Sources and epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis, with special emphasis on mastitis in dairy cattle

CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources

Volumn 2, Issue , 2007, Pages

  Zadoks, Ruth N ^a  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

Dairy cattle; Disease transmission; Environment; Mastitis; Molecular epidemiology; Pathogenesis; Streptococcus uberis

Indexed keywords

EID: 59749089841     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17498848     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20072030     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Bradley AJ, Leach KA, Breen JE, Green LE, Green MJ. Survey of the incidence and aetiology of mastitis on dairy farms in England and Wales. The Veterinary Record 2007;160(8):253-7.
2. McDougall S. Efficacy of two antibiotic treatments in curing clinical and subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 1998;46:226-32.
3. Miltenburg JD, De Lange D, Crauwels AP, Bongers JH, Tielen MJ, Schukken YH, et al. Incidence of clinical mastitis in a random sample of dairy herds in the southern Netherlands. The Veterinary Record 1996;139:204-7.
4. Malinowski E, Lassa H, Kllossowska A, Smulski S, Markiewicz H, Kaczmarowski M. Etiological agents of dairy cows' mastitis in western part of Poland. Polish Journal of Veterinary Science 2006;9:191-4.
5. Vaarst M, Enevoldsen C. Patterns of clinical mastitis manifestations in Danish organic dairy herds. The Journal of Dairy Research 1997;64:23-37.
6. Østerås O, Solverød L, Reksen O. Milk culture results in a large Norwegian survey - effects of season, parity, days in milk, resistance, and clustering. Journal of Dairy Science 2006;89:1010-23.
7. Jonsson P, Olsson SO, Olofson AS, Falth C, Holmberg O, Funke H. Bacteriological investigations of clinical mastitis in heifers in Sweden. The Journal of Dairy Research 1991;58:179-85.
8. Oliver SP, Gillespie BE, Jayarao BM. Detection of new and persistent Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae intramammary infections by polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1998;160:69-73.
9. Zadoks RN, Gillespie BE, Barkema HW, Sampimon OC, Oliver SP, Schukken YH. Clinical, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of Streptococcus uberis infections in dairy herds. Epidemiology and Infection 2003;130:335-49.
10. Leigh JA. Streptococcus uberis: a permanent barrier to the control of bovine mastitis? Veterinary Journal 1999;157:225-38.
11. Wieliczko RJ, Williamson JH, Cursons RT, Lacy-Hulbert SJ, Woolford MW. Molecular typing of Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 2002;85:2149-54.
12. Douglas VL, Fenwick SG, Pfeiffer DU, Williamson NB, Holmes CW. Genomic typing of Streptococcus uberis isolates from cases of mastitis, in New Zealand dairy cows, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Veterinary Microbiology 2000;75:27-41.
13. McDougall S, Parkinson TJ, Leyland M, Anniss FM, Fenwick SG. Duration of infection and strain variation in Streptococcus uberis isolated from cows' milk. Journal of Dairy Science 2004;87:2062-72.
14. Cullor JS. Streptococcus uberis ecology in housed cows. NMC 45th Annual Meeting Proceedings; January 22-25 2006; Tampa, FL. NMC, Verona, WI; 2006. p. 145-6.
15. Phuektes P, Mansell PD, Dyson RS, Hooper ND, Dick JS, Browning GF. Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis isolates from dairy cows with mastitis. Journal Clinical of Microbiology 2001;39:1460-6.
16. Gillespie BE, Jayarao BM, Pankey JW, Oliver SP. Subtyping of Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis isolated from bovine mammary secretions by DNA fingerprinting. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B 1998;45:585-93.
17. Pullinger GD, López-Benavides M, Coffey TJ, Williamson JH, Cursons RT, Summers E, et al. Application of Streptococcus uberis multilocus sequence typing: analysis of the population structure detected among environmental and bovine isolates from New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006;72:1429-36.
18. Fox LK, Hancock DD, Horner SD. Selective intramammary antibiotic therapy during the nonlactating period in goats. Small Ruminant Research 1992;9:313-8.
19. Kirk J, Huffman EM, Anderson BC. Mastitis and udder abnormalities as related to neonatal lamb mortality in shed-lambed range ewes. Journal of Animal Science 1980;50:610-6.
20. Clavijo AM, Melendez B, Clavijo ML, Godoy A, Santander J. Effect of the exploitation system on the appearance of mastitis in goat in two farm in Falcon state, their aetiologic agents and antimicrobial resistance. Zootecnia Tropical 2002;20:383-95.
