New treatments for irritable bowel syndrome in women

Women's Health

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 605-623

  Adeyemo, Mopelola A ^a   Chang, Lin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Constipation; Diarrhea; Gender; Irritable bowel syndrome; Treatment; Women

Indexed keywords

17 METHYLNALTREXONE; ALOSETRON; ALVIMOPAN; BISACODYL; BULKING AGENT; CASCARA; CILANSETRON; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; ISPAGULA; LACTULOSE; LAXATIVE; LINACLOTIDE; LOPERAMIDE; LUBIPROSTONE; MACROGOL; MEBEVERINE; METHYLCELLULOSE; NALOXONE; NALTREXONE; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; PLACEBO; POLYCARBOPHIL CALCIUM; PRUCALOPRIDE; SCOPOLAMINE; SENNA EXTRACT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SORBITOL; SPASMOLYTIC AGENT; TEGASEROD; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ABDOMINAL PAIN; BLOATING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DEFECATION URGENCY; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG MECHANISM; FEMALE; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; IRRITABLE COLON; ISCHEMIC COLITIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; NAUSEA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VOMITING; WHEAT BRAN;

BENZOFURANS; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; DIET THERAPY; FEMALE; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; HUMANS; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEX DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 59349091478     PISSN: 17455057     EISSN: 17455065     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/17455057.4.6.605     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC: Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 130, 1480-1491 (2006).
2. Camilleri M, Choi MG: Review article: irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 3-15 (1997).
3. Talley NJ: Irritable bowel syndrome: definition, diagnosis and epidemiology. Baillieres. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 13, 371-384 (1999).
4. Thompson DG: GLP-1 and the gut. Gut 46, 591 (2000).
5. Muller-Lissner SA, Bollani S, Brummer RJ et al.: Epidemiological aspects of irritable bowel syndrome in Europe and North America. Digestion 64, 200-204 (2001).
6. Drossman DA, Camilleri M, Mayer EA, Whitehead WE: AGA technical review on irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 123, 2108-2131 (2002).
7. Brun-Strang C, Dapoigny M, Lafuma A, Wainsten JP, Fagnani F: Irritable bowel syndrome in France: quality of life, medical management, and costs: the Encoli study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 1097-1103 (2007)
8. Simren M, Brazier J, Coremans G et al.: Quality of life and illness costs in irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 69, 254-261 (2004).
9. Gralnek IM, Hays RD, Kilbourne A, Naliboff B, Mayer EA: The impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health-related quality of life. Gastroenterology 119, 654-660 (2000).
10. Frank L, Kleinman L, Rentz A, Ciesla G, Kim JJ, Zacker C: Health-related quality of life associated with irritable bowel syndrome: comparison with other chronic diseases. Clin. Ther. 24, 675-689 (2002).
11. Si JM, Wang LJ, Chen SJ, Sun LM, Dai N: Irritable bowel syndrome consulters in Zhejiang province: the symptoms pattern, predominant bowel habit subgroups and quality of life. World J. Gastroenterol. 10, 1059-1064 (2004).
12. Taub E, Cuevas JL, Cook EW, Crowell M, Whitehead WE: Irritable bowel syndrome defined by factor ana lysis. Gender and race comparisons. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40, 2647-2655 (1995).
13. Smith RC, Greenbaum DS, Vancouver JB et al.: Gender differences in Manning criteria in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 100, 591-595 (1991).
14. Lee OY, Mayer EA, Schmulson M, Chang L, Naliboff B: Gender-related differences in IBS symptoms. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96, 2184-2193 (2001).
15. Lu CL, Chang FY, Chen CY, Luo JC, Lee SD: Significance of Rome II-defined functional constipation in Taiwan and comparison with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24, 429-438 (2006).
16. Thompson WG: Gender differences in irritable bowel syndromes. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 299-302 (1997).
17. Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd: Irritable bowel syndrome in a community: symptom syubgroups, risk factors, and health care utilization. Am. J. Epidemiol. 142, 76-83 (1995).
18. Neal KR, Hebden J, Spiller R: Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. Br. Med. J. 314, 779-782 (1997).
19. Coffin B, Dapoigny M, Cloarec D, Comet D, Dyard F: Relationship between severity of symptoms and quality of life in 858 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 28, 11-15 (2004).
20. Van der Horst VG, Holstege G: Sensory and motor components of reproductive behavior: pathways and plasticity. Behav. Brain Res. 92, 157-167 (1998).
