The pathophysiology of ocular allergy: A review

Contact Lens and Anterior Eye

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 3-15

  Chigbu, De Gaulle I ^a  

^a SALUS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Early phase response; IgE mediated hypersensitivity response in ocular allergy; Late phase response; Lymphocyte activation; Mast cell degranulation; Sensitization phase; T cell mediated hypersensitivity response in ocular allergy

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; B7 ANTIGEN; CD40 LIGAND; CD86 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE; COMPLEMENT; HISTAMINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; LEUKOTRIENE B4; LEUKOTRIENE C4; LEUKOTRIENE D4; LEUKOTRIENE E4; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR; TRYPTASE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CONJUNCTIVA EPITHELIUM; CONTACT ALLERGY; CONTACT SENSITIZATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DENDRITIC CELL; EOSINOPHIL; EYE ALLERGY; GIANT PAPILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFLAMMATION; LANGERHANS CELL; MAST CELL; NEUTROPHIL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERENNIAL ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SEASONAL ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS;

EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 59349094664     PISSN: 13670484     EISSN: 14765411     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2008.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Goodman J.W. The immune response. In: Stites D.P., and Terr A.I. (Eds). Basic human immunology (1991), Appleton and Lange 34-44
2. Siminovitch K.A. The new immunology. Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 8 March (2) (1992) 121-129
3. Male D., and Roitt I. Adaptive and innate immunity. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 1.1-1.10
4. Del Prete G., Maggi E., and Romagnani S. Human Th1 and Th2 cells: functional properties, mechanisms of regulation and role in disease. Laboratory Investigation 70 3 (1994) 299-306
5. Schmid K.L., and Schmid L.M. Ocular allergy: causes and therapeutic options. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 83 5 (2000) 257-270
6. Berdy G.J. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 77 Suppl. 228 (1999) 7-9
7. Stahl J.L., Cook E.B., Barney N.P., and Grziano F.M. Pathophysiology of ocular allergy: the roles of conjunctival mast cells and epithelial cells. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2 4 (2002) 332-339
8. Leonardi A. Pathophysiology of allergic conjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 77 Suppl. 228 (1999) 21-23
9. McGill J.I., and Bacon A. Allergic eye disease mechanisms. British Journal of Ophthalmology 82 (1998) 1203-1214
10. Abelson M.B., Leonardi A., and Smith L. The mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of allergy. Review of Ophthalmology 9 4 (2002) 74-84
11. Boland M. Contact lenses and allergies: uncovering new treatments. Review of optometry; 2003 [Retrieved on March 10, 2005 from www.revoptom.com].
12. Leonardi A. Emerging drugs for ocular allergy. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 10 3 (2005) 505-520
13. Lanier L. Cells of the immune response: lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. In: Stites D.P., and Terr A.I. (Eds). Basic human immunology (1991), Appleton and Lange 61-72
14. Barton G.M., and Medzhitov R. Control of adaptive immune responses by Toll-like receptors. Current Opinion in Immunology 14 June (3) (2002) 380-383
15. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Regulation of the immune response. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 215-34
16. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Immunological tolerance. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 343-64
17. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Antigen presentation. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 145-62
18. Male D., Cooke A., Owen M., Trowsdale J., and Champion B. T lymphocyte activation and maturation. Advanced immunology (1996), Mosby Co. p. 8.1-8.17
19. Delves P.J., Martin S.J., Burton D.R., and Roitt I.M. Lymphocyte activation. Roitt's essential immunology (2006), Blackwell Publishing p. 174-84
20. Benjamin E., Coico R., and Sunshine G. Activation and function of T and B cells. Immunology a short course (2000), Wiley-Liss p. 187-209
