Linezolid for the treatment of drug-resistant infections

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 825-848

  Herrmann, David J ^a   Peppard, William J ^a   Ledeboer, Nathan A ^a   Theesfeld, Melissa L ^a   Weigelt, John A ^a   Buechel, Bryan J ^b  

^a FROEDTERT MEMORIAL LUTHERAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

CNS; Complicated skin and skin structure infection; Endocarditis; Linezolid; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mycobacterium; Osteomyelitis; Pneumonia

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AZTREONAM; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFADROXIL; CEFPODOXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; DICLOXACILLIN; DOXYCYCLINE; GLYCOPEPTIDE; HEXACYCLINE; LINEZOLID; OXACILLIN; SULTAMICILLIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN; ACETAMIDE DERIVATIVE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; OXAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE;

ANEMIA; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CATHETER INFECTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DIABETIC FOOT; DIARRHEA; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DIZZINESS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ENDOCARDITIS; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LOOSE FECES; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MYCOSIS; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; OSTEOMYELITIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHARMACODYNAMICS; REVIEW; SEROTONIN SYNDROME; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; TASTE DISORDER; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THRUSH; TONGUE DISEASE; TREATMENT FAILURE; VAGINA CANDIDIASIS; VOMITING; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; GRAM POSITIVE INFECTION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PHARMACOECONOMICS;

ACETAMIDES; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; OXAZOLIDINONES;

EID: 59449100218     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.6.825     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ et al. National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998-2003). Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(9), 1132-1140 (2007).
2. Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36, 592-598 (2003).
3. Kaye KS, Engemann J, Mozaffari E, Carmeli Y. Reference group choice and antibiotic resistance outcomes. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1125-1128 (2004).
4. Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 26, 166-174 (2005).
5. Kopp BJ, Nix DE, Armstrong EP. Clinical and economic analysis of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Ann. Pharmacother. 38, 1377-1382 (2004).
6. Cledcin® (clindamycin), package insert. Pfizer Inc., NY, USA (2007).
7. Vibramycin® (doxycycline), package insert Pfizer Inc., NY, USA (2001).
8. Sumycin® (tetracycline), package insert. Par Pharmaceuticals, NY, USA (2006).
9. Septra® (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), package insert. King Pharmaceuticals, TN, USA (2007).
10. Synercid® (quinupristin/dalfopristin), package insert. King Pharmaceuticals, TN, USA (2003).
11. Cubicin® (daptomycin), package insert. Cubist Pharmaceuticals, MA, USA (2007).
12. Tygacil™ (tigecycline), package insert. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, PA, USA (2007).
13. Zyvox® (linezolid) package insert. Pfizer Inc., NY, USA (2007).
14. French G. Linezolid. Int. J. Clin. Prac. 55(1), 59-63 (2001).
15. Villani P, Regazzi MR, Marubbi F et al. Cerebrospinal fluid linezolid concentrations in post-neurosurgical central nervous system infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 936-937 (2002).
16. Welshman IR, Sisson TA, Jungbluth GL, Stalker DJ, Hopkins NK. Linezolid absoluted bioavailability and the effect of food on oral bioavailability. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 22, 91-97 (2001).
17. Stalker DJ, Jungbluth GL, Hopkins NK, Batts DH. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51, 1239-1246 (2003).
18. Islinger F, Dehghanyar P, Sauermann R et al. The effect of food on plasma and tissue concentrations of linezolid after multiple doses. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 27(2), 108-112 (2006).
19. Beringer P, Nguyen M, Hoem N et al. Absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of linezolid in hospitalized patients given enteral feedings. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(9), 3676-3681 (2005).
20. Stalker DJ, Jungbluth GL. Clinical pharmacokinetics of linezolid, a novel oxazolidinone antibacterial. Clin. Pharmacokin. 42(13), 1129-1140 (2003).
21. Thallinger C, Buerger C, Plock N et al. Effect of severity of sepsis on tissue concentrations of linezolid. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61, 173-176 (2008).
22. Buerger C, Plock N, Dehghanyar P, Joukhadar C, Kloft C. Pharmacokinetics of unbound linezolid in plasma and tissue interstitium of critically ill patients after multiple dosing using microdialysis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(7), 2455-2463 (2006).
23. Mersfelder TL, Smith CL. Linezolid pharmacokinetics in an obese patient. Am. J. Health Sys. Pharm. 62, 464-467 (2005).
24. Stein GE, Schooley SL, Peloquin CA. Pharmacolinetics and phymacodynamics of linezolid in obese patients with cellulitis. Ann. Pharmacother. 39, 427-432 (2005).
