Italian society of hypertension guidelines for conventional and automated blood pressure measurement in the office, at home and over 24 hours

High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Prevention

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 283-310

  Parati, Gianfranco ^a,b   Omboni, Stefano ^c   Palatini, Paolo ^d   Rizzoni, Damiano ^e   Bilo, Grzegorz ^a,b   Valentini, Mariaconsuelo ^a,b   Agabiti Rosei, Enrico ^e   Mancia, Giuseppe ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO AUXOLOGICO ITALIANO   (Italy)

^c Istituto Italiano di Telemedicina   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Arterial hypertension; Automated blood pressure measurement; Blood pressure; Self blood pressure monitoring at home

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; MERCURY;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; AUSCULTATION; AUTOMATION; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY POSTURE; CHILD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DEVICE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; EMOTIONALITY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HOME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; MANOMETER; MEASUREMENT; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OBESITY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT POSITIONING; PERFORMANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SPHYGMOMANOMETER; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TELEMONITORING; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 58949094691     PISSN: 11209879     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/0151642-200815040-00008     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Parati G, de Leeuw P, Illyes M, et al. 2001 Consensus Conference on Ambulatory Blood Pressare Monitoring participants: blood pressure measurement in research. Blood Press Monit 2002; 7: 83-7
2. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, et al., on behalf of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 821-48
3. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, ESH Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 1505-26
4. Parati G, Bosi S, Castellano M, et al. Guidelines for 24-h non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: report from a working group of the Italian Society of Hypertension. High Blood Press 1995; 4: 168-74
5. Beevers G, Lip GHY, O'Brien E. ABC of references hypertension, part I: sphygmomanometry - factors common to all techniques. BMJ 2001; 322: 981-5
6. O'Brien E, Waeber B, Parati G, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations on blood pressure measuring devices. BMJ 2001; 322: 532-6
7. European Commission for Standardisation. Specification for noninvasive sphygmomanometers: part 1 - general requirements [European standard EN1060-1; British standard BSSEN 1060-1:1996]. Brussels: European Commission for Standardisation, 1995
8. European Commission for Standardisation. Specification for noninvasive sphygmomanometers: part 2 - supplementary requirements for mechanical sphygmomanometers [European Standard EN 1060-2; British Standard BSSEN 1060-2:1996]. Brussels: European Commission for Standardisation, 1995
9. European Committee for Standardisation. Specification for noninvasive sphygmomanometers: part 3 - supplementary requirements for electro-mechanical blood pressure measuring systems [European Standard EN 1060-3 1997 (British Standard BSEN 1060-3:1997]. Brussels: European Committee for Standardisation, 1997
10. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. American National Standard for Electronic or Automated Sphygmomanometers: ANSI/AAMI SP10-1993. Arlington (VA): AAMI, 1993
11. O'Brien E, Petrie J, Littler WA, et al. The British Hypertension Society Protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J Hypertens 1993; 11 Suppl. 2: S43-63
12. O'Brien E, Pickering T, Asmar R, et al., on behalf of the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of the European Society of Hypertension. International protocol for validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults. Blood Press Monit 2002; 7: 3-17
13. Normenausschuaß Feinmechanik und Optik (NaFuO) im DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normierung eV. Non-invasive sphygmomanometers-clinical investigation. Berlin: Beuth Verlag, 1996
14. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. American national standard for electronic or automated sphygmomanometers. ANSI/AAMI SP10-1987. Arlington (VA): AAMI, 1987
15. O'Brien E, Petrie J, Littler WA, et al. British Hypertension Protocol: evaluation of automated and semiautomated blood pressure measuring devices with special reference to ambulatory systems. J Hypertens 1990; 8: 607-19
16. O'Brien E, Atkins N, Staessen J. State of the market: a review of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring devices. Hypertension 1995; 26: 835-42
17. O'Brien E. State of the market in 2001 for blood pressure measuring devices. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 171-6
