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Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 28-34

Cardiovascular disease and HIV infection: Host, virus, or druas?

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Cardiovascular disease; HIV; Host; Risk

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ABACAVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE; ATAZANAVIR; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; INDINAVIR; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RITONAVIR PLUS SAQUINAVIR; RITONAVIR PLUS TIPRANAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; STAVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

EID: 58849145204     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328320a849     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (51)

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    • Eugenin EA, Morgello S, Klotman ME, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus •• (HIV) infects human arterial smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro: implications for the pathogenesis of HIV-mediated vascular disease. Am J Pathol 2008; 172:1100-1111. A proof of evidence that HIV infects endothelial cells and promotes local inflammation that could contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
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    • Torriani FJ, Komarow L, Parker RA, et al. Endothelial function in human •• immunodeficiency virus-infected antiretroviral-naïve subjects before and after starting potent antiretroviral therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:569-576. A simple and consistent study proving that HIV infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction, and that ART irrespective of the regimen used restores HIV-damaged endothelial function.
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    • Dube MP, Shen C, Greenwald M, et al. No impairment of endothelial function • or insulin sensitivity with 4 weeks of the HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir or lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy subjects without HIV infection: a placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:567-574. A study that gives further support to the contention that protease inhibitors do not contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, this mechanism cannot be considered as responsible for the nonlipid effects of protease inhibitor on the risk for cardiovascular disease.
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    • Blümer RM, van Vonderen MG, Sutinen J, et al. Zidovudine/lamivudine •• contributes to insulin resistence within 3 months of starting combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2008; 22:227-236. This study shows that lopinavir/ritonavir is not associated with insulin resistance when it is accompanied by nevirapine but is when it is accompanied by zidovudine and lamivudine, therefore supporting the role of thymidine NRTIs and not of protease inhibitors in the development of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance appeared early and therefore this effect cannot be attributed to body fat changes.
    • Blümer RM, van Vonderen MG, Sutinen J, et al. Zidovudine/lamivudine •• contributes to insulin resistence within 3 months of starting combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2008; 22:227-236. This study shows that lopinavir/ritonavir is not associated with insulin resistance when it is accompanied by nevirapine but is when it is accompanied by zidovudine and lamivudine, therefore supporting the role of thymidine NRTIs and not of protease inhibitors in the development of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance appeared early and therefore this effect cannot be attributed to body fat changes.
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    • Effects of tipranavir/r (500/200 or 500/100 mg BID) in comparison with lopinavir/r (400/100 mg BID) on changes in body composition and metabolic parameters in ARV-naïve patients over 48 weeks
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    • D:A:D Study Group. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multicohort collaboration. Lancet 2008; 371:1417-1426.
    • D:A:D Study Group. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multicohort collaboration. Lancet 2008; 371:1417-1426.
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    • The SMART/INSIGHT and the D:A:D Study Groups. Use of nucleoside • reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2008; 22: F17-F24. The previous two studies are controversial because they suggest that recent use of abacavir is associated with a higher risk of developing myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. They do not prove causality. Their findings need to be confirmed in other independent clinical and experimental studies.
    • The SMART/INSIGHT and the D:A:D Study Groups. Use of nucleoside • reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2008; 22: F17-F24. The previous two studies are controversial because they suggest that recent use of abacavir is associated with a higher risk of developing myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. They do not prove causality. Their findings need to be confirmed in other independent clinical and experimental studies.
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    • Similarity in efficacy and safety of abacavir/ lamivudine compared to tenofovir/emtricitabine in combination with QD lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) over 96 weeks in the HEAT study
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    • (2008) XVII International AIDS Conference
    • Smith, K.Y.1    Fine, D.2    Patel, P.3


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