21. Bergonier D, Lagriffoul G, Barillet F, Rupp R, Valognes A, Brugidou R, et al. Aetiological, clinical and epidemiological characterization of clinical mastitis in dairy sheep. In: Hogeveen H, editor. Proceedings of the 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference; June 12-15 2005; Maastricht, The Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2005. p. 497-503.
22. Hariharan H, Donachie W, Macaldowie C, Keefe G. Bacteriology and somatic cell counts in milk samples from ewes on a Scottish farm. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2004;68:188-92.
23. Elecko J, Jackova A, Vasil M. The effect of the technology of milking sheep and standard of husbandry on the incidence of mastitis. Informacny-Spacodajca 2002;11/12:3-7.
24. Njari B, Majic B, Catinelli M, Jakovac M. Influence of goat udder health on milk hygienic quality. Veterinarski-Arhiv 1993;63:191-8.
25. Goda ASA, Abou-el-Naga TR, Abdu TA. Incidence and biogram of isolates from mastitic small ruminants in Haliab, Shalateen and Abu-Ramad. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza 2005;53:107-25.
26. Sheashe TH, Afifi EA, Nada SM. Some studies on clinical and subclinical mastitis cases in dairy she-goats in relation to causative pathogenic isolates and their sensitivity pattern. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 1997;36:244-54.
27. Gulcu HB, Ongor H. Bacteriological examination of the udder samples collected from sheep and goats slaughtered at a local abattoir in Elazg. Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 2002;18:67-9.
28. Dewani P, Rind R, Bhutto B. Bacteriological studies on mastitis in ewes and goats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2002;1:98-100.
29. Gadir AEA, Hildebrandt G, Kleer J, Molla B, Kyule M, Baumann M. Prevalence and risk factors of camel (Camelus dromedarius) mastitis based on bacteriological examinations in selected regions of Ethiopia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 2005;12:33-6.
30. Quandil SS, Oudar J. Bacteriological study of some cases of mastitis in the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. (Preliminary report.) Revue de Médicine Vétérinaire 1984;135:705-7.
31. Anshusharma MPK, Bhardwaj RM. Bacteriology of clinical mastitis in buffaloes. Buffalo Bulletin 1992;11:32-5.
32. Awan AH, Bary MA. A study of the surface microflora of the udder of buffaloes with emphasis on identification, antibiotics sensitivity and effect of selective disinfectants. Agriculture Pakistan 1972;23:155-6.
33. Prabhakar SK, Singh KB, Joshi DV. Incidence and etiology of clinical mastitis in buffaloes. Buffalo Bulletin 1995;14:63-7.
34. Kothe RV, Sherikar AA, Mukherjee SR. Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with mastitis in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 1993;14:47-9.
35. Bryan CS. Mastitis in beef cattle. Quarterly Bulletin of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station 1946;29:1-3.
36. Cancela SD, Costa EO. Study on the occurrence of clinical and subclinical mastitits on beef cattle. Napgama 2001;4:14-19.
37. Wilson MA, Cunningham A. Investigations on bovine mastitis. 3. The incidence of infection in suckled cows. Technical Bulletin of the Edinborough College of Agriculture 1947;3:16.
38. Vaissaire J, Dugardin F, Lemonnier JP, Dugardin D, Laroche M, Ledoujet C, et al. Bacteriology of mare milk. Quoi de neuf en Matière d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Cheval? 1992. p. 52-7.
39. Bozkhova A, Gulubinov GV, Korudzhiiski N, Dzhurova I, Angelov A, Tsankova S, et al. Clinical, cytological and microbiological studies on the mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome in sows. Veterinarnomeditsinski Nauki 1983;20:57-63.
40. Korudzhiiski N, Bozkhova G, Gulubinov GV, Dzhurova I, Georgiev S. Drug resistance of bacteria associated with the mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome of sows. Veterinarnomeditsinski Nauki 1987;24:15-19.
41. Summer GR. Thoughts on mastitis in sows. The Veterinary Record 1957;69:131.
42. Grandemange E, Gunst S, Woehrle F, Boisrame B. Field evaluation of the efficacy of Marbocyl 2% in the treatment of infectious arthritis in calves. Irish Veterinary Journal 2002;55:237-40.
43. Vaissaire J, Feillou C, Martel JL, Menec Ml, Plateau E, Sendral R, et al. Septicaemia and localized conditions caused by Streptococcus uberis in various animal species. Bulletin de la Societé Vétérinaire Pratique de France 1985;69:209-14.