21. van der Horst HE, van Dulmen AM, Schellevis FG, van Eijk JT, Fennis JF, Bleijenberg G: Do patients with irritable bowel syndrome in primary care really differ from outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome? Gut 41, 669-674 (1997).
22. Simren M, Abrahamsson H, Svedlund J, Bjornsson ES: Quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome seen in referral centers versus primary care: the impact of gender and predominant bowel pattern. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 36, 545-552 (2001).
23. Gonsalkorale WM, Miller V, Afzal A, Whorwell PJ: Long-term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 52, 1623-1629 (2003).
24. 3 antagonist in subjects with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96, 2671-2679 (2001).
25. Chang L, Ameen VZ, Dukes GE, McSorley DJ, Carter EG, Mayer EA: A dose-ranging, Phase II study of the efficacy and safety of alosetron in men with diarrhea-predominant IBS. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100, 115-123 (2005).
26. 4 receptor partial agonist, relieves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients with abdominal pain, bloating and constipation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15, 1655-1666 (2001).
27. Kellow J, Lee OY, Chang FY et al.: An Asia-Pacific, double blind placebo controlled, randomised study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of tegaserod in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 52, 671-676 (2003).
28. Chang L, Heitkemper MM: Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 123, 1686-1701 (2002).
29. Stewart M, Brown JB, Donner A et al.: The impact of patient-centered care on outcomes. J. Fam. Pract. 49, 796-804 (2000).
30. Drossman DA: The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology 130, 1377-1390 (2006).
31. Bennett EJ, Tennant CC, Piesse C, Badcock CA, Kellow JE: Level of chronic life stress predicts clinical outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 43, 256-261 (1998).
32. Drossman DA, Li Z, Leserman J, Toomey TC, Hu YJ: Health status by gastrointestinal diagnosis and abuse history. Gastroenterology 110, 999-1007 (1996).
33. Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd: Gastrointestinal tract symptoms and self-reported abuse: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 107, 1040-1049 (1994).
34. Chang L, Drossman DA: Optimizing patient care: the psychological interview in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin. Perspec. 5, 336-342 (2002).
35. Wald A, Rakel D: Behavioral and complementary approaches for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 23, 284-292 (2008).
36. Park MI, Camilleri M: Is there a role of food allergy in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia? A systematic review. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 18, 595-607 (2006).
37. Floch MH, Narayan R: Diet in the irritable bowel syndrome. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 35, S45-S52 (2002).
38. Zuo XL, Li YQ, Li WJ et al.: Alterations of food antigen-specific serum immunoglobulins G and E antibodies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Clin. Exp. Allergy 37, 823-830 (2007).
39. Atkinson W, Sheldon TA, Shaath N, Whorwell PJ: Food elimination based on IgG antibodies in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 53, 1459-1464 (2004).
40. Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR: Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 765-771 (2008).
41. Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ: Personal view: food for thought - Western lifestyle and susceptibility to Crohn's disease. The FODMAP hypothesis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21, 1399-1409 (2005).
42. Quartero AO, Meineche-Schmidt V, Muris J, Rubin G, de Wit N: Bulking agents, antispasmodic and antidepressant medication for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD003460 (2005).
43. Dettmar PW, Sykes J: A multi-centre, general practice comparison of ispaghula husk with lactulose and other laxatives in the treatment of simple constipation. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 14, 227-233 (1998).
44. Davies GJ, Dettmar PW, Hoare RC: The influence of ispaghula husk on bowel habit. J. R. Soc. Health. 118, 267-271 (1998).
45. Crowell MD: The role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Manag. Care 7, S252-S260 (2001).
46. Chey WD, Pare P, Viegas A, Ligozio G, Shetzline MA: Tegaserod for female patients suffering from IBS with mixed bowel habits or constipation: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 1217-1225 (2008).
47. Layer P, Keller J, Loeffler H, Kreiss A: Tegaserod in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation as the prime symptom. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 3, 107-118 (2007).
48. Evans BW, Clark WK, Moore DJ, Whorwell PJ: Tegaserod for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD003960 (2007).
49. Novick J, Miner P, Krause R et al.: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tegaserod in female patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 1877-1888 (2002).
50. Wald A: Biofeedback for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology 125, 1533-1535 (2003).
51. Klaschik E, Nauck F, Ostgathe C: Constipation - modern laxative therapy. Support. Care Cancer 11, 679-685 (2003).
52. Brandt LJ, Bjorkman D, Fennerty MB et al.: Systematic review on the management of irritable bowel syndrome in North America. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97, S7-S26 (2002).
53. Dipalma JA, Cleveland MV, McGowan J, Herrera JL: A randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of polyethylene glycol laxative for chronic treatment of chronic constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102, 1436-1441 (2007).
