
    • Wilson, R.1    Schentag, J.2    Ball, P.3    Mandell, L.4
  • 112
    • 0038220660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical and outcomes assessment of the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB)
    • The Mosaic Study. Twelfth European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, September 14 to 18
    • Wilson R, Jones P, Schaberg T, et al. A clinical and outcomes assessment of the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB): The Mosaic Study. Twelfth European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, September 14 to 18, 2002.
    • (2002)
    • Wilson, R.1    Jones, P.2    Schaberg, T.3
  • 113
    • 0035282390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A case-control study
    • Ho P, Tse W, Tsang K, Ng T, Cheng V, Chan R. Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:701-7.
    • (2001) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.32 , pp. 701-707
    • Ho, P.1    Tse, W.2    Tsang, K.3    Ng, T.4    Cheng, V.5    Chan, R.6
  • 115
    • 0027251469 scopus 로고
    • Smoking and lung function in elderly men and women. The Cardiovascular Health Study
    • Higgins M, Enright P, Kronmal R, Schenker M, Anton-Culver H, Lyles M. Smoking and lung function in elderly men and women. The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 1993;269:2741-8.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 2741-2748
    • Higgins, M.1    Enright, P.2    Kronmal, R.3    Schenker, M.4    Anton-Culver, H.5    Lyles, M.6
  • 116
    • 0024419976 scopus 로고
    • Prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The Dutch experience
    • Postma D, Sluiter H. Prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The Dutch experience. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:S100-5.
    • (1989) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.140
    • Postma, D.1    Sluiter, H.2
  • 117
    • 0035422691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1, decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from the Lung Health Study
    • for the Lung Health Study Research Group
    • 1, decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from the Lung Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:358-64.
    • (2001) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.164 , pp. 358-364
    • Kanner, R.E.1    Anthonisen, N.R.2    Connett, J.E.3
  • 118
    • 0028048820 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community
    • Nichol K, Margolis K, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg T. The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1994;331:778-84.
    • (1994) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.331 , pp. 778-784
    • Nichol, K.1    Margolis, K.2    Wuorenma, J.3    Von Sternberg, T.4
  • 119
    • 0033515097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalizations and mortality among elderly patients with chronic lung disease
    • Nichol K, Baken L, Nelson A. Relation between influenza vaccination and outpatient visits, hospitalizations and mortality among elderly patients with chronic lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:397-403.
    • (1999) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.130 , pp. 397-403
    • Nichol, K.1    Baken, L.2    Nelson, A.3
  • 120
    • 0027375327 scopus 로고
    • Pneomococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: An evaluation of current recommendations
    • Butler J, Breiman R, Campbell J, Lipman H, Broome C, Facklam R. Pneomococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: An evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA 1993;270:1826-31.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 1826-1831
    • Butler, J.1    Breiman, R.2    Campbell, J.3    Lipman, H.4    Broome, C.5    Facklam, R.6
  • 121
    • 0003184137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of pneumococcal disease
    • Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:1-24.
    • (1997) MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. , vol.46 , pp. 1-24
  • 122
    • 0345188819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking
    • European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    • Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1948-53.
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.340 , pp. 1948-1953
    • Pauwels, R.A.1    Lofdahl, C.G.2    Laitinen, L.A.3
  • 123
    • 0033614639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial
    • Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, Brix A, Torre P. Viskum K. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:1819-23.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1819-1823
    • Vestbo, J.1    Sorensen, T.2    Lange, P.3    Brix, A.4    Torre, P.5    Viskum, K.6
  • 124
    • 0034727828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • The Lung Health Study Research Group
    • The Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1902-9.
    • (2000) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.343 , pp. 1902-1909
  • 125
    • 0030953914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy for COPD. A critical review
    • McEvoy CE, Niewoehner DE. Adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy for COPD. A critical review. Chest 1997;111:732-43.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , pp. 732-743
    • McEvoy, C.E.1    Niewoehner, D.E.2
  • 126
    • 0031947795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between corticosteroid use and vertebral fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • McEvoy CE, Ensrud KE, Bender E, et al. Association between corticosteroid use and vertebral fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:704-9.
    • (1998) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.157 , pp. 704-709
    • McEvoy, C.E.1    Ensrud, K.E.2    Bender, E.3
  • 127
    • 0034955633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose dependent increased mortality risk in COPD patients treated with oral glucocorticoids
    • Schols A, Wesseling G, Kester A, et al. Dose dependent increased mortality risk in COPD patients treated with oral glucocorticoids. Eur Respir J 2001;17:337-42.
    • (2001) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.17 , pp. 337-342
    • Schols, A.1    Wesseling, G.2    Kester, A.3
  • 128
    • 0033909932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of chronic systemic corticosteroids in patients with COPD: A randomized trial
    • Rice KL, Rubins JB, Lebahn F, et al. Withdrawal of chronic systemic corticosteroids in patients with COPD: A randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:174-8.
    • (2000) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.162 , pp. 174-178
    • Rice, K.L.1    Rubins, J.B.2    Lebahn, F.3
  • 129
    • 0032909636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD
    • Mahler DA, Donohue JF, Barbee RA, et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD. Chest 1999;115:957-65.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 957-965
    • Mahler, D.A.1    Donohue, J.F.2    Barbee, R.A.3
  • 130
    • 18244368740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium
    • Vincken W, van Noord J, Greefhorst A, et al. Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J 2002;19:209-16.
    • (2002) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.19 , pp. 209-216
    • Vincken, W.1    van Noord, J.2    Greefhorst, A.3
  • 131
    • 0036181956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term evaulation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Casaburi R, Mahler D, Jones P, Wanner A, San Pedro G, Zu Wallack R. A long-term evaulation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002;19:217-24.
    • (2002) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.19 , pp. 217-224
    • Casaburi, R.1    Mahler, D.2    Jones, P.3    Wanner, A.4    San Pedro, G.5    Zu Wallack, R.6
  • 132
    • 0023972129 scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic treatment of chronic bronchitis
    • Ruben F. Prophylactic treatment of chronic bronchitis. Semin Respir Infect 1988;3:72-80.
    • (1988) Semin. Respir. Infect. , vol.3 , pp. 72-80
    • Ruben, F.1
  • 133
    • 0023218939 scopus 로고
    • Trimethoprim prophylaxis of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Liippo K, Pelliniemi T-T, Lehto H. Trimethoprim prophylaxis of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Med Scand 1987;21:455-9.
    • (1987) Acta Med. Scand. , vol.21 , pp. 455-459
    • Liippo, K.1    Pelliniemi, T.-T.2    Lehto, H.3
  • 134
    • 0002088197 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations on the management of chronic bronchitis: A practical guide for Canadian physicians
    • Balter MS, Hyland RH, Low D, et al. Recommendations on the management of chronic bronchitis: A practical guide for Canadian physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1994;151(Suppl 10):S7-23.
    • (1994) Can. Med. Assoc. J. , vol.151 , Issue.SUPPL. 10
    • Balter, M.S.1    Hyland, R.H.2    Low, D.3
  • 135
    • 0018825423 scopus 로고
    • Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency
    • Albert R, Martin T, Lewis S, Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:753-8.
    • (1980) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.92 , pp. 753-758
    • Albert, R.1    Martin, T.2    Lewis, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.