18. European Society of Hypertension [online]. Available from URL: http://www.eshonline.org/education/newsletter/download.php?id=12 [Accessed 2008 Nov 25]
19. British Hypertension Society [online]. Available from URL: http://www.bhsoc.org/blood-pressure-list.stm [Accessed 2008 Nov 25]
20. PressioneArteriosa.net [online]. Available from URL: http://www. pressionearteriosa.net [Accessed 2008 Nov 25]
21. dabl® Educational Trust [online]. Available from URL: http://www.dableducational.com [Accessed 2008 Nov 25]
22. Omboni S, Costantini C, Pini C, et al. Certificazione internazionale di qualità PA.NET per misuratori della pressione arterisosa [online]. Available from URL: http://www.pressionearteriosa.net [Accessed 2006 Sep]
23. Kario K, Shimada K, Pickering TG. Abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in elderly hypertension: clinical significance and determinants. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 41 Suppl. 1: S61-6
24. Mancia G, Ferrari A, Gregorini L, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings. Circ Res 1983; 53: 96-104
25. Parati G, Ulian L, Santucciu C, et al. Blood pressure variability, cardiovascular risk and antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 1995; 13 Suppl. 4: S27-34
26. Mancia G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G, et al. Effects of blood pressure measurement by the doctor on patient. Lancet 1983; II: 695-8
27. O'Brien E, Petrie J, Littler WA, et al. Blood pressure measurement: recommendations of the British Hypertension Society. 3rd ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 1997
28. Beevers G, Lip GYH, O'Brien E. ABC of hypertension. 4th ed. London: BMJ Books, 2001
29. British Hypertension Society. Blood pressure measurement [CD-ROM]. London: BMJ Books, 1998
30. Societè Francaise d'Hypertension Arterielle. La prise de la pression arterielle au cabinet medical [CD-ROM]. Paris: Società Francaise d'Hypertension Arterielle, 1998
31. Riva-Rocci S. La tecnica della sfigmomanometria. Gazzetta Med Torino 1897; 9&10: 181-91
32. Mancia G, Parati G, Pomidossi G, et al. Alerting reaction and rise in blood pressure during measurements by physician and nurse. Hypertension 1987; 9: 209-15
33. Lantelme P, Milon H, Gharib C, et al. White coat effect and reactivity to stress: cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system responses. Hypertension 1998; 31: 1021-9
34. Palatini P, Palomba D, Bertolo O, et al. The whitecoat effect is unrelated to the difference between clinic and daytime blood pressure and is associated with greater reactivity to public speaking. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 545-53
35. Pickering TG, James GD, Boddie C, et al. How common is white coat hypertension? JAMA 1988; 259: 255-8
36. Parati G, Pomidossi G, Casadei R, et al. Lack of alerting reactions and pressor responses to intermittent cuff inflation during non invasive blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 1985; 7: 597-601
37. Lantelme P, Milon H, Vernet M, et al. Difference between office and ambulatory blood pressure or real white coat effect: does it matter in term of prognosis? J Hypertens 2000; 18: 383-9
38. Parati G, Mancia G. White coat effect: semantics, assessment and pathophysiological implications. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 481-6
39. World Health Organization. Hypertension control. WHO Technical Report Series 1996; 862: 7-8
40. Parati G, Bilo G, Mancia G. White coat effect and white coat hypertension: what do they mean? Cardiovasc Rev Rep 2003; 24: 477-84
41. O'Brien E, O'Malley K. The ABC of blood pressure measurement: the sphygmomanometer. BMJ 1979; 2: 851-3
42. Silverberg DS, Shemesh E, Jaina A. The unsupported arm: a cause of falsely raised blood pressure readings [letter]. BMJ 1977; 2: 1331
43. Gosse P. Blood pressure should be measured in both arms on the first consultation. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1045-6
44. O'Brien E. A century of confusion: which bladder for accurate blood pressure measurement? J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10: 565-72
45. Pickering T. Ambulatory monitoring and blood pressure variability. In: Clinic measurement of blood pressure and white coat hypertension. London: Science Press, 1991: 7.1-14
46. Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, et al. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation 1993; 88: 2460-70
47. De Swiet M, Dillon MJ, Little W, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in children: recommendations of a working party of the British Hypertension Society. BMJ 1989; 299: 497
48. National High Blood Pressure Education Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Update on the 1987 Task Force report on high blood pressure in children and adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Pediatrics 1996; 98: 649-58
49. Menghetti E, Virdis R, Strambi M, et al. Blood pressure in childhood and adolescence: the Italian normal standards. Study Group on Hypertension of the Italian Society of Pediatrics. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1363-72