25. Gee T, Ellis R, Marshall G, Andrews J, Ashby J, Wise R. Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of linezokid following multiple oral doses. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 45(6), 1843-1846 (2001).
26. Dehghanyar P, Burger C, Zeitlinger et al. Penetration of linezolid into soft tissues of healthy volunteers after single and multiple doses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(6), 2367-2371 (2005).
27. Stein GE, Schooley S, Peloquin CA, Missavage A, Havlichek DH. Linezolid tissue penetration and serum activitiy agains strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility in diabetic patients with foot infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60, 819-823 (2007).
28. Conte JE, Golden JA, Kipps J, Zurlinden E. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(5), 1475-1480 (2002).
29. Honeybourne D, Tobin C, Jevons G, Andrews J, Wise R. Intrapulmonary penetration of linezolid. J. Antimcrob. Chemother. 51, 1431-1434 (2003).
30. Boselli E, Breilh D, Rimmele T et al. Pharmacokinetics and intrapulmonary concentrations of linezolid administered to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit. Care Med. 33(7), 1529-1533 (2003).
31. Lovering AM, Zhang J, Bannister GC et al. Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat, muscle and haematoma of patients undergoing routine hip replacement. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50, 73-77 (2002).
32. Kutscha-Lissberg F, Hebler U, Muhr G, Köller M. Linezolid penetration into bone and joint tissues infected with methicillin-resistant stapylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(12), 3964-3966 (2003).
33. Metallidis S, Nikolaidis J, Lazaraki G et al. Penetration of linezolid into sternal bone of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29, 738-748 (2007).
34. Shaikh ZHA, Peloquin CA, Ericsson CD. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis with linezolid: case report and literature review. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 33, 375-379 (2001).
35. Myrianthefs P, Markantonis SL, Konstantinos V et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of linezolid in neurosurgical patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(12), 3971-3976 (2006).
36. Beer R, Engelhardt KW, Pfausler B et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in neruointensive care patients with staphylococcal ventriculitis associate with external ventricular drains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(1), 379-382 (2007).
37. 14C] linezolid to healthy human subjects. Drug Metab. Dispos. 29(8), 1136-1145 (2001).
38. Wynalda MA, Hauer MJ, Wienkers LC. Oxidation of the novel oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 28, 1014-1017 (2000).
39. Azie N, Stalker D, Jungbluth G et al. Effect of linezolid on CYP2C9 using racemic warfarin (W) as a probe. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 57, 793-797 (2002).
40. Brier ME, Stalker DJ, AronofF GR et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in subjects with renal dysfunction. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(9), 2775-2780 (2003).
41. Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Rotelli C et al. Removal of linezolid by conventional intermittent hemodialysis, sustained low-efficiency dialysis, or continuous venovenous hemofiltration in patients with acute renal failure. Crit. Care Med. 32(12), 2437-2442 (2004).
42. Meyer B, Kornek GV, Nikfardjam M et al. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of linezolid during continuous venovenous haemofiltration. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(1), 172-179 (2005).
43. Jones RN, Johnson DM, Erwin ME. In vitro antimicrobial activities and spectra of U-100592 and U-100766, two novel fluorinated oxazolidinones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(3), 720-726 (1996).
44. Wise R, Andrews JM, Boswell FJ, Ashby JP. The in-vitro activity of linezolid (U-100766) and tentative breakpoints. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 42, 721-728 (1998).
45. Rybak MJ, Cappelletty DM, Moldovan T, Aeschlimann JR, Kaatz GW. Comparative in vitro activities and postantibioitic effects of the oxazolidinone compounds eperezolid (PNU-100592) and linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42(3), 721-724 (1998).
46. McGowan AP. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of linezolid in healthy volunteers and patients with Gram-positive infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(Suppl. 2), ii17-ii25 (2003).
47. Munckhof WJ, Giles C, Turnidge JD. Post-antibiotic growth suppression of linezolid against Gram-positive bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47(6), 879-883 (2001).
48. Zurenko GE, Yagi BH, Schaadt RD et al. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(4), 839-845 (1996).
49. Andes D, van Ogtrop ML, Peng J, Craig WA. In vivo pharymacodynamics of a new oxazolidinone (linezolid). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(11), 3484-3489 (2002).
50. Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Clinical pharmacodynamics of linezolid in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42(15), 1411-1423 (2003).
51. Adembri C, Fallani S, Cassetta MI et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile in critically ill septic patients: intermittent versus continuous infusion. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 31, 122-129 (2008).
52. Jones RN, Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Ross JE. LEADER surveillance program results for 2006: activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from the United States (50 medical centers): Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59, 309-317 (2007).