44. McDougall S. Gross abnormalities, bacteriology and histological lesions of uteri of dairy cows failing to conceive or maintain pregnancy. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2005 Aug;53:253-6.
45. Sheldon IM, Noakes DE, Rycroft AN, Pfeiffer DU, Dobson H. Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle. Reproduction Cambridge 2002;123:837-45.
46. Jesus VLT, Andrade VLB, Alves PAM. Results of laboratory isolation of microflora from the uterus of cows from Rio de Janeiro State between 1981 and 1986. Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal 2001;25:242-4.
47. Weisser W. Contribution to the classification of greening streptococci from the female bovine genital tract. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B 1981;28:59-68.
48. Savov N, Bucharova Y. Relationship between genital tract and udder infections in cows. Veterinarnomeditsinski Nauki 1977;14:43-6.
49. Regassa F, Noakes DE. Acute phase protein response of ewes and the release of PGFM in relation to uterine involution and the presence of intrauterine bacteria. The Veterinary Record 1999;144:502-6.
50. Willems CMT, Jaartsveld FHJ, Van Maanen PHAM. Str. uberis infection of seminal vesicles in a bull. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 1962;87:426-7.
51. Bocklisch H, Kunter E, Ludwig E, Weidehaas H. Bacteriological studies of cervix swabs and uterine wash samples from horses with particular reference to beta-haemolytic streptococci. Monatshefte für Veterinarmedizin 1988;43:609-12.
52. Vaissaire J, Plateau E, Colobbert-Laugier C, Laroche M, Mirial G. Role of bacterial infections in infertility and abortion in the mare: three-year retrospective study. Quoi de neuf en Matière d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Cheval? 1986. p. 151-61.
53. Berner H. Uterine streptococcal infections in sows. Tierärtzliche Umschau 1986;41:812-22.
54. Weisser W. Streptococci isolated during bacteriological meat inspection from the organs of emergency-slaughtered pigs. Archiv für Lebensmittelhygiene 1980;31:134-8.
55. Tuchili LM, Bwalya M. Isolation of Streptococcus uberis from a mongrel with pyometra. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 1993;41:99-100.
56. Hordagoda NU, Alwis MCLd, Wettimuny SGdS, Anthony CSVB, Vipubasiri AA. Bacteriological studies on normal and pneumonic lungs of goats in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 1981;29:12-13.
57. Cruz Colque JI, Devriese LA, Haesebrouck F. Streptococci and enterococci associated with tonsils of cattle. Letters in Applied Microbiology 1993;16:72-4.
58. Daleel EE, Frost AJ. Some observations on the bacterial flora of the bovine tonsil. The British Veterinary Journal 1967;123:236.
59. Ossiprandi MC, Cattabiani F, Bottarelli E. Streptococcal flora of the oral cavity of dogs. Igiene Moderna 2001;115:353-63.
60. Razavi-Rohani M, Bramley AJ. A study of the frequency and distribution of Streptococcus uberis contamination on the body of lactating and non-lactating cow. Indian Veterinary Journal 1981;58:804-11.
61. Cullen GA, Little TW. Isolation of Streptococcus uberis from the rumen of cows and from soil. The Veterinary Record 1969;85:115-8.
62. Laukova A. Identification of ruminal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of sheep. Journal of Applied Animal Research 1994;5:63-71.
63. Laukova A, Koniarova I. Survey of urease activity in ruminal bacteria isolated from domestic and wild ruminants. Microbios 1996;84:7-11.
64. Bramley AJ. Sources of Streptococcus uberis in the dairy herd. I. Isolation from bovine faeces and from straw bedding of cattle. Journal of Dairy Research 1982;49:369-73.
65. Kruze J, Bramley AJ. Sources of Streptococcus uberis in the dairy herd. II. Evidence of colonization of the bovine intestine by Str. uberis. Journal of Dairy Research 1982;49:375-9.
66. Zadoks RN, Tikofsky LL, Boor KJ. Ribotyping of Streptococcus uberis from a dairy's environment, bovine feces and milk. Veterinary Microbiology 2005;109:257-65.
67. Cullen GA. The ecology of Streptococcus uberis. British Veterinary Journal 1966;122:333-9.
68. Sharma RM, Packer RA. Occurrence and ecologic features of Streptococcus uberis in the dairy cow. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1970;31:1197-202.
