Conducting polymers for electrochemical DNA sensing

Biomaterials

Volumn 30, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2132-2148

  Peng, Hui ^a   Zhang, Lijuan ^a   Soeller, Christian ^a   Travas Sejdic, Jadranka ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b MACDIARMID INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Conducting polymers; Electrochemical DNA sensor; Electropolymerization

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CURRENT TRENDS; DEVELOPED APPLICATIONS; DNA DETECTIONS; DNA IMMOBILIZATIONS; DNA SENSING; DNA SENSORS; DRUG DISCOVERIES; ELECTROCHEMICAL DNA SENSOR; GENETIC MUTATIONS; HIGH SENSITIVITIES; HUMAN HEALTHS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; MEMORY DEVICES; POLYMERIC MATERIALS;

ANIMAL CELL CULTURE; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS; DATA STORAGE EQUIPMENT; DNA; ELECTROCATALYSIS; ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION; FOOD TECHNOLOGY; GENES; MATERIALS PROPERTIES; NUCLEIC ACIDS; ORGANIC ACIDS; ORGANIC CONDUCTORS; POLYMERS; SENSORS;

CONDUCTING POLYMERS;

CONDUCTING POLYMER; POLYANILINE; POLYMER; POLYPYRROLE; POLYTHIOPHENE; THIOPHENE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMPEROMETRY; BIOSENSOR; CONDUCTANCE; CONDUCTOMETRY; CYCLIC POTENTIOMETRY; DNA DETERMINATION; DNA PROBE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; IMPEDANCE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NUCLEIC ACID IMMOBILIZATION; PHOTOCURRENT SPECTROSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECTROSCOPY;

BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; DNA; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; MODELS, THEORETICAL; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; POLYMERS;

EID: 59849086769     PISSN: 01429612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.065     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Maxam A.M., and Gilbert W. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74 2 (1977) 560-564
2. Sanger F., Nicklen S., and Coulson A.R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74 12 (1977) 5463-5467
3. Wallace R.B., Shaffer J., Murphy R.F., Bonner J., Hirose T., and Itakura K. Hybridization of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides to phi chi 174 DNA: the effect of single base pair mismatch. Nucleic Acids Res 6 11 (1979) 3543-3557
4. Wallace R.B., Johnson M.J., Hirose T., Miyake T., Kawashima E.H., and Itakura K. The use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes. II. Hybridization of oligonucleotides of mixed sequence to rabbit beta-globin DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 9 4 (1981) 879-894
5. Pease A.C., Solas D., Sullivan E.J., Cronin M.T., Holmes C.P., and Fodor S.P. Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 11 (1994) 5022-5026
6. Fodor S.P., Rava R.P., Huang X.C., Pease A.C., Holmes C.P., and Adams C.L. Multiplexed biochemical assays with biological chips. Nature 364 6437 (1993) 555-556
7. Fodor S.P., Read J.L., Pirrung M.C., Stryer L., Lu A.T., and Solas D. Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis. Science 251 4995 (1991) 767-773
8. Peter C., Meusel M., Grawe F., Katerkamp A., Cammann K., and Boerchers T. Optical DNA-sensor chip for real-time detection of hybridization events. Fresenius' J Anal Chem 371 2 (2001) 120-127
9. Liu J., Tian S., Tiefenauer L., Nielsen P.E., and Knoll W. Simultaneously amplified electrochemical and surface plasmon optical detection of DNA hybridization based on ferrocene-streptavidin conjugates. Anal Chem 77 9 (2005) 2756-2761
10. Peng H., Zhang L., Kjaellman T.H.M., Soeller C., and Travas-Sejdic J. DNA hybridization detection with blue luminescent quantum dots and dye-labeled single-stranded DNA. J Am Chem Soc 129 11 (2007) 3048-3049
11. Peng H., Soeller C., and Travas-Sejdic J. A novel cationic conjugated polymer for homogeneous fluorescence-based DNA detection. Chem Commun 35 (2006) 3735-3737
12. Okahata Y., and Niikura K. DNA sensor with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 66 1 (1998) 7-13