21. Taylor AW. Ocular immunosuppressive microenvironment. In: Niederkorn J.Y., and Kaplan H.J. (Eds). Immune response and the eye. Chemical immunological allergy vol. 92 (2007), Karger, Basel p. 71-85
22. Male D., Cooke A., Owen M., Trowsdale J., and Champion B. Antigen processing and presentation. Advanced immunology (1996), Mosby Co. p. 7.1-7.20
23. Ashrafzadeh A., and Raizman M.B. New modalities in the treatment of ocular allergy. International Ophthalmology Clinics Journal 43 1 (2003) 105-110
24. Hendricks R.L., and Tang Q. Cellular immunity and the eye. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 71-95
25. Romagnani S. Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Annual Review of Immunology 12 (1994) 227-257
26. Chandler J.W. Ocular surface immunology. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 104-111
27. Streilein J.W. Regional immunology of the eye. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 19-32
28. Feldman M., and Male D. Cell cooperation in the immune response. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 8.1-8.12
29. Abu El-Asrar A.M., Struyf S., Van Damme J., and Geboes K. Role of chemokines in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. International Ophthalmology Clinics Journal 43 1 (2003) 33-40
30. Bonini S., Lambiase A., Sacchetti M., and Bonini S. Cytokines in ocular allergy. International Ophthalmology Clinics Journal 43 1 (2003) 27-32
31. Uchio E., Ono S.-Y., Ikezawa Z., and Ohno S. Tear levels of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-5 in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 30 (2000) 103-109
32. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Cell Cooperation in Antibody Response. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 163-80
33. Male D., Cooke A., Owen M., Trowsdale J., and Champion B. B cell activation and maturation. Advanced immunology (1996), Mosby Co. p. 9.1-9.16
34. Delves P.J., Martin S.J., Burton D.R., and Roitt I.M. The production of effectors. Roitt's essential immunology (2006), Blackwell Publishing p. 185-210
35. Rook G. Cell-mediated immune responses. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 9.1-9.14
36. Barneston R.S.C., and Gawkrodger D. Hypersensitivity-type IV. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 19.1-19.20
37. Lydyard P., and Grossi C. Cells involved in the immune response. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 2.1-2.18
38. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 203-14
39. Terr A.I. Mechanism of hypersensitivity. In: Stites D.P., Terr A.I., and Parslow T.G. (Eds). Basic & clinical immunology (1994), Appleton & Lange 314-326
40. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Hypersensitivity type II. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 449-60
41. Hay F. Hypersensitivity-type III. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 21.1-21.10
42. Benjamin E., Coico R., and Sunshine G. Hypersensitivity reactions: antibody-mediated (type I) reactions. Immunology a short course (2000), Wiley-Liss p. 279-300
43. Cousins S.W., and Rouse B.T. Chemical mediators of ocular inflammation. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 50-70
44. Solomon A., Pe'er J., and Levi-Schaffer F. Advances in ocular allergy: basic mechanisms, clinical patterns and new therapies. Current Opinions in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1 5 (2001) 477-482
45. Kenyon K (Moderator). Controlling ocular allergy. Ocular Surgery News. Monograph to the March 2003;21(Suppl. 6):1-15.
46. Epstein A.B. New horizons in ocular allergy. Review of Optometry 139 3 (2002) 117-124
47. Ramsey Walter S. Allergies: the gateway to your TPA practice. Optometric Management 35 3 (2000) 66-76
48. Butrus S., and Portela R. Ocular allergy: diagnosis and treatment. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America 18 (2005) 485-492
49. Anand MK. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions; 2004 [Retrieved on March 10, 2006 from http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1101.htm].
50. DePaolis MD, Catania LJ, Lebow KA, Schachet JL, Prouty RE, West WD, Epstein AB. Therapeutic building blocks: a focus on ocular surgery. Primary care optometry news monograph of the March 2003 issue [Retrieved on June 1, 2005 from www.pconsupersite.com].