53. Streit JM, Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Dalbavancin activity against selected populations of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 53, 307-310 (2005).
54. Leonard SN, Rybak MJ. Telavancin: an antimicrobial with a multifunctional mechanism of action for the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections. Pharmacotherapy 28, 458-468 (2008).
55. Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Jones RN, Antimicrobial activity of ceftobiperole, a novel anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cephalosporin, tested against contemporary pathogens: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2005-2006). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 61, 86-95 (2008).
56. Bryskier A. Oxazolidinones. In: Antimicrobial Agents. Bryskier A (Ed.). American Society of Microbiology Press, DC, USA (2005).
57. Meka VG, Pillai SK, Sakoulas G et al. Linezolid resistance in sequential Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a T2500A mutation in the 23s rRNA gene and loss of a single copy of rRNA. J. Infect. Dis. 190, 311-317 (2004).
58. Swaney SM, Aoki H, Ganoza MC, Shinabarger DL. The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 3251-3255 (1998).
59. Prystowsky J, Siddiqui F, Chosay J et al. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 2154-2156 (2001).
60. Meka VG, Gold HS. Antimicrobial resistance to linezolid. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 1010-1015 (2004).
61. Xiong L, Kloss P, Douthwaite S et al. Oxazolidinone resistance mutations in 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli reveal the central region of domain V as the primary site of drug action. J. Bacteriol. 82, 5325-5331 (2000).
62. Pai MP, Rodvold KA, Schreckenberger PC, Gonzales RD, Petrolatti JM, Quinn JP. Risk factors associated with the development of infection with linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35, 1269-1272 (2002).
63. Fines M.Leclercq R. Activity of linezolid against Gram-positive cocci possessing genes conferring resistance to protein synthesis inhibitors. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45, 797-802 (2000).
64. Besier S, Ludwig A, Zander J, Brade V, Wichelhaus TA. Linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: gene dosage effect, stability, fitness costs, and cross-resistances Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 1570-1572 (2008).
65. Jones RN, Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Ross JE. LEADER surveillance program results for 2006: and activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from the United States. Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59, 309-317 (2007).
66. Vardakas KZ, Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid: effectiveness and safety for approved and off-label indications. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 8(14), 2381-2400 (2007).
67. Stevens DL, Smith LG, Bruss JB et al. Randomized comparison of linezolid (PNU-100766) versus oxacillin-dicloxacillin for treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44(12), 3408-3413 (2000).
68. Stevens DL, Herr D, Lampiris H et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 1481-1490 (2002).
69. Weigelt J, Itani K, Stevens D, Lau W, Dryden M, Knirsch C. Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 2260-2266 (2005).
70. Weigelt J, Kaafarani H, Itani K, Swanson R. Linezolid eradicates MRSA better than vancomycin from surgical-site infections. Am. J. Surg. 188, 760-766 (2004).
71. Itani K, Weigelt J, Stevens D et al. Efficacy and safety of linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections proven to be due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Presented at: Proceedings of the 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Barcelona, Spain, 19-22 April 2008.
72. Sharpe JN, Shively EH, Polk HC Jr. Clinical and economic outcomes of oral linezolid versus intravenous vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA-complicated, lower-extremity skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am. J. Surg. 189, 425-428 (2005).
73. Lipsky BA, Itani K, Norden C, Linezolid Diabetic Foot Infections Study Croup. Treating foot infections in diabetic patients: a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial of linezolid versus ampicillin - sulbactam/ amoxicillin-clavulanate. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 17-24 (2004).
74. Vardakas KZ, Horianopoulou M, Falagas ME. Factors associated with treatment failure in patients with diabetic foot infections: an analysis of data from randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 80(3), 344-351 (2008).
75. San Pedro GS, Cammarata SK, Oliphant TH, Todisco T, Linezolid Community-Acquired Pneumonia Study Group. Linezolid versus ceftriaxone/ cefpodoxime in patients hospitalized for the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34, 720-728 (2002).
76. Rubinstein E, Cammarata S, Oliphant T, Wunderink R; Linezolid Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group. Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32(2), 401-412 (2001).
77. Wunderink RG, Cammarata SK, Oliphant TH, Kolief MH; Linezolid Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group. Continuation of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Clin. Ther. 25(3), 980-992 (2003).
78. Wunderink RG, Rello J, Cammarata SK, Croos-Dabrera RV, Kolief MH. Linezolid vs vancomycin: analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 124(5), 1789-4797 (2003).
79. Kollef MH, Rello J, Cammarata SK, Croos-Dabrera RV, Wunderink RG. Clinical cure and survival in Gram-positive ventilator-associated pneumonia: retrospective analysis of two double-blind studies comparing linezolid with vancomycin. Intensive Care Med. 30(3), 388-394 (2004).