13. Wang J. Electrochemical DNA biosensors. Electroanalytical methods for biological materials (2002) p. 27-41
14. Alfonta L., Singh A.K., and Willner I. Liposomes labeled with biotin and horseradish peroxidase: a probe for the enhanced amplification of antigen-antibody or oligonucleotide-DNA sensing processes by the precipitation of an insoluble product on electrodes. Anal Chem 73 1 (2001) 91-102
15. Katz E., Weizmann Y., and Willner I. Magnetoswitchable reactions of DNA monolayers on electrodes: gating the processes by hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 127 25 (2005) 9191-9200
16. Katz E., and Willner I. Probing biomolecular interactions at conductive and semiconductive surfaces by impedance spectroscopy: routes to impedimetric immunosensors, DNA-sensors, and enzyme biosensors. Electroanalysis 15 11 (2003) 913-947
17. Wang J. Towards genoelectronics: electrochemical biosensing of DNA hybridization. Chem Eur J 5 6 (1999) 1681-1685
18. Peng H., Soeller C., Vigar N., Kilmartin Paul A., Cannell Mark B., Bowmaker Graham A., et al. Label-free electrochemical DNA sensor based on functionalised conducting copolymer. Biosens Bioelectron 20 9 (2005) 1821-1828
19. Karadeniz H., Gulmez B., Sahinci F., Erdem A., Kaya G.I., Unver N., et al. Disposable electrochemical biosensor for the detection of the interaction between DNA and lycorine based on guanine and adenine signals. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 33 2 (2003) 295-302
20. Kerman K., Morita Y., Takamura Y., and Tamiya E. Label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization on gold electrode. Electrochem Commun 5 10 (2003) 887-891
21. Singhal P., and Kuhr W.G. Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of underivatized oligonucleotides and DNA. Anal Chem 69 (1997) 4828-4832
22. Wang J., Rivas G., Fernandes J.R., Lopez Paz J.L., Jiang M., and Waymire R. Indicator-free electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 375 3 (1998) 197-203
23. Millan K.M., and Mikkelsen S.R. Sequence-selective biosensor for DNA based on electroactive hybridization indicators. Anal Chem 65 17 (1993) 2317-2323
24. Hashimoto K., Ito K., and Ishimori Y. Novel DNA sensor for electrochemical gene detection. Anal Chim Acta 286 2 (1994) 219-224
25. Cai H., Wang Y., He P., and Fang Y. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on silver-enhanced gold nanoparticle label. Anal Chim Acta 469 2 (2002) 165-172
26. Wang J. Nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA detection. Anal Chim Acta 500 1-2 (2003) 247-257
27. Wang J., Liu G., Polsky R., and Merkoci A. Electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization based on cadmium sulfide nanoparticle tags. Electrochem Commun 4 9 (2002) 722-726
28. Garnier F., Korri-Youssoufi H., Srivastava P., Mandrand B., and Delair T. Toward intelligent polymers: DNA sensors based on oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrroles. Synth Met 100 1 (1999) 89-94
29. x. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 16 (1977) 578-580
30. Heeger A.J. Nobel lecture: semiconducting and metallic polymers: the fourth generation of polymeric materials. Rev Mod Phys 73 3 (2001) 681-700
31. Ho P.K.H., Kim J.-S., Burroughes J.H., Becker H., Sam F.Y.L., Brown T.M., et al. Molecular-scale interface engineering for polymer light-emitting diodes. Nature 404 6777 (2000) 481-484
32. Sankaran B., and Reynolds J.R. High-contrast electrochromic polymers from alkyl-derivatized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophenes). Macromolecules 30 9 (1997) 2582-2588
33. Khan M.A., and Armes S.P. Conducting polymer-coated latex particles. Adv Mater 12 9 (2000) 671-674
34. Wallace G.G., Too C.O., Officer D.L., and Dastoor P.C. Photoelectrochemical cells based on inherently conducting polymers. MRS Bull 30 1 (2005) 46-49
35. Shacklette L.W., Toth J.E., Murthy N.S., and Baughman R.H. Polyacetylene and polyphenylene as anode materials for nonaqueous secondary batteries. J Electrochem Soc 132 7 (1985) 1529-1535