51. Tabbara K.F. Immunopathogenesis of chronic allergic conjunctivitis. International Ophthalmology Clinics Journal 43 1 (2003) 1-8
52. Terr A.I. Mechanism of inflammation. In: Stites D.P., and Terr A.I. (Eds). Basic human immunology (1991), Appleton and Lange 131-140
53. Reiss J., Abelson M.B., George M.A., and Wedner H.J. Allergic conjunctivitis. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 345-358
54. Howarth P. Antihistamines in rhinoconjunctivitis. Clinical Allergy and Immunology 17 (2002) 179-220
55. Leonardi A. The central role of conjunctival mast cells in the pathogenesis of ocular allergy. Current Allergy and Asthma Report 2 4 (2002) 325-331
56. Abelson M.B., Smith L., and Chapin M. Ocular allergic disease: mechanism, disease sub-types, treatment. The Ocular Surface 1 July (3) (2003) 127-146
57. Lemanske Jr. R.F., and Kakliner M.A. Late phase allergic reactions. International Journal of Dermatology 22 7 (1983) 401-409
58. Bonini S. Allergic conjunctivitis: the forgotten disease. In: Crameri R. (Ed). Allergy and asthma in modern society: a scientific approach. Chemical immunological allergy vol. 91 (2006) 110-120
59. Durham S.R. The inflammatory nature of allergic disease. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 28 Suppl. 6 (1998) 20-24
60. Askenase P.W. Proposing Th2 DTH relevant to asthma: cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity then and now. Chemical Immunology 78 (2000) 112-123
61. Bonini S. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Allergy 59 Suppl. 78 (2004) 71-73
62. Male D., Cooke A., Owen M., Trowsdale J., and Champion B. Cytokine and chemokines. Advanced immunology (1996), Mosby Co. p. 10.1-10.14
63. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Hypersensitivity type IV. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 477-92
64. Delves P.J., Martin S.J., Burton D.R., and Roitt I.M. Hypersensitivity. Roitt's essential immunology (2006), Blackwell Publishing p. 336-63
65. Male D. Hypersensitivity-type II. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 20.1-20.10
66. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Hypersensitivity type III. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 461-76
67. Benjamin E., Coico R., and Sunshine G. Hypersensitivity reactions: antibody-mediated (type II) cytotoxic reactions and immune complex (type iii) reactions. Immunology a short course (2000), Wiley-Liss p. 301-15
68. Terr A.I. Mechanism of hypersensitivity. In: Stites D.P., Terr A.I., and Parslow T.G. (Eds). Medical immunology (1997), Appleton and Lange p. 376-88
69. Abelson M.B., George M.A., and Garofalo C. Differential diagnosis of ocular allergic disorders. Annals of Allergy 70 2 (1993) 95-109
70. Yanni J.M., Sharif N.A., Gamache D.A., Miller S.T., Weimer L.K., and Spellman J.M. A current appreciation of sites for pharmacologic intervention in allergic conjunctivitis: effects of new topical ocular drugs. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 77 Suppl. 228 (1999) 33-37
71. Leonardi A, Murat M, Abelson MB. Dual-action therapy important for complete allergy control. Ocular surgery news Europe/Asia-Pacific Edition. February 2003 issue [Retrieved on March 1, 2005 from www.osnsupersite.com].
72. Deschenes J., Discepola M., and Abelson M.B. Comparative evaluation of olopatadine ophthalmic solution (0.1%) versus ketorolac ophthalmic solution (0. 5%) using the provocative antigen challenge model. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 77 Suppl. 228 (1999) 47-52
73. Leonardi A., and Secchi A.G. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. International Ophthalmology Clinics Journal 43 1 (2003) 41-58
74. Srivastava A., Sur S., and Trocmé S.D. The role of eosinophils in ocular allergy. International Ophthalmology Clinics Journal 43 1 (2003) 9-26
75. Oppenheim J.J., Faltynek C., and Ruscetti F.W. Cytokines. In: Stites D.P., and Terr A.I. (Eds). Basic human immunology (1991), Appleton and Lange 78-100
76. Terr A.I. Inflammation. In: Stites D.P., Terr A.I., and Parslow T.G. (Eds). Medical immunology (1997), Appleton and Lange 182-195
77. Nishida T., and Taylor A.W. Specific aqueous humour factors induce activation of regulatory T cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 40 September (10) (1999) 2268-2274
78. Mosman T.R. T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines and effector functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 664 (1992) 89-92
79. Park A.Y., and Scott P. IL-12: keeping cell-mediated immunity alive. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 53 (2001) 529-532
80. Calder V.L., and Lackie P.M. Basic science and pathophysiology of ocular allergy. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 4 (2004) 326-331