54. Brandt LJ, Prather CM, Quigley EM, Schiller LR, Schoenfeld P, Talley NJ: Systematic review on the management of chronic constipation in North America. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100, S5-S21 (2005).
55. Hsieh C: Treatment of constipation in older adults. Am. Fam. Physician 72, 2277-2284 (2005).
56. Bosshard W, Dreher R, Schnegg JF, Bula CJ: The treatment of chronic constipation in elderly people: an update. Drugs Aging 21, 911-930 (2004).
57. Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, Ueno R et al.: Effect of a selective chloride channel activator, lubiprostone, on gastrointestinal transit, gastric sensory, and motor functions in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 290, G942-G947 (2006).
58. Johanson JF, Drossman DA, Panas R, Wahle A, Ueno R: Clinical trial: Phase 2 trial of lubiprostone for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 27(8), 685-696 (2008).
59. Drossman DA, Chey W, Panas R, Wahle A, Scott C, Ueno R: Lubiprostone significantly improves symptom relief rates in adults with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation (IBS-C): data from two twelve week, randomized, placebo controlled double blind trials. Gastroenterology 132, 2586-2587 (2007).
60. Andresen V, Camilleri M, Busciglio IA et al.: Effect of 5 days linaclotide on transit and bowel function in females with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 133, 761-768 (2007).
61. Bohn LM, Raehal KM: Opioid receptor signaling: relevance for gastrointestinal therapy. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6, 559-563 (2006).
62. Berde C, Nurko S: Opioid side effects - mechanism-based therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 2400-2402 (2008).
63. Hawkes ND, Rhodes J, Evans BK, Rhodes P, Hawthorne AB, Thomas GA: Naloxone treatment for irritable bowel syndrome - a randomized controlled trial with an oral formulation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 1649-1654 (2002).
64. Kariv R, Tiomny E, Grenshpon R et al.: Low-dose naltreoxone for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 51, 2128-2133 (2006).
65. Delaney CP, Wolff BG, Viscusi ER et al.: Alvimopan, for postoperative ileus following bowel resection: a pooled analysis of Phase III studies. Ann. Surg. 245, 355-363 (2007).
66. Thomas J, Karver S, Cooney GA et al.: Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 2332-2343 (2008).
67. Yuan CS, Foss JF: Oral methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation. JAMA 284, 1383-1384 (2000).
68. Yuan CS, Wei G, Foss JF, O'Connor M, Karrison T, Osinski J: Effects of subcutaneous methylnaltrexone on morphine-induced peripherally mediated side effects: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 300, 118-123 (2002).
69. Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Rykx A, Vandeplassche L: A placebo-controlled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 2344-2354 (2008).
70. Baker DE: Loperamide: a pharmacological review. Rev. Gastroenterol. Disord. 7(Suppl. 3), S11-S18 (2007).
71. Mayer EA: Clinical practice. Irritable bowel syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1692-1699 (2008).
72. Tonini M, Pace F: Drugs acting on serotonin receptors for the treatment of functional GI disorders. Dig. Dis. 24, 59-69 (2006).
73. 3 receptor antagonist, delays colonic transit in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy volunteers. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14, 775-782 (2000).
74. Andresen V, Montori VM, Keller J, West CP, Layer P, Camilleri M: Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) type 3 antagonists on symptom relief and constipation in nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 545-555 (2008).
75. Chang L, Chey WD, Harris L, Olden K, Surawicz C, Schoenfeld P: Incidence of ischemic colitis and serious complications of constipation among patients using alosetron: Systematic review of clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance data. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101(5), 1069-1079 (2006).
76. Lembo AJ, Olden KW, Ameen VZ, Gordon SL, Heath AT, Carter EG: Effect of alosetron on bowel urgency and global symptoms in women with severe, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: analysis of two controlled trials. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2, 675-682 (2004).
77. Lembo T, Wright RA, Bagby B et al.: Alosetron controls bowel urgency and provides global symptom improvement in women with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96, 2662-2670 (2001).
78. Krause R, Ameen V, Gordon SH et al.: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg and 1 mg alosetron in women with severe diarrhea-predominant IBS. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102, 1709-1719 (2007).
79. Chey WD, Chey WY, Heath AT et al.: Long-term safety and efficacy of alosetron in women with severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 2195-2203 (2004).
80. Lembo A: Peripheral opioids for functional GI disease: a reappraisal. Dig. Dis. 24, 91-98 (2006).
81. Mangel AW, Bornstein JD, Hamm LR et al.: Clinical trial: asimadoline in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28, 239-249 (2008).