50. O'Brien E, O'Malley K. Blood pressure measurement in the elderly with special reference to ambulatory blood pressure measurement. In: Leonetti G, Cuspedi C, editors. Hypertension in the elderly. Amsterdam: Kluwer, 1994: 13-25
51. Owens P, O'Brien ET. Hypotension: a forgotten illness? Blood Press Monit 1996; 2: 3-14
52. Spence JD, Sibbald WJ, Cape RD. Pseudohypertension in the elderly. Clin Sci Mol Biol 1978; 55: 399S-402S
53. Stewart MJ, Gough K, Padfield PL. The accuracy of automated blood pressure measuring devices in patients with controlled atrial fibrillation. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 297-300
54. Shennan AH, Halligan AWF. Measuring blood pressure in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecolecol 1999; 13: 1-26
55. Shennan A, Gupta M, Halligan A, et al. Lack of reproducibility in pregnancy of Korotkoff phase IV as measured by sphygmomanometry. Lancet 1996; 347: 139-42
56. de Swiet M. K5 rather than K4 for diastolic blood pressure measurement in pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 1999; 18: iii-v
57. Manolio TA, Burke GL, Savage PJ, et al. Exercise blood pressure response and 5-year risk of elevated blood pressure in a cohort of young adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 234-41
58. Matthews CE, Pate RR, Jackson KL, et al. Exaggerated blood pressure response to dynamic exercise and risk of future hypertension. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 29-35
59. Singh JP, Larson MG, Manolio TA, et al. Blood pressure response during treadmill testing as a risk factor for new-onset hypertension: the Framingham heart study. Circulation 1999; 99: 1831-6
60. Sung J, Ouyang P, Silber HA, et al. Exercise blood pressure response is related to left ventricular mass. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 333-8
61. Mundal R, Kjeldsen SE, Sandvik L, et al. Exercise blood pressure predicts mortality from myocardial infarction. Hypertension 1996; 27: 324-9
62. Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001; 104: 1694-740
63. Weisser B, Hartrumpf T, Mengden T, et al. Exercise blood pressure in the elderly-proposal for normal values in view of the 1999 WHO blood pressure classification. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2001; 126 Suppl. 3: S159
64. Beevers G, Lip GHY, O'Brien E. ABC of hypertension, part II: conventional sphygmomanometry -technique of auscultatory blood pressure measurement. BMJ 2001; 322: 1043-7
65. Rose G. Standardisation of observers in blood pressure measurement. Lancet 1965; I: 673-4
66. Keary L, Atkins N, Molloy E, et al. Terminal digit preference and heaping in blood pressure measurement. J Hum Hypertens 1998; 12: 787-8
67. O'Brien E, Mee F, Atkins N, et al. Training and assessment of observers for blood pressure measurement in hypertension research. J Hum Hypertens 1991; 5: 7-10
68. Parati G, Omboni S. Misurazione della pressione arteriosa: misurazione auscultatoria e con strumenti elettronici [DVD video]. Milan: BRP Editore, 2004
69. Burke MJ, Towers HM, O'Malley K, et al. Sphygmomanometers in hospitals and family practice: problems and recommendations. BMJ 1982; 285: 469-71
70. Yarows SA, Oian K. Accuracy of aneroid sphygmomanometers in clinical usage: University of Michigan experience. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 101-6
71. Mion D, Pierin AMG. How accurate are sphygmomanometers? J Hum Hypertens 1998; 12: 245-8
72. O'Brien E, Fitzgerald D. The history of blood pressure measurement. J Hum Hypertens 1994; 8: 73-84
73. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105-87
74. Myers MG, Valdivieso MA. Use of an automated blood pressure recording device, the BpTRU, to reduce the 'white coat effect' in routine practice. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16 (6): 494-7
75. Myers MG. Automated blood pressure measurement in routine clinical practice. Blood Press Monit 2006; 11: 59-62
76. O'Brien E. State of the market in 2001 for blood pressure measuring devices. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 281-6
77. O'Brien E. Automated blood pressure measurement: state of the market in 1998 and the need for an international validation protocol for blood pressure measuring devices. Blood Press Monit 1998; 3: 205-11
78. O'Brien E, Padfield P, Bland M, et al. Validation of blood pressure measuring devices [letter]. J Clin Monit 1995; 11: 257
79. Snellen HA. EJ Marey and cardiology. Rotterdam: Kooyker Scientific Publications, 1980: 128-9
80. VierordtK. Die Lehre vom Arterienpuls. Braunshweig: F Vieweg, 1855
81. Marey EJ. Physiologie médicale de la circulation du sang. Paris: Adrien Delahye, 1863: 176
82. Dudgeon RE. The sphygmograph. London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, 1882
83. von Bash S. Ueber die messung des blutdrucks am menschen. Z Klein Med 1880; 2: 79-96
84. Potain PCE. Du sphygmomanometer et de la mesure de la pression artérielle chez l'homme. Arch Physiol Norm Pathol 1889; I: 556-69
85. Parati G, Mancia G. La misurazione della pressione arteriosa: dal laboratorio sperimentale alla pratica clinica. Il contributo di Riva-Rocci. Momento Medico S.r.l., Salerno, 2001: 1-131