80. Wunderink RG, Somero M, Fabian TC et al. Microbiologic response of MRSA VAP treated with linezolid campared to vancomycin. Presented at: International Conference of the American Thoracic Society. San Diego, CA, USA, 19-24 May 2006.
81. Falagas ME, Siempos II, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid versus glycopeptide or β-lactam for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8(1), 53-66 (2008).
82. Kaplan SL, Patterson L, Edwards KM et al. Linezolid for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Linezolid Pediatric Pneumonia Study Group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20(5), 488-494 (2001).
83. Wible K, Tregnaghi M, Bruss J, Fleishaker D, Naberhuis-Stehouwer S, Hilty M. Linezolid versus cefadroxil in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(4), 315-323 (2003).
84. Kaplan SL, Deville JG, Yogev R et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin for treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(8), 677-686 (2003).
85. Jantausch BA, Deville J, Adler S et al. Linezolid for the treatment of children with bacteremia or nosocomial pneumonia caused by resistant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(9 Suppl.), S164-S171 (2003).
86. Deville JG, Adler S, Azimi PH et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of known or suspected resistant Gram-positive infections in neonates. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(9 Suppl.), S158-S163 (2003).
87. Chien JW, Kucia ML, Salata RA. Use of linezolid, an oxazolidinone, in the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(1), 146-151 (2000).
88. Babcock HM, Ritchie DJ, Christiansen E, Starlin R, Little R, Stanley S. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus endocarditis with oral linezolid. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32(9), 1373-1375 (2001).
89. Viale P, Scolari C, Colombini P, Cristini F, Cadeo B, Pagani L. Sequential regimen for early post-surgical infective endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), unresponsive to standard antibiotic therapy: a case report. J. Chemother. 14(5), 526-529 (2002).
90. Ruiz ME, Guerrero IC, Tuazon CU. Endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: treatment failure with linezolid. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(8), 1018-1020 (2002).
91. Rao N, White GJ. Successful treatment of Enterococcus faecalis prosthetic valve endocarditis with linezolid. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(7), 902-904 (2002).
92. Zimmer SM, Caliendo AM, Thigpen MC, Somani J. Failure of linezolid treatment for enterococcal endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37(3), e29-e30 (2003).
93. Ravindran V, John J, Kaye GC, Meigh RE. Successful use of oral linezolid as a single active agent in endocarditis unresponsive to conventional antibiotic therapy. J. Infect. 47(2), 164-166 (2003).
94. Andrade-Baiocchi S, Tognim MC, Baiocchi OC, Sader HS. Endocarditis due to glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus: case report and strain characterization. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45(2), 149-152 (2003).
95. Woods CW, Cheng AC, Fowler VG et al. Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(8), 1188-1191 (2004).
96. Pistella E, Campanile F, Bongiorno D et al. Successful treatment of disseminated cerebritis complicating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis unresponsive to vancomycin therapy with linezolid. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 36(3), 222-225 (2004).
97. Leung KT, Tong MK, Siu YP, Lam CS, Ng HL, Lee HK. Treaties of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with linezolid. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 36(6-7), 483-485 (2004).
98. Howden BP, Ward PB, Charles PG et al. Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(4), 521-528 (2004).
99. Hamza N, Ortiz J, Bonomo RA. Isolated pulmonic valve infective endocarditis: a persistent challenge. Infection 32(3), 170-175 (2004).
100. Bassetti M, Di Biagio A, Del Bono V, Cenderello G, Bassetti D. Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with linezolid. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 24(1), 83-84 (2004).
101. Archuleta S, Murphy B, Keller MJ. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis with linezolid in a renal transplant recipient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 6(3), 117-119 (2004).
102. Wareham DW, Abbas H, Karcher AM, Das SS. Treatment of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis due to multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria with linezolid. J. Infect. 52(4), 300-304 (2006).
103. Souli M, Pontikis K, Chryssouli Z, Galani I, Giamarellou H. Successful treatment of right-sided prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant teicoplanin heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus with linezolid. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24(11), 760-762 (2005).
104. Shah M, Murillo JL. Successful treatment of Corynebacterium striatum endocarditis with daptomycin plus rifampin. Ann. Pharmacother. 39(10), 1741-1744 (2005).
105. Ng KH, Lee S, Yip SF, Que TL. A case of Streptococcus mitis endocarditis successfully treated by linezolid. Hong Kong Med. J. 11(5), 411-413 (2005).
106. Nathani N, Iles P, Elliott TS. Successful treatment of MRSA native valve endocarditis with oral linezolid therapy: a case report. J. Infect. 51(4), e213-e215 (2005).