69. Facklam R. What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes. Clinical Microbiology Review 2002;15:613-30.
70. Täpp J, Thollesson M, Herrmann B. Phylogenetic relationships and genotyping of the genus Streptococcus by sequence determination of the RNase P RNA gene, rnpB. International Journal of Systematic Evolutionary Microbiology 2003;53:1861-71.
71. Bridge PD, Sneath PHA. Numerical taxonomy of Streptococcus. Journal of General Microbiology 1983;129:565-97.
72. Chen CC, Teng LJ, Kaiung S, Chang TC. Identification of clinically relevant viridans streptococci by an oligonucleotide array. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005;43:1515-21.
73. Dzink JL, Gibbons RJ, Childs III WC, Socransky SS. The predominant cultivable microbiota of crevicular epithelial cells. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 1989;4:1-5.
74. Haffajee AD, Dzink JL, Socransky SS. Effect of modified Widman flap surgery and systemic tetracycline on the subgingival microbiota of periodontal lesions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1988;15:255-62.
75. Hillman JD, Socransky SS, Shivers M. The relationships between streptococcal species and periodontopathic bacteria in human dental plaque. Archives of Oral Biology 1985;30:791-5.
76. Bouskraoui M, Benbachir M, Abid A. [Streptococcus uberis endocarditis in an infant with atrioventricular defect]. Archives de Pediatrie 1999;6:481.
77. Chai N. Vegetative endocarditis in a scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 1999;30:587-8.
78. Batis SJ, Senk L, Brglez I. Streptococcal endocarditis in pigs. Veterinarski Arhiv 1966;36:345.
79. Sanchez J, Moreno JJ, Roldan A, Ildefonso JA, Florensa J. [Hepatic abscess caused by Streptococcus uberis]. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica 1991;9:189-90.
80. Yomtovian RA, Palavecino EL, Dysktra AH, Downes KA, Morrissey AM, Bajaksouzian S, et al. Evolution of surveillance methods for detection of bacterial contamination of platelets in a university hospital, 1991 through 2004. Transfusion 2006;46:719-30.
81. Sarkar TK, Murarka RS, Gilardi GL. Primary Streptococcus viridans pneumonia. Chest 1989;96:831-4.
82. Rabe LK, Winterscheid KK, Hillier SL. Association of viridans group streptococci from pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis and upper genital tract infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1988;26:1156-60.
83. Jayarao BM, Oliver SP, Matthews KR, King SH. Comparative evaluation of Vitek Gram-positive identification system and API Rapid Strep system for identification of Streptococcus species of bovine origin. Veterinary Microbiology 1991;26:301-8.
84. López-Benavides M, Williamson JH, Cursons R, Lacy-Hulbert J, Woolford MW. Streptococcus uberis population dynamics in the New Zealand pastoral dairy farm. In: Hogeveen H, editor. Proceedings of the 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference; June 12-15 2005; Maastricht, The Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2005. p. 649-55.
85. Ward WR, Hughes JW, Faull WB, Cripps PJ, Sutherland JP, Sutherst JE. Observational study of temperature, moisture, pH and bacteria in straw bedding, and faecal consistency, cleanliness and mastitis in cows in four dairy herds. The Veterinary Record 2002;151:199-206.
86. Hogan JS, Smith KL, Hoblet KH, Todhunter DA, Schoenberger PS, Hueston WD, et al. Bacterial counts in bedding materials used on nine commercial dairies. Journal of Dairy Science 1989;72:250-8.
87. Whitaker DA, Kelly JM, Smith S. Disposal and disease rates in 340 British dairy herds. The Veterinary Record 2000;146:363-7.
88. Zehner MM, Farnsworth RJ, Appleman RD, Larntz K, Springer JA. Growth of environmental mastitis pathogens in various bedding materials. Journal of Dairy Science 1986;69:1932-41.
89. Bramley AJ, Hillerton JE, Higgs TM, Hogben EM. The carriage of summer mastitis pathogens by muscid flies. British Veterinary Journal 1985;141:618-27.
90. Chirico J, Jonsson P, Kjellberg S, Thomas G. Summer mastitis experimentally induced by Hydrotaea irritans exposed to bacteria. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1997;11:187-92.
91. Owens WE, Oliver SP, Gillespie BE, Ray CH, Nickerson SC. Role of horn flies (Haematobia irritans) in Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in dairy heifers. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1998;59:1122-4.