86. Parati G, Mancia G. History of blood pressure measurement from the pre-Riva-Rocci era to the twenty-first century. In: Birkenhäger WH, Reid JL, editors. Handbook of hypertension. The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V., 2004: 3-32
87. Parati G, Asmar R, Stergiou G. Self blood pressure monitoring at home by wrist devices: a reliable approach? J Hypertens 2002; 20: 573-8
88. Eckert S, Gleichmann S, Gleichmann U. Blood pressure self-measurement in upper arm and in wrist for treatment control of arterial hypertension compared to ABPM. Z Kardiol 1996; 85 Suppl. 3: 109-11
89. Kikuya M, Chonan K, Imai Y, et al. Accuracy and reliability of wrist-cuff devices for self-measurement of blood pressure: result from the Research Group to Assess the Validity of Automated Blood Pressure Measurement Devices in Japan. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 629-38
90. Herpin D, Pickering T, Stergiou G, et al. Consensus conference on self-blood pressure measurement: clinical applications and diagnosis. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 131-5
91. Wonka F, Thummler M, Schoppe A. Clinical test of a blood pressure measurement device with a wrist cuff. Blood Press Monit 1996; 1: 361-6
92. Asmar R, Zanchetti A. Guidelines for the use of self-blood pressure monitoring: a summary report of the First International Consensus Conference. Groupe Evaluation and Measure of the French Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 493-508
93. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al., National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-72
94. O'Brien E, Coats A, Owens P, et al. Use and interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: recommendations of the British hypertension society. BMJ 2000; 320: 1128-34
95. Imai Y, Otsuka K, Kawano Y, et al., Japanese Society of Hypertension. Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) guidelines for self-monitoring of blood pressure at home. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 771-82
96. Palatini P. Reliability of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 291-5
97. Omboni S, Parati G, Groppelli A, et al. Performance of the AM-5600 blood pressure monitor: comparison with ambulatory intra-arterial pressure. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 698-703
98. Palatini P, Frigo G, Bertolo O, et al. Validation of the A&D TM-2430 device for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and evaluation of performance according to subjects' characteristics. Blood Press Monit 1998; 3: 255-60
99. Winnicki M, Canali C, Mormino P, et al., Hypertension and Ambulatory Recording Venetia Study (HARVEST) Group, Italy. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring editing criteria: is standardization needed? Am J Hypertens 1997; 10 (4 Pt 1): 419-27
100. Lee DR, Farmer AJ, Swift CG, et al. Investigation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data editing criteria. J Hum Hypertens 1995; 9: 195-8
101. Berardi L, Chau NP, Chanudet X, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: a critical review of the current methods to handle outliers. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 1243-8
102. Casadei R, Parati G, Pomidossi G, et al. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring: evaluation of Spacelabs 5300 monitor by comparison with intra-arterial blood pressure recording in ambulant subjects. J Hypertens 1988; 6: 797-803
103. SETI operating manual, 2001-2008. Varese: Biotechmed, 2008
104. Pickering TG, Harshfield GA, Kleinert HD, et al. Blood pressure during normal daily activities, sleep, and exercise: comparison of values in normal and hypertensive subjects. JAMA 1982; 247: 992-6
105. Clark LA, Denby L, Pregibon D, et al. A data-based method for bivariate outlier detection: application to automatic blood pressure recording devices. Psychophysiology 1987; 24: 119-25
106. Palatini P, Businaro R, Berton G, et al. Effects of low altitude exposure on 24-hour blood pressure and adrenergic activity. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 1379-82
107. Germanò G, Ferrucci A, Damiani S, et al. The amount of monitoring time required in determining a blood pressure profile: the way we used to reduce artifacts influence. Clin Exp Hypertens A 1985; 7: 361-4
108. Berglund G, De Faire U, Castenfors J, et al. Monitoring 24-hour blood pressure in a drug trial: evaluation of a noninvasive device. Hypertension 1985; 7: 688-94
109. Asmar R, Zanchetti A. Guidelines for the use of self-blood pressure monitoring: a summary report of the First International Consensus Conference. Groupe Evaluation and Measure of the French Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 493-508
110. Parati G, Valentini M. Do we need out-of-office blood pressure in every patient? Curr Opin Cardiol 2007; 22: 321-8
111. Parati G, Stergiou G. Self blood pressure measurement at home: how many times? J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1075-9
112. Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, et al. How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? Ten-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1099-104