81. + T regulatory cells: crosstalk between two professional in immunity versus tolerance. Frontiers in Bioscience 11 (May 1 2006) 1360-1370
82. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Cells, tissue, and organs of the immune system. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 19-58
83. Strelein J.W. Immunological non-responsiveness and acquisition of tolerance in relation to immune privilege in the eye. Eye 9 (1995) 236-240
84. Zhang-Hoover J., and Stein-Streilein J. Therapies based on principles of ocular immune privilege. In: Niederkorn J.Y., and Kaplan H.J. (Eds). Immune response and the eye. Chemical immunological allergy vol. 92 (2007), Karger, Basel 317-327
85. Male D., Cooke A., Owen M., Trowsdale J., and Champion B. Antigen receptor molecules. Advanced immunology (1996), Mosby Co. p. 2.1-2.23
86. Male D., Brostoff J., Roth D.B., and Roitt I. Introduction to the Immune System. Immunology (2006), Mosby p. 3-18
87. Adkinson Jr. N.F. The basic immunology of allergic diseases. Allergy Proceedings 11 January-February (1) (1990) 5-6
88. Revillard J.-P. Innate immunity. European Journal of Dermatology 12 May-June (3) (2002) 224-227
89. Turner M. Molecules which recognize antigen. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 5.1-5.12
90. Male D., Cooke A., Owen M., Trowsdale J., and Champion B. Class I and II molecules of major histocompatibility complex. Advanced immunology (1996), Mosby Co. p. 4.1-4.16
91. Owen M. Major histocompatibility complex. In: Roitt I., Brostoff J., and Male D. (Eds). Immunology (1989), The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis 4.1-4.12
92. Kamani N.R., and Douglas S.D. Structure and development of the immune system. In: Stites D.P., and Terr A.I. (Eds). Basic human immunology (1991), Appleton and Lange 9-33
93. Lambrecht B.N. Allergen uptake and presentation by dendritic cells. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1 February (1) (2001) 51-59
94. Moser M., and Murphy K.M. Dendritic cell regulation of TH1-TH2 development. Nature Immunology 1 September (3) (2000) 199-205
95. Rissoan M.C., Soumelis V., Kadowaki N., Grouard G., Briere F., de Waal Malefyt R., et al. Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. Science 283 February 19 (5405) (1999) 1183-1186
96. Ciprandi G., Buscaglia S., Catrullo A., Pesce G., Fiorino N., Montagna P., et al. Azelastine eye drops reduce and prevent allergic conjunctival reaction and exert anti-allergic activity. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 27 (1997) 182-191
97. Zhan H., Smith L., Calder V., Buckley R., and Lightman S. Clinical and immunological features of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. International Ophthalmology Clinics Journal 43 1 (2003) 59-72
98. Stahl J.L., and Barney N.P. Ocular allergic disease. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4 (2004) 455-459
99. Bielory L. Differential diagnosis of conjunctivitis for clinical allergist-immunologists. Annals of Allergy Asthma Immunology 98 (2007) 105-115
100. Bonini S., Lambiase A., Sgrulleta R., and Bonini S. Allergic chronic inflammation of the ocular surface in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3 (2003) 381-387
101. Brody J.M., and Foster C.S. Vernal conjunctivitis. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 367-375
102. Dinowitz M., Rescigno R., and Bielory L. Ocular allergic disease: differential diagnosis, examination techniques, and testing. Clinical Allergy and Immunology 15 (2000) 127-150
103. Liesegang T.J. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 376-390
104. Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2005;115(1):118-22.
105. Buckley R.J., and Bacon A.S. Giant papillary conjunctivitis. In: Pepose J.S., Holland G.N., and Wilhelmus K.R. (Eds). Ocular infection and immunity (1996), Mosby, St. Louis 359-366
106. Katelaris C.H. Giant papillary conjunctivitis-a review. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 77 Suppl. 228 (1999) 7-9
107. Abelson M.B., and Rosner S.A. How to handle drug-induced allergic conjunctivitis. Review of Ophthalmology 6 10 (1999) 146-148
108. Terr A.I. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity disease. In: Stites D.P., Terr A.I., and Parslow T.G. (Eds). Basic & clinical immunology (1994), Appleton & Lange 363-370
109. Del Prete G., Maggi E., and Romagnani S. Human Th1 and Th2 cells: functional properties, mechanisms of regulation and role in disease. Laboratory Investigation 70 (1994) 299-306
110. + T cells in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Immunology Today 16 (1995) 34-38
111. O'Garra A., and Murphy K. Role of cytokines in determining T lymphocyte function. Current Opinion in Immunology 6 (1994) 458-466
112. Chigbu D.I. Allergic eye disease: a review of the pathophysiology. Optometry Today 46 14 (2006) 31-40