92. Yeruham I, Braverman Y, Schwimmer A. Wasps are the cause of an increasing mastitis problem in dairy cattle in Israel. The Veterinary Quarterly 1998;20:111-4.
93. King JS. Streptococcus uberis: a review of its role as a causative organism of bovine mastitis. II. Control of infection. British Veterinary Journal 1981;137:160-5.
94. Bramley AJ. Streptococcus uberis udder infection - a major barrier to reducing mastitis incidence. British Veterinary Journal 1984;140:328-35.
95. Roberson JR, Fox LK, Hancock DD, Gay JM, Besser TE. Ecology of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various sites on dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 1994;77:3354-64.
96. Francis PG, Wilesmith JW, Wilson CD. Observations on the incidence of clinical bovine mastitis in non-lactating cows in England and Wales. The Veterinary Record 1986;118:549-52.
97. Robinson TC, Jackson ER, Marr A. Within herd comparison of teat dipping and dry cow therapy with only selective dry cow therapy in six herds. The Veterinary Record 1983;112:315-9.
98. Smith KL, Hogan JS. Environmental mastitis. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 1993;9:489-98.
99. Todhunter DA, Smith KL, Hogan JS. Environmental streptococcal intramammary infections of the bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 1995;78:2366-74.
100. Zadoks RN, Allore HG, Barkema HW, Sampimon OC, Gröhn YT, Schukken YH. Analysis of an outbreak of Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 2001;84:590-9.
101. Oliver SP, Gillespie BE, Ivey SJ, Lewis MJ, Johnson DL, Lamar KC, et al. Influence of prepartum pirlimycin hydrochloride or penicillin-novobiocin therapy on mastitis in heifers during early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 2004;87:1727-31.
102. Pankey JW, Pankey PB, Barker RM, Williamson JH, Woolford MW. The prevalence of mastitis in primiparous heifers in eleven Waikato dairy herds. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 1996;44:41-4.
103. Parker KI, Compton C, Anniss FM, Weir A, Heuer C, McDougall S. Subclinical and clinical mastitis in heifers following the use of a teat sealant precalving. Journal of Dairy Science 2007;90:207-18.
104. Berry EA, Hillerton JE. The effect of an intramammary teat seal on new intramammary infections. Journal of Dairy Science 2002;85:2512-20.
105. Huxley JN, Greent MJ, Green LE, Bradley AJ. Evaluation of the efficacy of an internal teat sealer during the dry period. Journal of Dairy Science 2002;85:551-61.
106. Woolford MW, Williamson JH, Day AM, Copeman PJ. The prophylactic effect of a teat sealer on bovine mastitis during the dry period and the following lactation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 1998;46:12-19.
107. Zadoks RN, Schukken YH. Use of molecular epidemiology in veterinary practice. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 2006;22:229-61.
108. Loch IM, Glenn K, Zadoks RN. Macrolide and lincosamide resistance genes of environmental streptococci from bovine milk. Veterinary Microbiology 2005;111:133-8.
109. Gillespie BE, Oliver SP. Comparison of an Automated Ribotyping System, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Fingerprinting for differentiation of Streptococcus uberis. Biotechnology 2004;3:165-72.
110. Wang SM, Deighton MA, Capstick JA, Gerraty N. Epidemiological typing of bovine streptococci by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Epidemiology and Infection 1999;123:317-24.
111. Zadoks RN, Schukken YH, Wiedmann M. Multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus uberis provides sensitive and epidemiologically relevant subtype information and reveals positive selection in the virulence gene pauA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005;43:2407-17.
112. Baseggio N, Mansell PD, Browning JW, Browning GF. Strain differentiation of isolates of streptococci from bovine mastitis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Molecular Cellular and Probes 1997;11:349-54.
113. Coffey TJ, Pullinger GD, Urwin R, Jolley KA, Wilson SM, Maiden MC, et al. First insights into the evolution of Streptococcus uberis: a multilocus sequence typing scheme that enables investigation of its population biology. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006;72:1420-8.
114. Brookbanks EO. A report on surveys of the incidence of mastitis infection in New Zealand dairy herds. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 1966;14:62-70.
115. Mein GA, Reinemann DJ. Making the most of machine-on time: what happens when the cups are on? NMC 46th Annual Meeting Proceedings; January 21-24 2007; San Antonio, TX. NMC, Verona, WI; 2007. p. 18-30.
116. Grindal RJ, Hillerton JE. Influence of milk flow rate on new intramammary infection in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 1991;58:263-8.