107. De Feiter PW, Jacobs JA, Jacobs MJ, Vink C, van der Geest S. Successful treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis prosthetic valve endocarditis with linezolid after failure of treatment with oxacillin, gentamicin, rifampicin, vancomycin, and fusidic acid regimens. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 37(3), 173-176 (2005).
108. Corne P, Marchandin H, Macia JC, Jonquet O. Treatment failure of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with linezolid. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 37(11-12), 946-949 (2005).
109. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Herregods MC, Peetermans WE. Infective endocarditis treated with linezolid: case report and literature review. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 25(3), 202-204 (2006).
110. Munoz P, Ferreira L, Marin M, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Bouza E, Garcia-Fernandez MA; GAME Study Group. First report of Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis treated with linezolid. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 28(5), 480-481 (2006).
111. Chesi G, Colli A, Mestres CA, Gambarati G, Boni F, Gherli T. Multiresistant-MRSA tricuspid valve infective endocarditis with ancient osteomyelitis locus. BMC Infect. Dis. 6, 124 (2006).
112. Munoz P, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Moreno M, Marin M, Ramallo V, Bouza E. Linezolid therapy for infective endocarditis. GAME Study Group. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13(2), 211-215 (2007).
113. Mylona E, Fanourgiakis P, Vryonis E et al. Linezolid-based therapy in Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29(5), 597-598 (2007).
114. Mancino P, Ucciferri C, Falasca K, Pizzigallo E, Vecchiet J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) endocarditis treated with linezolid. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 40(1), 67-73 (2008).
115. Falagas ME, Manta KG, Ntziora F, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with endocarditis: a systematic review of the published evidence. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58(2), 273-280 (2006).
116. Berdal JE, Eskesen A. Short-term success, but long-term treatment failure with linezolid for enterococcal endocarditis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 40(9), 765-766 (2008).
117. Tsigrelis C, Singh KV, Coutinho TD, Murray BE, Baddour LM. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis: linezolid failure and strain characterization of virulence factors. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45(2), 631-635 (2007).
118. Cunha BA, Krol V, Kodali V. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) mitral valve acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE) in a patient with job's syndrome (hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome) successfully treated with linezolid and high-dose daptomycin. Heart Lung 37(1), 72-75 (2008).
119. Sung TJ, Kim HM, Kim MJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in an extremely low-birth-weight infant treated with linezolid. Clin. Pediatr. 47(5), 504-506 (2008).
120. Ang JY, Lua JL, Turner DR, Asmar BI. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis in a premature infant successfully treated with linezolid. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22(12), 1101-1103 (2003).
121. Colli A, Campodonico R, Gherli T. Early switch from vancomycin to oral linezolid for treatment of Gram-positive heart valve endocarditis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 84(1), 87-91 (2007).
122. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications. (Endorsed by IDSA). Circulation 111, e394-e434 (2005).
123. Weigelt JA, Itani KM, Lau WK et al. Linezolid vs vancomycin in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (CSSTI): clinically significant outcome differences. Presented at: Programs and Abstracts of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America. Chicago, IL, US4, 24-27 October 2002 (Abstract 314).
124. Stevens DL, Harrison M, Graham DR et al. Linezolid (LZD) IV/PO vs Vancomycin (Vanco) IV for the treatment of suspected or proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRSS) infections: a second randomized, open-label, clinical trial. Presented at: Programs and Abstracts of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America. Chicago, IL, 24-27 October 2002 (Abstract 181).
125. Shorr AF, Kunkel MJ, Kollef M. Linezolid. versus vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: pooled analysis of randomized studies. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(5), 923-929 (2005).
126. Cook AM, Ramsey CN, Martin CA, Pittman T. Linezolid for the treatment of heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus shunt infection. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 41, 102-104 (2005).
127. Shaikh ZHA, Peloquin CA, Ericsson CD. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis with linezolid: case report and literature review. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34, 375-379 (2001).
128. Kessler AT, Kourtis AP. Treatment of meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with linezolid. Infection 35, 271-274 (2007).
129. Pistella E, Campanile F, Bongiorno D et al. Successful treatment of disseminated cerebritis complicating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis unresponsive to vancomycin therapy with linezolid. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 26, 222-225 (2004).
130. Viale P, Pagani L, Cristini F et al. Linezolid for the treatment of central nervous system infections in neurosurgical infections. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34, 456-459 (2002).
131. Amod F, Moodley I, Peer AK et al. Ventriculitis due to a hetero strain of vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA): successful treatment with linezolid in combination with intraventricular vancomycin. J. Infect. 50, 252-257 (2005).