82. Taché Y: Corticotropin releasing factor receptor antagonists: potential future therapy in gastroenterology? Gut 53, 919-921 (2004).
83. Taché Y, Martinez V, Million M, Wang L: Stress and the gastrointestinal tract III. Stress-related alterations of gut motor function: role of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280, G173-G177 (2001).
84. Tache Y: Cyclic vomiting syndrome: the corticotropin-releasing-factor hypothesis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 44, 79S-86S (1999).
85. Taché Y, Perdue MH: Role of peripheral CRF signalling pathways in stress-related alterations of gut motility and mucosal function. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 16(Suppl. 1), 137-142 (2004).
86. Santos J, Saunders PR, Hanssen NP et al.: Corticotropin-releasing hormone mimics stress-induced colonic epithelial pathophysiology in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 277, G391-G399 (1999).
87. Maillot C, Million M, Wei JY, Gauthier A, Tach, Y: Peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor and stress-stimulated colonic motor activity involve type 1 receptor in rats. Gastroenterology 119, 1569-1579 (2000).
88. Habib KE, Weld KP, Rice KC et al.: Oral administration of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist significantly attenuates behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic responses to stress in primates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 97, 6079-6084 (2000).
89. Taché Y, Martinez V, Wang L, Million M: CRF1 receptor signaling pathways are involved in stress-related alterations of colonic function and viscerosensitivity: implications for irritable bowel syndrome. Br. J. Pharmacol. 141, 1321-1330 (2004).
90. Sagami Y, Shimada Y, Tayama J et al.: Effect of a corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist on colonic sensory and motor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 53, 958-964 (2004).
91. Fischer H, Machen TE, Widdicombe JH et al.: A novel extract SB-300 from the stem bark latex of Croton lechleri inhibits CFTR-mediated chloride secretion in human colonic epithelial cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93, 351-357 (2004).
92. Lembo AJ RD, Chey WD, Drossman DA: Safety and efficacy of Crofelemer in patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (d-IBS). Gastroenterology 132, A141 (2007).
93. Pellow S, File SE: Is tofisopam an atypical anxiolytic? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 10, 221-227 (1986).
94. Leventer SM, Raudibaugh K, Frissora CL et al.: Clinical trial: dextofisopam in the treatment of patients with diarrhoea-predominant or alternating irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 27, 197-206 (2008).
95. Poynard T, Regimbeau C, Benhamou Y: Meta-analysis of smooth muscle relaxants in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15, 355-361 (2001).
96. Lesbros-Pantoflickova D, Michetti P, Fried M, Beglinger C, Blum AL: Meta-analysis: the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 20, 1253-1269 (2004).
97. Su X, Gebhart GF: Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the rat colon. Pain 76, 105-114 (1998).
98. Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MJG: Influence of antidepressants on whole gut transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 35, 203-201 (1994).
99. Morgan V, Pickens D, Gautam S, Kessler R, Mertz H: Amitriptyline reduces rectal pain related activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 54, 601-607 (2005).
100. Drossman DA, Toner BB, Whitehead WE et al.: Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus education and desipramine versus placebo for moderate to severe functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 125, 19-31 (2003).
101. Wilson K, Mottram P: A comparison of side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in older depressed patients: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 19, 754-762 (2004).
102. Talley NJ: SSRIs in IBS: Sensing a dash of disappointment. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1, 155-159 (2003).
103. Creed F, Fernandes L, Guthrie E et al.: The cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy and paroxetine for severe irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 124, 303-317 (2003).
104. Tabas G, Beaves M, Wang J, Friday P, Mardini H, Arnold G: Paroxetine to treat irritable bowel syndrome not responding to high-fiber diet: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 914-920 (2004).
105. Tack J, Broekaert D, Fischler B, Oudenhove LV, Gevers AM, Janssens J: A controlled cross-over study of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 55, 1095-1103 (2006).
106. Vahedi H, Merat S, Rashidioon A, Ghoddoosi A, Malekzadeh R: The effects of fluoxetine in patients with pain and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind randomized-controlled study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 381-385 (2005).
107. Kuiken SD, Tytgat GN, Boeckxstaens GE: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxeting does not change rectal sensitivity and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1, 219-228 (2003).
108. Talley NJ, Kellow JE, Boyce P, Tennant C, Huskic S, Jones M: Antidepressant therapy (imipramine and citalopram) for irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53, 108-115 (2008).