117. Jamrozik J, Schaeffer LR, Weigel KA. Estimates of genetic parameters for single- and multiple-country test-day models. Journal of Dairy Science 2002;85:3131-41.
118. Neave FK, Dodd FH, Kingwill RG, Westgarth DR. Control of mastitis in the dairy herd by hygiene and management. Journal of Dairy Science 1969;52:696-707.
119. Da Silva N. Bovine mastitis in the herd of the Agriculture School of Florestal, U.F.V.-MG-Brazil; I - Control by idodine teat dip and treatment with trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole. Arquivos da Escola de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 1979;31:508-9.
120. Oliver SP, King SH, Torre PM, Shull EP, Dowlen HH, Lewis MJ, et al. Prevention of bovine mastitis by a postmilking teat disinfectant containing chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide in a soluble polymer gel. Journal of Dairy Science 1989;72(11):3091-7.
121. Oliver SP, King SH, Lewis MJ, Torre PM, Matthews KR, Dowlen HH. Efficacy of chlorhexidine as a postmilking teat disinfectant for the prevention of bovine mastitis during lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 1990;73:2230-5.
122. Oliver SP, Lewis MJ, Gillespie BE, Ivey SJ, Coleman LH, Almeida RA, et al. Evaluation of a postmilking teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination for the prevention of mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Food Protection 1999;62:1354-7.
123. Nickerson SC, Watts JL, Boddie RL, Pankey JW. Evaluation of .5% and 1% iodophor teat dips on commercial dairies. Journal of Dairy Science 1986;69:1693-8.
124. Eberhart RJ, LeVan PL, Griel Jr LC, Kesler EM. Germicidal teat dip in a herd with low prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 1983;66:1390-5.
125. Oliver SP, Lewis MJ, Ingle TL, Gillespie BE, Matthews KR. Prevention of bovine mastitis by a premilking teat disinfectant containing chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide. Journal of Dairy Science 1993;76:287-92.
126. VanWorth C, Rossitto PV, Wood S, Glenn K, Moser C, Kirk J, et al. PFGE analysis of Streptococcus uberis recovered from two San Joaquin Valley Dairy Herds with elevated levels of environmental streptococcus in California. NMC 44th Annual Meeting Proceedings; January 16-19 2005; Orlando, FL. NMC, Verona, WI; 2007. p. 295-6.
127. Cattell MB. An outbreak of Streptococcus uberis as a consequence of adopting a protocol of no antibiotic therapy for Clinical Mastitis. National Mastitis Council Inc. 35th Annual Meeting Proceedings; February 18-21 1996; Nashville, TN. National Mastitis Council, Inc., Madison, WI; 1996. p. 123-30.
128. Oliver SP, Almeida RA, Calvinho LF. Virulence factors of Streptococcus uberis isolated from cows with mastitis. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B 1998;45:461-71.
129. Hill AW. Pathogenicity of two strains of Streptococcus uberis infused into lactating and non-lactating bovine mammary glands. Research in Veterinary Science 1988;45:400-4.
130. Leigh JA, Field TR, Williams MR. Two strains of Streptococcus uberis, of differing ability to cause clinical mastitis, differ in their ability to resist some host defence factors. Research in Veterinary Science 1990;49:85-7.
131. Ward PN, Field TR, Ditcham WG, Maguin E, Leigh JA. Identification and disruption of two discrete loci encoding hyaluronic acid capsule biosynthesis genes hasA, hasB, and hasC in Streptococcus uberis. Infection and Immunities 2001;69:392-9.
132. Field TR, Ward PN, Pedersen LH, Leigh JA. The hyaluronic acid capsule of Streptococcus uberis is not required for the development of infection and clinical mastitis. Infection and Immunities 2003;71:132-9.
133. Ward PN, Field TR, Rapier CD, Leigh JA. The activation of bovine plasminogen by PauA is not required for virulence of Streptococcus uberis. Infection and Immunities 2003;71:7193-6.
134. Pullinger GD, Coffey TJ, Maiden MC, Leigh JA. Multilocus-sequence typing analysis reveals similar populations of Streptococcus uberis are responsible for bovine intramammary infections of short and long duration. Veterinary Microbiology 2007;119:194-204.
135. Taylor DL, Ward PN, Rapier CD, Leigh JA, Bowler LD. Identification of a differentially expressed oligopeptide binding protein (OppA2) in Streptococcus uberis by representational difference analysis of cDNA. Journal of Bacteriology 2003;185:5210-9.