132. Kruse AJ, Peerdeman SM, Bet PM, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ. Successful treatment with linezolid and rifampicin of meningitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermitis refractory to vancomycin treatment. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 25, 135-137 (2006).
133. Krueger WA, Kottler B, Will BE, Heininger A, Guggenberger H, Unertl KE. Treatment of meningitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermitis with linezolid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 929-932 (2004).
134. Boak LM, Li J, Spelman D, du Cros P, Nation RL, Rayner CR. Successful treatment and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of oral linezolid in a patient with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus ventriculitis. Ann. Pharmacother. 40, 1451-1455 (2006).
135. Hachem R, Afif C, Gokaslan Z, Raad I. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus meningitis with linezolid. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20, 432-434 (2001).
136. Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with central nervous system infection. Ann. Pharmacother. 41(2), 296-308 (2007).
137. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(9), 1267-1284 (2004).
138. Alcalá L, Ruiz-Serrano MJ, Pérez-Fernández Turégano C et al. In vitro activities of linezolid against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are susceptible or resistant to first-line antituberculous drugs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(1), 416-417 (2003).
139. Brown-Elliot BA, Crist CJ, Mann LB, Wilson RW, Wallace RJ Jr. In vitro activity of linezolid against slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(5), 1736-1738 (2003).
140. Fortún J, Martín-Dávila P, Navas E et al. Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56(1), 180-185 (2005).
141. American Thoracic Society; CDC; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 52(RR-11), 1-77 (2003).
142. Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with atypical mycobacterial infection: a systematic review. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 11(6), 606-611 (2007).
143. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA et al. An official ATS/ IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175(4), 367-416 (2007).
144. Birmingham MC, Rayner CR, Meagher AK, Flavin SM, Batts DH, Schentag JJ. Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant, Gram-positive infections: experience from a compassionate-use program. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36(2), 159-168 (2003).
145. Rayner CR, Baddour LM, Birmingham MC, Norden C, Meagher AK, Schentag JJ: Linezolid in the treatment of osteomyelitis: results of compassionate use experience. Infection 32(1), 8-14 (2004).
146. Rao N, Ziran BH, Hall RA, Santa ER. Successful treatment of chronic bone and joint infections with oral linezolid. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 427, 67-71 (2004).
147. Jahoda D, Nyc O, Pokorný D, Landor I, Krůta T, Sosna A. Treatment of orthopedic infections caused by resistant staphylococci. Folia. Microbiol. (Praha) 52(3), 281-285 (2007).
148. Falagas ME, Siempos II, Papagelopoulos PJ, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid for the treatment of adults with bone and joint infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29(3), 233-239 (2007).
149. Jaksic B, Martinelli G, Perez-Oteyza J, Hartman CS, Leonard LB, Tack KJ. Efficacy and safety of linezolid compared with vancomycin in a randomized, double-blind study of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(5), 597-607 (2006).
150. Itani KM, Weigelt J, Li JZ, Duttagupta S. Linezolid reduces length of stay and duration of intravenous treatment compared with vancomycin for complicated skin and soft tissue infections due to suspected or proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 26, 442-448 (2005).
151. McKinnon PS, Sorensen SV, Liu LZ, Itani KM. Impact of linezolid on economic outcomes and determinants of cost in a clinical trial evaluating patients with MRSA complicated skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann. Pharmacother. 40, 1017-1023 (2006).
152. Li Z, Willke RJ, Pinto LA et al. Comparison of length of hospital stay for patients with known or suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species infections treated with linezolid or vancomycin: a randomized multicenter trial. Pharmacotherapy 21, 263-274 (2001).
153. Sharpe JN, Shively EH, Polk HC Jr. Clinical and economic outcomes of oral linezolid versus intravenous vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA-complicated, lower-extremity skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am. J. Surg. 189, 425-428 (2005).
154. McKinnon PS, Carter CT, Girase PG, Liu LZ, Carmeli Y. The economic effect of oral linezolid versus intravenous vancomycin in the outpatient setting: the payer perspective. Manag. Care Interface 20(1), 23-34 (2007).
155. Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 115, 462-474 (1999).
156. Mullins CD, Kuznik A, Shaya FT et al. Cost - effectiveness analysis of linezolid compared with vancomycin for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus: aureus. Clin. Ther. 28, 1184-1198 (2006).
157. Shorr AF, Susla GM, Kolleff MH. Linezolid for treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a cost-effective alternative to vancomycin. Crit. Care Med. 32, 137-143 (2004).
158. Grau S, Rubio-Terrés C. Pharmacoeconomics of linezolid. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 9(6), 987-1000 (2008).