113. Staessen JA, Bieniaszewski L, O'Brien E, et al. Nocturnal blood pressure fall on ambulatory monitoring in a large international database: the 'Ad Hoc' Working Group. Hypertension 1997; 29 (1 Pt 1): 30-9
114. White WB, Dey HM, Schulman P. Assessment of the daily blood pressure load as a determinant of cardiac function in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 782-95
115. Benetos A, Rudnichi A, Safar M, et al. Pulse pressure and cardiovascular mortality in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 1998; 32: 560-4
116. Haider AW, Larson MG, Franklin SS, et al. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure as predictors of risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 10-6
117. Gosse P, Lasserre R, Minifie C, et al. Blood pressure surge on rising. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1113-8
118. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 2003; 107: 1401-6
119. Owens P, Atkins N, O'Brien E. Diagnosis of white coat hypertension by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 1999; 34: 267-72
120. Li Y, Wang JG, Dolan E, et al. Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index derived from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2006; 47: 359-64
121. Schillaci G, Parati G, Pirro M, et al. Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index is not a specific marker of reduced arterial compliance. Hypertension 2007; 49: 986-91
122. Di Rienzo M, Grassi G, Pedotti A, et al. Continuous vs intermittent blood pressure measurements in estimating 24-hour average blood pressure. Hypertension 1983; 5: 264-9
123. Palatini P, Penzo M, Racioppa A, et al. Clinical relevance of nighttime blood pressure and of daytime blood pressure variability. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1855-60
124. Bilo G, Giglio A, Styczkiewicz K, et al. How to improve the assessment of 24-h blood pressure variability. Blood Press Monit 2005; 10: 321-3
125. Stanton A, Cox J, Atkins N, et al. Cumulative sums in quantifying circadian blood pressure patterns. Hypertension 1992; 19: 93-101
126. Streitberg B, Meyer-Sabellek W. Smoothing twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure profiles: a comparison of alternative methods. J Hypertens Suppl 1990; 8: S21-7
127. Halberg J, Halberg F, Leach CN. Variability of human blood pressure with reference mostly to the non-chronobiologic literature. Chronobiologia 1984; 11: 205-16
128. Staessen J, Celis H, De Cort P, et al. Methods for describing the diurnal blood pressure curve. J Hypertens Suppl 1991; 9: S16-8
129. Germanò G, Damiani S, Caparra A, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure recording in diabetic patients with abnormal responses to cardiovascular autonomic function tests. Acta Diabetol 1992; 28: 221-8
130. Idema RN, Gelsema ES, Wenting GJ, et al. A new model for diurnal blood pressure profiling: square wave fit compared with conventional methods. Hypertension 1992; 19 (6 Pt 1): 595-605
131. Head GA, Reid CM, Shiel LM, et al. Rate of morning increase in blood pressure is elevated in hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19: 1010-7
132. Bilo G, Giglio A, Styczkiewicz K, et al. A new method for assessing 24-h blood pressure variabiblity after excluding the contribution of nocturnal blood pressure fall. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 2058-66
133. Head GA, Lukoshkova EV, Mayorov DN, et al. Non-symmetrical double logistic analysis of 24 hour blood pressure recordings in normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 2075-85
134. Parati G, Vrijens B, Vincze G. Analysis and interpretation of 24-h blood pressure profiles: appropriate mathematical models may yield deeper understanding. Am J Hypertens 2007; 21: 123-5
135. Mancia G, Omboni S, Ravogli A, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of antihypertensive treatment: additional information from a large data base. Blood Press 1995; 4: 148-56
136. Omboni S, Parati G, Zanchetti A, et al. Calculation of trough:peak ratio of antihypertensive treatment from ambulatory blood pressure: methodological aspects. Hypertens 1995; 13: 1105-12
137. Omboni S, Parati G, Mancia G. The trough:peak ratio and the smoothness index in the evaluation of control of 24h blood pressure by treatment in hypertension. Blood Press Monit 1998; 3: 201-4
138. Rizzoni D, Castellano M, Muiesan ML, et al. Beyond through:peak ratio: a new index of the smoothness of the antihypertensive effect of a drug. High Blood Press 1997; 6: 111-5
139. Parati G, Omboni S, Rizzoni D, et al. The smoothness index: a new, reproducible and clinically relevant measure of the homogeneity of the blood pressure reduction with treatment for hypertension. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1685-91
140. Rizzoni D, Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, et al. The smoothness index, but not the trough-to-peak ratio predicts changes in carotid artery wall thickness during antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 703-11