136. Kliem KE, Hillerton JE. Possible labile inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus uberis in milk from cows free from mastitis. Journal of Dairy Research 2002;69:375-82.
137. Rambeaud M, Almeida RA, Oliver SP. Growth of Streptococcus uberis in skim milk obtained from Holstein and Jersey dairy cows during different stages of lactation. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 2004;51:143-5.
138. Smith AJ, Kitt AJ, Ward PN, Leigh JA. Isolation and characterization of a mutant strain of Streptococcus uberis, which fails to utilize a plasmin derived beta-casein peptide for the acquisition of methionine. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002;93:631-9.
139. Smith AJ, Ward PN, Field TR, Jones CL, Lincoln RA, Leigh JA. MtuA, a lipoprotein receptor antigen from Streptococcus uberis, is responsible for acquisition of manganese during growth in milk and is essential for infection of the lactating bovine mammary gland. Infection and Immunities 2003;71:4842-9.
140. Kornalijnslijper JE, Daemen AJ, van WT, Niewold TA, Rutten VP, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN. Bacterial growth during the early phase of infection determines the severity of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in dairy cows. Veterinary Microbiology 2004;101:177-86.
141. Almeida RA, Luther DA, Kumar SJ, Calvinho LF, Bronze MS, Oliver SP. Adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells and to extracellular matrix proteins. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B 1996;43:385-92.
142. Almeida RA, Fang W, Oliver SP. Adherence and internalization of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells are mediated by host cell proteoglycans. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1999;177:313-7.
143. Lammers A, van Vorstenbosch CJ, Erkens JH, Smith HE. The major bovine mastitis pathogens have different cell tropisms in cultures of bovine mammary gland cells. Veterinary Microbiology 2001;80:255-65.
144. Fang W, Almeida RA, Oliver SP. Effects of lactoferrin and milk on adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2000;61:275-9.
145. Fang W, Oliver SP. Identification of lactoferrin-binding proteins in bovine mastitis-causing Streptococcus uberis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1999;176:91-6.
146. Almeida RA, Luther DA, Park HM, Oliver SP. Identification, isolation, and partial characterization of a novel Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM). Veterinary Microbiology 2006;115:183-91.
147. Almeida RA, Luther DA, Oliver SP. Incubation of Streptococcus uberis with extracellular matrix proteins enhances adherence to and internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1999;178:81-5.
148. Tamilselvam B, Almeida RA, Dunlap JR, Oliver SP. Streptococcus uberis internalizes and persists in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Microbial Pathogenesis 2006;40:279-85.
149. Thomas LH, Haider W, Hill AW, Cook RS. Pathologic findings of experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis infection in the mammary gland of cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1994;55:1723-8.
150. Milne MH, Biggs AM, Barrett DC, Young FJ, Doherty S, Innocent GT, et al. Treatment of persistent intramammary infections with Streptococcus uberis in dairy cows. The Veterinary Record 2005;157:245-50.
151. St Rose SG, Swinkels JM, Kremer WD, Kruitwagen CL, Zadoks RN. Effect of penethamate hydriodide treatment on bacteriological cure, somatic cell count and milk production of cows and quarters with chronic subclinical Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection. Journal of Dairy Research 2003;70:387-94.
152. Erskine RJ, Walker RD, Bolin CA, Bartlett PC, White DG. Trends in antibacterial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens during a seven-year period. Journal of Dairy Science 2002;85:1111-8.
153. Guérin-Faublée V, Tardy F, Bouveron C, Carret G. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus species isolated from clinical mastitis in dairy cows. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2002;19:219-26.
154. Gillespie BE, Moorehead HD, Lunn P, Dowlen HH, Johnson DL, Lamar K, et al. Efficacy of extended pirlimycin hydrochloride therapy for treatment of environmental Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in lactating dairy cows. Veterinary Therapeutics 2002;3:373-80.
155. Deluyker HA, Van Oye SN, Boucher JF. Factors affecting cure and somatic cell count after pirlimycin treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2005;88:604-14.
156. Swinkels JM, Rooijendijk JG, Zadoks RN, Hogeveen H. Use of partial budgeting to determine the economic benefits of antibiotic treatment of chronic subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Journal of Dairy Research 2005;72:75-85.
157. Barkema HW, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Invited Review: The role of cow, pathogen, and treatment regimen in the therapeutic success of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 2006;89:1877-95.