36. Tallman D.E., Spinks G., Dominis A., and Wallace G.G. Electroactive conducting polymers for corrosion control part 1. General introduction and a review of nonferrous metals. J Solid State Electrochem 6 2 (2002) 73-84
37. Dai L., Soundarrajan P., and Kim T. Sensors and sensor arrays based on conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes. Pure Appl Chem 74 9 (2002) 1753-1772
38. Geetha S., Rao C.R.K., Vijayan M., and Trivedi D.C. Biosensing and drug delivery by polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta 568 1-2 (2006) 119-125
39. Xu H., Wang C., Wang C., Zoval J., and Madou M. Polymer actuator valves toward controlled drug delivery application. Biosens Bioelectron 21 11 (2006) 2094-2099
40. Abidian M.R., Kim D.-H., and Martin D.C. Conducting-polymer nanotubes for controlled drug release. Adv Mater 18 4 (2006) 405-409
41. Chandrasekhar P. Conducting polymers, fundamentals and applications: a practical approach (1999), Kluwer Academic, Boston
42. McCullough R.D. The chemistry of conducting polythiophenes. Adv Mater 10 2 (1998) 93-116
43. Heinze J. Electrochemistry of conducting polymers. Synth Met 43 1-2 (1991) 2805-2823
44. Wallace G.G., Spinks G.M., and Kane-Maguire L.A.P. Conductive electroactive polymers: intelligent materials systems. 2nd ed. (2002)
45. Wallace G.G., Smyth M., and Zhao H. Conducting electroactive polymer-based biosensors. Trend Anal Chem 18 4 (1999) 245-251
46. Sabouraud G., Sadki S., and Brodie N. The mechanisms of pyrrole electropolymerization. Chem Soc Rev 29 5 (2000) 283-293
47. McQuade D.T., Pullen A.E., and Swager T.M. Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. Chem Rev 100 7 (2000) 2537-2574
48. Bai H., and Shi G. Gas sensors based on conducting polymers. Sensors 7 3 (2007) 267-307
49. Cosnier S. Biosensors based on electropolymerized films: new trends. Anal Bioanal Chem 377 3 (2003 Oct) 507-520
50. Umana M., and Waller J. Protein-modified electrodes. The glucose oxidase/polypyrrole system. Anal Chem 58 14 (1986) 2979-2983
51. Wang J., Jiang M., Fortes A., and Mukherjee B. New label-free DNA recognition based on doping nucleic-acid probes within conducting polymer films. Anal Chim Acta 402 1-2 (1999) 7-12
52. Wang J., and Jiang M. Toward genoelectronics: nucleic acid doped conducting polymers. Langmuir 16 5 (2000) 2269-2274
53. Minett A.I., Barisci J.N., and Wallace G.G. Immobilisation of anti-Listeria in a polypyrrole film. React Funct Polym 53 2-3 (2002) 217-227
54. Livache T., Roget A., Dejean E., Barthet C., Bidan G., and Teoule R. Preparation of a DNA matrix via an electrochemically directed copolymerization of pyrrole and oligonucleotides bearing a pyrrole group. Nucleic Acids Res 22 15 (1994) 2915-2921
55. Lassalle N., Roget A., Livache T., Mailley P., and Vieil E. Electropolymerisable pyrrole-oligonucleotide: synthesis and analysis of ODN hybridization by fluorescence and QCM. Talanta 55 5 (2001) 993-1004
56. Livache T., Fouque B., Roget A., Marchand J., Bidan G., Teoule R., et al. Polypyrrole DNA chip on a silicon device: example of hepatitis C virus genotyping. Anal Biochem 255 2 (1998) 188-194
57. Godillot P., Korri-Youssoufi H., Srivastava P., El Kassmi A., and Garnier F. Direct chemical functionalization of as-grown electroactive polypyrrole film containing leaving groups. Synth Met 83 2 (1996) 117-123
58. Thompson L.A., Kowalik J., Josowicz M., and Janata J. Label-free DNA hybridization probe based on a conducting polymer. J Am Chem Soc 125 2 (2003) 324-325
59. Pilard J.-F., Cougnon C., Rault-Berthelot J., Berthelot A., Hubert C., and Tran K. Elaboration of a novel conducting polymer substituted by a N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide group capable of S-N cathodic cleavage in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. J Electroanal Chem 568 1-2 (2004) 195-201