141. Omboni S, Fogari R, Palatini P, et al. Reproducibility and clinical value of the trough-to-peak ratio of the antihypertensive effect: evidence from the sample study. Hypertension 1998; 32: 424-9
142. Parati G, Stergiou GS. Self measured and ambulatory blood pressure in assessing the 'white-coat' phenomenon. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 677-82
143. Stergiou GS, Efstathiou SP, Skeva II, et al. Comparison of the smoothness index, the trough : peak ratio and the morning : evening ratio in assessing the features of the antihypertensive drug effect. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 913-20
144. Zannad F, Radauceanu A, Parati G. Trough-to-peak ratio, smoothness index and morning-to-evening ratio: why, which and when? J Hypertens 2003; 21: 851-4
145. Palatini P. Too much of a good thing? A critique of overemphasis on the use of ABPM in clinical practice. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1917-23
146. Di Rienzo M, Parati G, Pomidossi G, et al. Blood pressure monitoring over short day and night times cannot predict 24 hour average blood pressure. J Hypertens 1985; 3: 343-9
147. Pickering T. Ambulatory monitoring and blood pressure variability. In: Clinic aspects of ambulatory monitoring and determinants of normal ambulatory blood pressure. London: Science Press, 1991: 9.1-15
148. Chesney MA, Ironson GH. Diaries in ambulatory monitoring. In: Handbook of research methods in cardiovascular behavioral medicine. New York: Plenum, 1989: 317-32
149. Mengden T, Chamontin B, Phong Chau NG, et al., and the participants of the First International Consensus Conference on Blood Pressure Self-Measurement. User procedure for self-measurement of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 111-29
150. Imai Y, Nishiyama A, Sekino M, et al. Characteristics of blood pressure measured at home in the morning and in the evening: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 1999; 101: 889-98
151. Stergiou GS, Skeva II, Zourbaki AS, et al. Self-monitoring of blood pressure at home: how many measurements are needed? J Hypertens 1998; 16: 725-31
152. Mengden T, Hernandez Medina RM, Beltran B, et al. Reliability of reporting self-measured blood pressure values by hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 1413-7
153. Grim CM, Grim CE. A curriculum for the training and certification of blood pressure measurement for health care providers. Can J Cardiol 1995; 11: 38H-42H
154. The Cardiovascular Institute. Hypertension and self-blood pressure measurement [CD-ROM]. Paris: The Cardiovascular Institute, 2002
155. Imai Y, Munakata M, Tsuji I, et al. Seasonal variation in blood pressure in normotensive women studied by home measurements. Clin Sci 1996; 95: 55-60
156. Palatini P, Pessina AC. A new approach to define the upper normal limits of ambulatory blood pressure. J Hypertens 1990; 8: 565-70
157. Mancia G, Sega R, Bravi C, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure normality: results from the PAMELA study. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 1377-90
158. Rasmussen SL, Torp-Pedersen C, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. Normal values for ambulatory blood pressure and differences between casual blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure: results from a Danish population survey. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1415-24
159. O'Brien E, Murphy J, Tyndall A, et al. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure in men and women aged 17 to 80 years: the Allied Irish Bank Study. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 355-60
160. Staessen JA, Bieniaszewski L, O'Brien ET, et al. An epidemiological approach to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: the Belgian population study. Blood Press Monit 1996; 1: 13-26
161. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Reference values for 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring based on a prognostic criterion: the Ohasama Study. Hypertension 1998; 32: 255-9
162. Kikuya M, Hansen TW, Thijs L, et al. International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes Investigators. Diagnostic thresholds for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring based on 10-year cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2007; 115: 2145-52
163. Imai Y, Satoh H, Nagai K, et al. Characteristics of a community based distribution of home blood pressure in Ohasama, a northern part of Japan. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 1441-9
164. Tsuji I, Imai Y, Nagai K, et al. Proposal of reference values for home blood pressure measurement: prognostic criteria based on a prospective observation of the general population in Ohasama, Japan. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 409-18
165. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 971-5
166. Thijs L, Staessen J, Celis H, et al. Reference values for self-recorded blood pressure: a meta-analysis of summary data. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 481-8
167. Saito S, Asayama K, Ohkubo T, et al. The second progress report on the Hypertension Objective treatment based on Measurement by Electrical Devices of Blood Pressure (HOMED-BP) study. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9: 243-7