158. Hillerton JE, Kliem KE. Effective treatment of Streptococcus uberis clinical mastitis to minimize the use of antibiotics. Journal of Dairy Science 2002;85:1009-14.
159. McDougall S. Intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis of dairy cows with a combination of lincomycin and neomycin, or penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2003;51:111-6.
160. Wraight MD. A comparative efficacy trial between cefuroxime and cloxacillin as intramammary treatments for clinical mastitis in lactating cows on commercial dairy farms. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 2003;51:26-32.
161. Taponen S, Dredge K, Henriksson B, Pyyhtiä AM, Suojala L, Junni R, et al. Efficacy of intramammary treatment with procaine penicillin G vs.
162. Pyörälä S, Pyörälä E. Efficacy of parenteral administration of three antimicrobial agents in treatment of clinical mastitis in lactating cows: 487 cases (1989-1995). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 1998;212:407-12.
163. McDougall S, Agnew KE, Cursons R, Hou XX, Compton CR. Parenteral treatment of clinical mastitis with tylosin base or penethamate hydriodide in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 2007;90:779-89.
164. Serieys F, Raguet Y, Goby L, Schmidt H, Friton G. Comparative efficacy of local and systemic antibiotic treatment in lactating cows with clinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 2005;88:93-9.
165. Chamings RJ. The effect of not treating mild cases of clinical mastitis in a dairy herd. The Veterinary Record 1984;115:499-500.
166. Zadoks RN, Allore HG, Barkema HW, Sampimon OC, Wellenberg GJ, Gröhn YT, et al. Cow- and quarter-level risk factors for Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 2001;84:2649-63.
167. Bolton A, Song XM, Willson P, Fontaine MC, Potter AA, Perez-Casal J. Use of the surface proteins GapC and Mig of Streptococcus dysgalactiae as potential protective antigens against bovine mastitis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 2004;50:423-32.
168. Fontaine MC, Perez-Casal J, Song XM, Shelford J, Willson PJ, Potter AA. Immunisation of dairy cattle with recombinant Streptococcus uberis GapC or a chimeric CAMP antigen confers protection against heterologous bacterial challenge. Vaccine 2002;20:2278-86.
169. Leigh JA. Immunisation of dairy cattle with recombinant Streptococcus uberis GapC or chimeric CAMP antigen confers protection against heterologous bacterial challenge. M.C. Fontaine et al. [Vaccine 20 (2002) 2278-2286]. Vaccine 2002;20:3047.
170. Perez-Casal J, Prysliak T, Potter AA. A GapC chimera retains the properties of the Streptococcus uberis wild-type GapC protein. Protein Expression and Purification 2004;33:288-96.
171. Brassard J, Gottschalk M, Quessy S. Cloning and purification of the Streptococcus suis serotype 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and its involvement as an adhesin. Veterinary Microbiology 2004;102:87-94.
172. Hill AW. Protective effect of previous intramammary infection with Streptococcus uberis against subsequent clinical mastitis in the cow. Research in Veterinary Science 1988;44:386-7.
173. Finch JM, Hill AW, Field TR, Leigh JA. Local vaccination with killed Streptococcus uberis protects the bovine mammary gland against experimental intramammary challenge with the homologous strain. Infection and Immunities 1994;62:3599-603.
174. Finch JM, Winter A, Walton AW, Leigh JA. Further studies on the efficacy of a live vaccine against mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis. Vaccine 1997;15:1138-43.
175. Leigh JA, Field TR. Streptococcus uberis resists the bactericidal action of bovine neutrophils despite the presence of bound immunoglobulin. Infection and Immunities 1994;62:1854-9.
176. Leigh JA, Lincoln RA. Streptococcus uberis acquires plasmin activity following growth in the presence of bovine plasminogen through the action of its specific plasminogen activator. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1997;154:123-9.
177. Leigh JA, Finch JM, Field TR, Real NC, Winter A, Walton AW, et al. Vaccination with the plasminogen activator from Streptococcus uberis induces an inhibitory response and protects against experimental infection in the dairy cow. Vaccine 1999;17:851-7.
178. Jones CL, Monaghan P, Field TR, Smith AJ, Ward PN, Leigh JA. Localization of MtuA, an LraI homologue in Streptococcus uberis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2004;97:149-57.
179. Leigh JA, Ward PN, Field TR. The exploitation of the genome in the search for determinants of virulence in Streptococcus uberis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2004;100:145-9.