60. Dubey S., Fabre B., Marchand G., Pilard J.F., and Simonet J. Voltammetric investigation of new polythiophene derivatives possessing electrochemically cleavable arylsulfonamide groups as precursors for solid phase electrosynthesis. J Electroanal Chem 477 2 (1999) 121-129
61. Gautier C., Cougnon C., Pilard J.-F., and Casse N. Label-free detection of DNA hybridization based on EIS investigation of conducting properties of functionalized polythiophene matrix. J Electroanal Chem 587 2 (2006) 276-283
62. Gautier C., Cougnon C., Pilard J.-F., Casse N., and Chenais B. A poly(cyclopentadithiophene) matrix suitable for electrochemically controlled DNA delivery. Anal Chem 79 20 (2007) 7920-7923
63. Cosnier S., and Lepellec A. Poly(pyrrole-biotin): a new polymer for biomolecule grafting on electrode surfaces. Electrochim Acta 44 11 (1999) 1833-1836
64. Dupont-Filliard A., Roget A., Livache T., and Billon M. Reversible oligonucleotide immobilization based on biotinylated polypyrrole film. Anal Chim Acta 449 1-2 (2001) 45-50
65. Bidan G., Billon M., Calvo-Munoz M.L., and Dupont-Fillard A. Bio-assemblies onto conducting polymer support: implementation of DNA-chips. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 418 (2004) 255-270
66. Wang J. Portable electrochemical systems. Trends Anal Chem 21 4 (2002) 226-232
67. Shen Z., Burrows P.E., Bulovic V., Forrest S.R., and Thompson M.E. Three-color, tunable, organic light-emitting devices. Science 276 5321 (1997) 2009-2011
68. Lidzey D.G., Bradley D.C., Alvarado S.F., and Seidler P.F. Electroluminescence in polymer films. Nature 386 6621 (1997) 135
69. Wang J., Jiang M., and Mukherjee B. Flow detection of nucleic acids at a conducting polymer-modified electrode. Anal Chem 71 18 (1999) 4095-4099
70. Korri-Youssoufi H., Garnier F., Srivastava P., Godillot P., and Yassar A. Toward bioelectronics: specific DNA recognition based on an oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 119 31 (1997) 7388-7389
71. Korri-Youssoufi H., and Yassar A. Electrochemical probing of DNA based on oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrrole. Biomacromolecules 2 1 (2001) 58-64
72. Emge A., and Bauerle P. Molecular recognition properties of nucleobase-functionalized polythiophenes. Synth Met 102 1-3 (1999) 1370-1373
73. Baeuerle P., and Emge A. Specific recognition of nucleobase-functionalized polythiophenes. Adv Mater 10 4 (1998) 324-330
74. Krishnamoorthy K., Gokhale R.S., Contractor A.Q., and Kumar A. Novel label-free DNA sensors based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Chem Commun 7 (2004) 820-821
75. Ramanathan K., Bangar M.A., Yun M., Chen W., Myung N.V., and Mulchandani A. Bioaffinity sensing using biologically functionalized conducting-polymer nanowire. J Am Chem Soc 127 2 (2005) 496-497
76. Tlili C., Korri-Youssoufi H., Ponsonnet L., Martelet C., and Jaffrezic-Renault N.J. Electrochemical impedance probing of DNA hybridization on oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrrole. Talanta 68 1 (2005) 131-137
77. Peng H., Soeller C., Cannell M.B., Bowmaker G.A., Cooney R.P., and Travas-Sejdic J. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization amplified by nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 21 9 (2006) 1727-1736
78. Lee T.-Y., and Shim Y.-B. Direct DNA hybridization detection based on the oligonucleotide-functionalized conductive polymer. Anal Chem 73 22 (2001) 5629-5632
79. Peng H., Zhang L., Spires J., Soeller C., and Travas-Sejdic J. Synthesis of a functionalized polythiophene as an active substrate for a label-free electrochemical genosensor. Polymer 48 12 (2007) 3413-3419
80. Peng H., Zhang L., Spires J., Soeller C., and Travas-Sejdic J. The application of conducting polymers functionalized with conjugated side chain to DNA sensor. Proc IEEE sens (2007)
81. Gautier C., Cougnon C., Pilard J.-F., Casse N., Chenais B., and Laulier M. Detection and modelling of DNA hybridization by EIS measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 22 9-10 (2007) 2025-2031