168. Owens P, Lyons S, O'Brien E. Ambulatory blood pressure in the hypertensive population: patterns and prevalence of hypertensive subforms. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1735-43
169. Parati G, Redon J. Direct and surrogate measures of the white-coat effect: methodological aspects and clinical relevance. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 379-82
170. Sega R, Trocino G, Lanzarotti A, et al. Alterations of cardiac structure in patients with isolated office, ambulatory, or home hypertension: data from the general population (Pressione Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni [PAMELA] Study). Circulation 2001; 104: 1385-92
171. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Whitecoat hypertension. Lancet 1996; 348: 1444-5
172. Fagard RH, Staessen JA, Thijs L, et al. Response to antihypertensive therapy in older patients with sustained and nonsustained systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Circulation 2000; 102: 1139-44
173. Kario K, Shimada K, Schwartz JE, et al. Silent and clinically overt stroke in older Japanese subjects with whitecoat and sustained hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 238-45
174. Owens PE, Lyons SP, Rodriguez SA, et al. Is elevation of clinic blood pressure in patients with white coat hypertension who have normal ABPM associated with target organ changes? J Hum Hypertens 1998; 12: 743-8
175. Guidelines Subcommittee of the World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension (WHO-ISH) Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151-83
176. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 2005; 45: 142-61
177. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, et al. BHS Guidelines Working Party for the British Hypertension Society. British Hypertension Society guidelines for hypertension management 2004 (BHS-IV): summary. BMJ 2004; 328: 634-40
178. Staessen JA, O'Brien ET, Atkins N, et al., on behalf of the Ad-Hoc Working Group. Short report: ABPM in normotensive compared with hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 1289-97
179. Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, et al. Evaluation of white coat hypertension in children: importance of the definitions of normal ABPM and the severity of casual hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 855-60
180. Verdecchia P, Palatini P, Schillaci G, et al. Independent predictors of isolated clinic ('white-coat') hypertension. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 1015-20
181. O'Brien E, Coats A, Owens P, et al. Use and interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: recommendations of the British Hypertension Society. BMJ 2000; 320: 1128-34
182. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. White-coat hypertension and white-coat effect: similarities and differences. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 790-8
183. Myers MG, Reeves RA. White-coat phenomenon in patients receiving antihypertensive therapy. Am J Hypertens 1991; 4: 844-9
184. Pickering T, Davidson K, Gerin W, et al. Masked hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40: 795-6
185. Asmar RG, Girerd XJ, Brahimi M, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure measurement, smoking and abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 181-7
186. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 1997; 350: 757-64
187. O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers and non-dippers [letter]. Lancet 1988; II: 397
188. Asmar RG, Brunel PC, Pannier BM, et al. Arterial distensibility and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 1066-70
189. Cunha RS, Benetos A, Laurent S, et al. Distension capacity of the carotid artery and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: effects of age and hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 343-52
190. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, et al. Diurnal blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation 1990; 81: 528-36
191. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Nocturnal pressure is the true pressure. Blood Press Monit 1996; 1: S81-5
192. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, et al. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 2183-9
193. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Relation between nocturnal decline in blood pressure and mortality: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 1201-7
194. Bellomo G, Narducci PL, Rondoni F, et al. Prognostic value of 24-hour blood pressure in pregnancy. JAMA 1999; 282: 1447-52
195. Halligan A, O'Brien E, O'Malley K, et al. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement in a primigravid population. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 869-73
196. Halligan AWF, Shennan A, Lambert PC, et al. Automated blood pressure measurement as a predictor of proteinuric pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 559-62