159. Piosker GL, Figgitt DP. Linezolid: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in serious Gram-positive infections. Pharmacoeconomics 23(9), 945-964 (2005).
160. Grau S, Mateu-de Antonio J, Soto J, Marín-Casino M, Salas E. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of linezolid versus teicoplanin in bacteremia by Gram-positive microorganisms. Pharm. World Sci. 27(6), 459-464 (2005).
161. McCollum M, Rhew DC, Parodi S. Cost analysis of switching from i.v. vancomycin to p.o. linezolid for the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species. Clin. Ther. 25(12), 3173-3189 (2003).
162. French G. Safety and tolerability of linezolid. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(Suppl. 2), ii45-ii53 (2003).
163. Rubinstein E, Isturiz R, Standiford HC et al. Worldwide assessment of linezolid's clinical safety and tolerability: comparator-controlled Phase III studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(6), 1824-1831 (2003).
164. Fleishaker DL, Anderson DC, Bruss JB, Chang WH, Todd WM, Hafkin B. Clinical efficacy of linezolid (LZD) in the treatment of otitis media. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 224 (2000).
165. Kaplan SL, Edge-Padbury B, Naberhuis-Stehouwer S, Bruss JB, The Linezolid Pediacric Study Group. Linezolid vs vancomycin in the treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections in children. Presented at: Program and Abstracts of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Chicago, IL, USA, 24-27 October 2002 (Abstract 642, 157).
166. Huang V, Gortney JS. Risk of serotonin syndrome with concomitant administration of linezolid and serotonin agonists. Pharmacotherapy 26(12), 1784-1793 (2006).
167. Thomas CR, Rosenberg M, Blythe V, Meyer WJ. Serotonin syndrome and linezolid. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 43, 790 (2004).
168. Aga VM, Barlage NE, Jefferson JW. Linezolid, a monoamine oxidase inhibiting antibiotic, and antidepressants. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64, 609-611 (2003).
169. Bergeron L, Boule M, Perreault S. Serotonin toxicity associated with concomitant use of linezolid. Ann. Pharmacother. 39, 956-961 (2005).
170. Jones SL, Athan E, O'Brien D. Serotonin syndrome due to coadministration of linezolid and venlafaxine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54, 289-290 (2004).
171. DeBellis RJ, Schaefer OP, Liquori M, Volturo GA. Linezolid-associated serotonin syndrome after concomitant treatment with citalopram and mirtazapine in a critically ill bone marrow transplant recipient. J. Intensive Care Med. 20, 351-353 (2005).
172. Bernard L, Stern R, Lew D, Hoffmeyer P. Serotonin syndrome after concomitant treatment with linezolid and citalopram. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36, 1197 (2003).
173. Tahir N. Serotonin syndrome as a consequence of drugresistant infection interaction between linezolid and citalopram. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 5, 111-113 (2004).
174. Hachem RY, Hicks K, Huen A, Raad I. Myelosuppression and serotonin syndrome associated with concurrent use of linezolid and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, e8-e11 (2003).
175. Lavery S, Ravi H, McDaniel WW, Pushkin R. Linezolid and serotonin syndrome. Psychosomatics 42, 432-434 (2001).
176. Morales N, Vermette H. Serotonin syndrome associated with linezolid treatment after discontinuation of fluoxetine. Psychosomatics 46, 274-275 (2005).
177. Gerson SL, Kaplan SL, Bruss JB et al. Hematologic effects of linezolid: summary of clinical experience. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(8), 2723-2726 (2002).
178. Wu VC, Wang YT, Wang CY et al. High frequency of linezolid-associated thrombocytopenia and anemia among patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42, 66-72 (2006).
179. Spellberg B, Yoo T, Bayer AS. Reversal of linezolid-associated cytopenias, but not peripheral neuropathy, by administration of vitamin B6. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54, 832-835 (2004).
180. Plachouras D, Giannitsioti E. Athanassia S et al. No effect of pyridoxine on the incidence of myelosuppression during prolonged linezolid treatment. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43, e89-e91 (2006).
181. Youssef S, Hachem R, Chemaly RF. The role of vitamin B6 in the prevention of haematological toxic effect of linezolid in patients with cancer. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61, 421-424 (2008).
182. Bressler AM, Zimmer SM, Gilmore JL, Somani J. Peripheral neuropathy associated with prolonged use of linezolid. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4, 528-531 (2004).
183. Lee E, Burger S, Shat J et al. Linesolid-associated toxic optic neuropathy: a report of 2 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, 1389-1391 (2003).