82. Gautier C., Esnault C., Cougnon C., Pilard J.-F., Casse N., and Chenais B. Hybridization-induced interfacial changes detected by non-Faradaic impedimetric measurements compared to Faradaic approach. J Electroanal Chem 610 2 (2007) 227-233
83. Leitner K., Schultze J.W., and Stimming U. Photoelectrochemical investigations of passive films on titanium electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 133 8 (1986) 1561-1568
84. Di Quarto F., Piazza S., Santamaria M., and Sunseri C. Photocurrent spectroscopy of thin passive films. Handb Thin Film Mater 2 (2002) 373-414
85. Li Q., Luo G., Feng J., Cai D., and Ouyang Q. Photoelectrochemistry as a novel strategy for DNA hybridization detection. Analyst 125 11 (2000) 1908-1910
86. 2/dopamine-DNA triads. Chem Phys 339 1-3 (2007) 154-163
87. Liu S., Li C., Cheng J., and Zhou Y. Selective photoelectrochemical detection of DNA with high-affinity metallointercalator and tin oxide nanoparticle electrode. Anal Chem 78 13 (2006) 4722-4726
88. Liang M., Jia S., Zhu S., and Guo L.-H. Photoelectrochemical sensor for the rapid detection of in situ DNA damage induced by enzyme-catalyzed Fenton reaction. Environ Sci Technol 42 2 (2008) 635-639
89. Liang M., and Guo L.-H. Photoelectrochemical DNA sensor for the rapid detection of DNA damage induced by styrene oxide and the Fenton reaction. Environ Sci Technol 41 2 (2007) 658-664
90. Lassalle N., Mailley P., Vieil E., Livache T., Roget A., Correia J.P., et al. Electronically conductive polymer grafted with oligonucleotides as electrosensors of DNA Preliminary study of real time monitoring by in situ techniques. J Electroanal Chem 509 1 (2001) 48-57
91. Lassalle N., Vieil E., Correia J.P., and Abrantes L.M. Study of DNA hybridization by photocurrent spectroscopy. Synth Met 119 1-3 (2001) 407-408
92. Lassalle N., Vieil E., Correia J.P., and Abrantes L.M. Study of DNA hybridization on polypyrrole grafted with oligonucleotides by photocurrent spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 16 4-5 (2001) 295-303
93. Ramanavicius A., Ramanaviciene A., and Malinauskas A. Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer-polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta 51 27 (2006) 6025-6037
94. Rodriguez M.I., and Alocilja E.C. Embedded DNA-pyrrole biosensor for rapid detection of Escherichia coli. IEEE Sens J 5 4 (2005) 733-736
95. Ramanaviciene A., and Ramanavicius A. Pulsed amperometric detection of DNA with an ssDNA/polypyrrole-modified electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 379 2 (2004) 287-293
96. Komarova E., Aldissi M., and Bogomolova A. Direct electrochemical sensor for fast reagent-free DNA detection. Biosens Bioelectron 21 1 (2005) 182-189
97. CdS R., Yamanaka H., Josowicz M., Kowalik J., Mizaikoff B., and Kranz C. Label-free DNA detection based on modified conducting polypyrrole films at microelectrodes. Anal Chem 78 4 (2006) 1139-1145
98. dos Santos Riccardi C., Kranz C., Kowalik J., Yamanaka H., Mizaikoff B., and Josowicz M. Label-free DNA detection of hepatitis C virus based on modified conducting polypyrrole films at microelectrodes and atomic force microscopy tip-integrated electrodes. Anal Chem 80 1 (2008) 237-245
99. Ionescu R.E., Herrmann S., Cosnier S., and Marks R.S. A polypyrrole cDNA electrode for the amperometric detection of the West Nile Virus. Electrochem Commun 8 11 (2006) 1741-1748
100. Korri-Youssoufi H., and Makrouf B. Electrochemical biosensing of DNA hybridization by ferrocenyl groups functionalized polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta 469 1 (2002) 85-92
101. Bouchet A., Chaix C., Marquette C.A., Blum L.J., and Mandrand B. Cylinder-shaped conducting polypyrrole for labelless electrochemical multidetection of DNA. Biosens Bioelectron 23 5 (2007) 735-740
102. Peng H., Soeller C., Vigar N.A., Caprio V., and Travas-Sejdic J. Label-free detection of DNA hybridization based on a novel functionalized conducting polymer. Biosens Bioelectron 22 9-10 (2007) 1868-1873
103. Peng H., Soeller C., and Travas-Sejdic J. Novel conducting polymers for DNA sensing. Macromolecules 40 4 (2007) 909-914