197. Penny JA, Halligan AWF, Shennan AH, et al. Automated, ambulatory, or conventional blood pressure measurement in pregnancy: which is the better predictor of severe hypertension? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 521-6
198. Churchill D, Perry IJ, Beevers DG. ABPM in pregnancy and fetal growth. Lancet 1997; 349: 7-10
199. Sturrock ND, George E, Pound N, et al. Non-dipping diurnal blood pressure and renal impairment are associated with increased mortality in diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 360-4
200. Owens P, O'Brien ET. Hypotension in patients with coronary disease: can profound hypotensive events cause myocardial ischaemic events? Heart 1999; 82: 477-81
201. Appel LJ, Stason WB. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure self-measurement in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 867-82
202. Brueren MM, Schouten HJ, de Leeuw PW, et al. A series of self-measurements by the patient is a reliable alternative to ambulatory blood pressure measurement. Br J Gen Pract 1998; 48: 1585-9
203. Stergiou GS, Zourbaki AS, Skeva II, et al. White coat effect detected using self-monitoring of blood pressure at home: comparison with ambulatory blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 820-7
204. Edmonds D, Foerster EG, Greminger P, et al. Does self-measurement of blood pressure improve patient compliance in hypertension? J Hypertens 1985; 3 Suppl. 1: 31-4
205. Friedman RH, Kazis LE, Jette A, et al. A telecommunications system for monitoring and counselling patients with hypertension. Impact on medication adherence and blood pressure control. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 285-92
206. Imai Y, Poncelet P, DeBuyzere M, et al., and the participants of the First International Consensus Conference on Blood Pressure Self-Measurement. Prognostic significance of self-measurements of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 137-43
207. Ibrahim MM, Tarazi RC, Dustan HP, et al. Electrocardiogram in evaluation of resistance to antihypertensive therapy. Arch Intern Med 1977; 137: 1125-9
208. Verdecchia P, Bentivoglio M, Providenza M, et al. Reliability of home self-recorded arterial pressure in essential hypertension in relation to the stage of the disease. In: Germano G, editor. Blood pressure recording in the clinical management of hypertension. Rome: Edizioni Pozzi, 1985: 40-2
209. Mallion J-M, Baguet J-P, Siché J-P, et al. Clinical value of ABPM monitoring. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 585-95
210. White W. Guidelines on the clinical utility of ABPM. Blood Press Monit 1998; 3: 181-4
211. Staessen JA, Byttebier G, Buntinx F, et al., for the Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Treatment of Hypertension Investigators. Antihypertensive treatment based on conventional or ambulatory blood pressure measurement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997; 278: 1065-72
212. Asmar R, Lacourciere Y., on behalf of the Candesartan Cilexetil in Hypertension Ambulatory Measurement of Blood Pressure (CHAMP) Study Investigators: a new approach to assessing antihypertensive therapy - effect of treatment on pulse pressure. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1683-90
213. Parati G, Ravogli A, Mutti E, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens 1994; 12 Suppl. 8: S9-S15
214. Trazzi S, Mutti E, Frattola A, et al. Reproducibility of non-invasive and intra-and arterial blood pressure monitoring: implications for studies on antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 115-9
215. Denolle T, Waeber B, Kjeldsen S, et al., and the participants of the First International Consensus Conference on Blood Pressure Self-Measurement. Self-measurement of blood pressure in clinical trials and therapeutic applications. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 145-9
216. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, et al. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurements in assessing the effect of treatment in a single-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 179-85
217. Menard J, Chatellier G, Day M, et al. Self-measurement of blood pressure at home to evaluate drug effects by the trough:peak ratio. J Hypertens 1994; 12 Suppl. 8: S21-5
218. Mengden T, Vetter H, Tisler A, et al. Tele-monitoring of home blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 185-9
219. Parati G, Omboni S, Albini F, et al., on behalf of the TeleBPCare Study Group. Home blood pressure telemonitoring improves hypertension control in general practice: the TeleBPCare study. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 198-203
220. Biotechmed. Characteristics of the MOREPRESS® service [online]. Available from URL: http://www.morepress.net/pdf/brochure-eng.pdf [Accessed 2008 Nov 27]
221. Parati G, Omboni S, Fantoni A, et al. Web based telemonitoring of home blood pressure in general practice: the MOREPRESS-College Study. J Hypertens 2005; 23 Suppl. 2: S18
222. Omboni S, Fantoni A, Puglisi E, et al. Feasibility and physicians' acceptability of web based home blood pressure telemonitoring: the MOREPRESS experience. J Hypertens 2005; 23 Suppl. 2: S153