109. Tuteja AK, Talley NJ, Joos SK, Tolman KG, Hickam DH: Abdominal bloating in employed adults: prevalence, risk factors, and association with other bowel disorders. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 1241-1248 (2008).
110. O'Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P et al.: Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology 128, 541-551 (2005).
111. Kim HJ, Camilleri M, McKinzie S et al.: A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic, VSL#3, on gut transit and symptoms in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17, 895-904 (2003).
112. Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J et al.: Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 1581-1590 (2006).
113. Kim HJ, Vazquez Roque MI, Camilleri M et al.: A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination VSL#3 and placebo in irritable bowel syndrome with bloating. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 17, 687-696 (2005).
114. Kajander K, Hatakka K, Poussa T, Farkkila M, Korpela R: A probiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a controlled 6-month intervention. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 387-394 (2005).
115. Niv E, Naftali T, Hallak R, Vaisman N: The efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome - a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Clin. Nutr. 24, 925-931 (2005).
116. Tsuchiya J, Barreto R, Okura R, Kawakita S, Fesce E, Marotta F: Single-blind follow-up study on the effectiveness of a symbiotic preparation in irritable bowel syndrome. Chin. J. Dig. Dis. 5, 169-174 (2004).
117. Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B: A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 1143-1147 (2001).
118. Halpern GM, Prindiville T, Blankenburg M, Hsia T, Gershwin ME: Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Lacteol Fort: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91, 1579-1585 (1996).
119. O'Sullivan MA, O'Morain CA: Bacterial supplementation in the irritable bowel syndrome. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Dig. Liver Dis. 32, 294-301 (2000).
120. Nobaek S, Johansson ML, Molin G, Ahrne S, Jeppsson B: Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95, 1231-1238 (2000).
121. Posserud I, Stotzer PO, Bjornsson ES, Abrahamsson H, Simren M: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 56, 802-808 (2007).
122. Riordan SM, Kim R: Bacterial overgrowth as a cause of irritable bowel syndrome. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 22, 669-673 (2006).
123. Pimentel M, Park S, Mirocha J, Kane SV, Kong Y: The effect of a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic (rifaximin) on the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann. Int. Med. 145, 557-563 (2006).
124. Sharara AI, Aoun E, Abdul-Baki H, Mounzer R, Sidani S, Elhajj I: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of rifaximin in patients with abdominal bloating and flatulence. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 326-333 (2006).
125. Lembo AZ, Ferreira SF, Ringel NL et al.: Rifaximin for the treatment of diarrhea-associated irritable bowel syndrome: short term treatment leading to long term sustained response. Gastroenterology 134, A-545 (2008).
126. Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Krasner SS, Katz LA, Gudleski GD, Holroyd K: Self administered cognitive behavior therapy for moderate to severe IBS: clinical efficacy, tolerability, feasibility. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6(8), 899-906 (2008).
127. Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Krasner SS, Katz LA, Gudleski GD, Blanchard EB: How does cognitive behavior therapy for IBS work? A mediational analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology 133(2), 433-444 (2007).
128. Whorwell PJ: Review article: the history of hypnotherapy and its role in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 1061-1067 (2005).
129. Wilson S, Maddison T, Roberts L, Greenfield S, Singh S, Group BIR: Systematic review: the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24, 769-780 (2006).
130. Dorn SD, Kaptchuk TJ, Park JB et al.: A meta-analysis of the placebo response in complementary and alternative medicine trials of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 19, 630-637 (2007).
131. Sato A, Sato Y, Suzuki A, Uchida S: Neural mechanisms of the reflex inhibition and excitation of gastric motility elicited by acupuncture-like stimulation in anesthetized rats. Neurosci. Res. 18, 53-62 (1993).
132. Jin JG, Murthy KS, Grider JR, Makhlouf GM: Stoichiometry of neurally induced VIP release, NO formation, and relaxation in rabbit and rat gastric muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 271, G357-G369 (1996).
133. Han JS: Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies. Trends Neurosci. 26, 17-22 (2003).
134. Lee TH, Yang LC, Chou AK et al.: In vivo electroporation of proopiomelanocortin induces analgesia in a formalin-injection pain model in rats. Pain 104, 159-167 (2003).
135. Lim B, Manheimer E, Lao L et al.: Acupuncture for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD005111 (2006).
136. Reynolds JA, Bland JM, MacPherson H: Acupuncture for irritable bowel syndrome an exploratory randomised controlled trial. Acupunct. Med. 26, 8-16 (2008).
137. Liu JP, Yang M, Liu YX, Wei ML, Grimsgaard S: Herbal medicines for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD004116 (2006).