104. Jang J. Conducting polymer nanomaterials and their applications. Adv Polym Sci 199 (2006) 189-259
105. Cai H., Xu Y., He P.-G., and Fang Y.-Z. Indicator free DNA hybridization detection by impedance measurement based on the DNA-doped conducting polymer film formed on the carbon nanotube modified electrode. Electroanalysis 15 23-24 (2003) 1864-1870
106. Xu Y., Jiang Y., Cai H., He P.-G., and Fang Y.-Z. Electrochemical impedance detection of DNA hybridization based on the formation of M-DNA on polypyrrole/carbon nanotube modified electrode. Anal Chim Acta 516 1-2 (2004) 19-27
107. Fu Y., Yuan R., Chai Y., Zhou L., and Zhang Y. Coupling of a reagentless electrochemical DNA biosensor with conducting polymer film and nanocomposite as matrices for the detection of the HIV DNA sequences. Anal Lett 39 3 (2006) 467-482
108. Gu H., Su X., and Loh K.P. Conductive polymer-modified boron-doped diamond for DNA hybridization analysis. Chem Phys Lett 388 4-6 (2004) 483-487
109. Gu H., Su X.D., and Loh K.P. Electrochemical impedance sensing of DNA hybridization on conducting polymer film-modified diamond. J Phys Chem B 109 28 (2005) 13611-13618
110. Davis F., Nabok A.V., and Higson S.P.J. Species differentiation by DNA-modified carbon electrodes using an ac impedimetric approach. Biosens Bioelectron 20 8 (2005) 1531-1538
111. Arora K., Prabhakar N., Chand S., and Malhotra B.D. Ultrasensitive DNA hybridization biosensor based on polyaniline. Biosens Bioelectron 23 5 (2007) 613-620
112. Arora K., Prabhakar N., Chand S., and Malhotra B.D. Escherichia coli genosensor based on polyaniline. Anal Chem 79 16 (2007) 6152-6158
113. Wu J., Zou Y., Li X., Liu H., Shen G., and Yu R. A biosensor monitoring DNA hybridization based on polyaniline intercalated graphite oxide nanocomposite. Sens Actuators B Chem B104 1 (2005) 43-49
114. Tian S., Liu J., Zhu T., and Knoll W. Polyaniline/gold nanoparticle multilayer films: assembly, properties, and biological applications. Chem Mater 16 21 (2004) 4103-4108
115. Ma Y., Zhang J., Zhang G., and He H. Polyaniline nanowires on silicon surfaces fabricated with DNA templates. J Am Chem Soc 126 22 (2004) 7097-7101
116. Liang L., Liu J., Windisch Jr. C.F., Exarhos G.J., and Lin Y. Direct assembly of large arrays of oriented conducting polymer nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed 41 19 (2002) 3665-3668
117. Zhu N., Chang Z., He P., and Fang Y. Electrochemically fabricated polyaniline nanowire-modified electrode for voltammetric detection of DNA hybridization. Electrochim Acta 51 18 (2006) 3758-3762
118. Zhang L., Peng H., Kilmartin P.A., Soeller C., and Travas-Sejdic J. Polymeric acid doped polyaniline nanotubes for oligonucleotide sensors. Electroanalysis 19 7-8 (2007) 870-875
119. Feng Y., Yang T., Zhang W., Jiang C., and Jiao K. Enhanced sensitivity for deoxyribonucleic acid electrochemical impedance sensor: gold nanoparticle/polyaniline nanotube membranes. Anal Chim Acta 616 2 (2008) 144-151
120. Chang H., Yuan Y., Shi N., and Guan Y. Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on conducting polyaniline nanotube array. Anal Chem 79 13 (2007) 5111-5115
121. Gao Z., Rafea S., and Lim L.H. Detection of nucleic acids using enzyme-catalyzed template-guided deposition of polyaniline. Adv Mater 19 4 (2007) 602-606
122. Collis G.E., Burrell A.K., Scott S.M., and Officer D.L. Toward functionalized conducting polymers: synthesis and characterization of novel b-(styryl)terthiophenes. J Org Chem 68 23 (2003) 8974-8983
123. Guernion N.J.L., and Hayes W. The 3- and 3,4-substituted pyrroles and thiophenes and their corresponding polymers - a review. Curr Org Chem 8 7 (2004) 637-651
124. Najari A., Ho H.A., and Leclerc M. Biosensors based on a cationic polythiophene: detection of DNA and proteins. Polym Prepr 48 2 (2007) 3-4
125. Najari A., Ho H.A., Gravel J.-F., Nobert P., Boudreau D., and Leclerc M. Reagentless Ultrasensitive specific DNA array detection based on responsive polymeric biochips. Anal Chem 78 22 (2006) 7896-7899