184. Corallo CE, Pauli AE. Linezolid-induced neuropathy. Med. J. Aust. 177, 332 (2002).
185. Rho JP, Sia IG, Crum BA, Dekutoski MB, Trousdale RT. Linezolid-associated peripheral neuropathy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 79(7), 927-930 (2004).
186. Park IN, Hong SB, Oh YM, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of daily-half dose linezolid in patients with intractable multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58, 701-704 (2006).
187. Apodaca AA, Rakita KM. Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 86-87 (2003).
188. DeVriese AS, VanCoster R, Smet J et al. Linezolid-induced inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42, 1111-1117 (2006).
189. Wiener M, Guo Y, Fries BC. Lactic acidosis after treatment with linezolid. Infection 35(4), 278-281 (2007).
190. Palenzuela L, Hahn NM, Nelson RP et al. Does linezolid cause lactic acidosis by inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis? Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, e113-e116 (2005).
191. Narita M, Tsuji T, Yu VL. Linezolid-associated peripheral and optic neuropathy, lactic acidosis, and serotonin syndrome. Pharmacotherapy 27(8), 1189-1197 (2007).
192. McKee EE, Ferguson M, Bentley AT, Marks TA. Inhibition of mammalian mitochondrial protein synthesis by oxazolidinones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(6), 2042-2049 (2006).
193. Lichtenberg FR. The impact of new drug launches on longevity: evidence from longitudinal, disease-level data from 52 countries, 1982-2001. Presented at: Proceedings from the National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA, USA, 2003, 9754.
194. Kopp BJ, Nix DE, Armstrong EP. Clinical and economic analysis of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Ann. Pharmacother. 38, 1377-1382 (2004).
195. Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 26, 166-174 (2005).
196. Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36, 592-598 (2003).
197. Kaye KS, Engemann J, Mozaffari E, Carmeli Y. Reference group choice and antibiotic resistance outcomes. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1125-1128 (2004).
198. Jauregui LE, Babazadeh S, Seltzer E et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of once-weekly dalbavancin versus twice-daily linezolid therapy for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(10), 1407-1415 (2005).
199. Raad I, Darouiche R, Vazquez J et al. Efficacy and safety of weekly dalbavancin therapy for catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40(3), 374-380 (2005).
200. Seltzer E, Dorr MB, Goldstein BP, Perry M, Dowell JA, Henkel T. Once-weekly dalbavancin versus standard-of-care antimicrobial regimens for treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. (10), 1298-1303 (2003).
201. Stryjewski ME, Chu VH, O'Riordan WD et al. Telavancin versus standard therapy for treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: FAST 2 study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(3), 862-867 (2006).
202. Stryjewski ME, O'Riordan WD, Lau WK et al. Telavancin versus standard therapy for treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40(11), 1601-1607 (2005).
203. Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activities of ceftaroline and ME1036 tested against clinical strains of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(3), 1153-1155 (2008).
204. Chung M, Antignac A, Kim C, Tomasz A. Comparative study of the susceptibility of major epidemic clones of MRSA to oxacillin and to the new broad spectrum cephalosporin ceftobiprole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(8), 2709-2717 (2008).
205. Noel GJ, Bush K, Bagchi P, Ianus J, Strauss RS. A randomized, double-blind trial comparing ceftobiprole medocaril with vancomycin plus ceftazidime for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(5), 647-655 (2008).
206. Noel GJ, Strauss RS, Arasler K, Heep M, Pypstra R, Solomkin JS. Results of a double-blind, randomized trial of ceftobiprole treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(1), 37-44 (2008).
207. Talbot GH, Thye D, Das A, Ge Y. Phase 2 study of ceftaroline versus standard therapy in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(10), 3612-3616 (2007).
208. Foleno BD, Abbanat D, Goldschmidt RM et al. In vitro antibacterial activity of the pyrrolopyrazolyl-substituted oxazolidinone RWJ-416457. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(1), 361-365 (2007).
209. Schumacher A, Trittler R, Bohnert JA, Kümmerer K, Pagès JM, Kern WV. Intracellular accumulation of linezolid in Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter aerogenes: role of enhanced efflux pump activity and inactivation. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59(6), 1261-1264 (2007).
210. Bohnert JA, Kern WV. Selected arylpiperazines are capable of reversing multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli overexpressing RND efflux pumps. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(2), 849-852 (2005).
211. Kern WV, Steinke P, Schumacher A, Schuster S, von Baum H, Bohnert JA. Effect of 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine, a novel putative efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibility in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57(2), 339-343 (2006).
212. Schumacher A, Steinke P, Bohnert JA, Akova M, Jonas D, Kern WV. Effect of 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine, a novel putative efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibility in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae other than Escherichia coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57(2), 344-348 (2006). s