126. Ho H.-A., Bera-Aberem M., and Leclerc M. Optical sensors based on hybrid DNA/conjugated polymer complexes. Chem Eur J 11 6 (2005) 1718-1724
127. Ho H.A., Dore K., Boissinot M., Bergeron M.G., Tanguay R.M., Boudreau D., et al. Direct molecular detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence signal amplification. J Am Chem Soc 127 36 (2005) 12673-12676
128. Leclerc M., and Ho H.-A. Affinitychromic polythiophenes: a novel bio-photonic tool for high-throughput screening and diagnostics. Synlett 2 (2004) 380-387
129. Ho H.-A., Boissinot M., Bergeron M.G., Corbeil G., Dore K., Boudreau D., et al. Colorimetric and fluorometric detection of nucleic acids using cationic polythiophene derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed 41 9 (2002) 1548-1551
130. Karlsson K.F., Aasberg P., Nilsson K.P.R., and Inganaes O. Interactions between a Zwitterionic polythiophene derivative and oligonucleotides as resolved by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Chem Mater 17 16 (2005) 4204-4211
131. Li G., Kossmehl G., Welzel H.-P., Engelmann G., Hunnius W.-D., Plieth W., et al. Reactive groups on polymer-coated electrodes. Part 7. New electrogenerated electroactive polythiophenes with different protected carboxyl groups. Macromol Chem Phys 199 4 (1998) 525-533
132. Shiddiky M.J.A., Rahman M.A., and Shim Y.-B. Hydrazine-catalyzed ultrasensitive detection of DNA and proteins. Anal Chem 79 17 (2007) 6886-6890
133. Cha J., Han J.I., Choi Y., Yoon D.S., Oh K.W., and Lim G. DNA hybridization electrochemical sensor using conducting polymer. Biosens Bioelectron 18 10 (2003) 1241-1247
134. Le Floch F., Ho H.-A., Harding-Lepage P., Bedard M., Neagu-Plesu R., and Leclerc M. Ferrocene-functionalized cationic polythiophene for the label-free electrochemical detection of DNA. Adv Mater 17 10 (2005) 1251-1254
135. Fang B., Jiao S., Li M., Qu Y., and Jiang X. Label-free electrochemical detection of DNA using ferrocene-containing cationic polythiophene and PNA probes on nanogold modified electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 23 7 (2008) 1175-1179
136. Zhang L., Sun H., Li D., Song S., Fan C., and Wang S. A conjugated polymer-based electrochemical DNA sensor: design and application of a multi-functional and water-soluble conjugated polymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 29 17 (2008) 1489-1494
137. Panda B.R., and Chattopadhyay A. A water-soluble polythiophene-Au nanoparticle composite for pH sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 316 2 (2007) 962-967
138. Jang J., Chang M., and Yoon H. Chemical sensors based on highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanorods. Adv Mater 17 13 (2005) 1616-1620
139. Garnier F., Bouabdallaoui B., Srivastava P., Mandrand B., and Chaix C. Conjugated polymer-based DNA chip with real time access and femtomol detection threshold. Sens Actuators B Chem B123 1 (2007) 13-20
140. Cheng G., Zhao J., Tu Y., He P., and Fang Y. A sensitive DNA electrochemical biosensor based on magnetite with a glassy carbon electrode modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta 533 1 (2005) 11-16
141. Qi H., Li X., Chen P., and Zhang C. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on polypyrrole/ss-DNA/multi-wall carbon nanotubes paste electrode. Talanta 72 3 (2007) 1030-1035
142. Xu Y., Ye X., Yang L., He P., and Fang Y. Impedance DNA biosensor using electropolymerized polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Electroanalysis 18 15 (2006) 1471-1478
143. Livache T., Maillart E., Lassalle N., Mailley P., Corso B., Guedon P., et al. Polypyrrole based DNA hybridization assays: study of label free detection processes versus fluorescence on microchips. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 32 4-5 (2003) 687-696
144. 2+-doped silica nanoparticle DNA probe for the electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection of DNA hybridization. Electrochim Acta 52 2 (2006) 575-580