Incidence and causes of death in HIV-infected persons receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with estimates for the general population of similar age and from the same geographical area

HIV Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 251-258

  Martínez, Esteban ^a   Milinkovic, A ^a   Buira, E ^b   De Lazzari, E ^a   Leon A ^a   Larrousse, M ^a   Lonca M ^a   Laguno, M ^a   Blanco, J L ^a   Mallolas, J ^a   Garcia F ^a   Miro J M ^a   Gatell, J M ^a  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^b Generalitat de Catalunya   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Causes; Death; HIV infected persons; Incidence

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; VIRUS RNA;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CAUSE OF DEATH; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; LIVER DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; MYCOSIS; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; PARASITOSIS; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SPAIN; VIRUS INFECTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CAUSE OF DEATH; COHORT STUDIES; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; FEMALE; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIVER DISEASES; LYMPHOMA, NON-HODGKIN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPAIN;

EID: 34247850998     PISSN: 14642662     EISSN: 14681293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00468.x     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P et al. Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study. Swiss Cohort Study. Br Med J 1997; 315: 1194-1199.
2. Pallella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853-860.
3. Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield TL et al. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. Lancet 1998; 352: 1725-1730.
4. Murphy EL, Collier AC, Kalish LA et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy decreases mortality and morbidity in patients with advanced HIV disease. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 17-26.
5. Ledergerber B, Egger M, Opravil M et al. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: A prospective cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353: 863-868.
6. Sterne JAC, Hernán MA, Ledergerber B et al. Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: A prospective cohort study. Lancet 2005; 366: 378-384.
7. Schneider MF, Gange SJ, Williams CM et al. Patterns of the hazard of death after AIDS through the evolution of antiretroviral therapy: 1984-2004. AIDS 2005; 19: 2009-2018.
8. Weber R, Friis-Møller N, Sabin C et al HIV and non-HIV-related deaths and their relationship to immunodeficiency: The D.A.D. Study. XIIth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, February 2005 [Abstract 595].
9. El-Sadr W, Neaton J. Episodic CD4-guided use of ART is inferior to continuous therapy: Results of the SMART Study. XIIIth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Denver, CO, February 2006 [Abstract 106LB].
10. Egger M, May M, Chêne G et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: A collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 119-129.
11. Mocroft A, Brettle R, Kirk O et al. Changes in the cause of death among HIV positive subjects across Europe: Results from the EuroSIDA study. AIDS 2002; 16: 1663-1671.
12. Mocroft A, Gatell J, Reiss P et al. Causes of death in HIV infection: the key determinant to define the clinical response to anti-HIV therapy. AIDS 2004; 18: 2333-2337.
13. Mocroft A, Soriano V, Rockstroh J et al. Is there evidence for an increase in the death rate from liver-related disease in patients with HIV? AIDS 2005; 19: 2117-2125.
14. Louie JK, Hsu LC, Osmond DH, Katz MH, Schwarcz SK. Trends in the causes of death among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, San Francisco 1994-98. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 1023-1027.
15. Wang C, Vlahov D, Galai N et al. Mortality in HIV-seropositive versus -seronegative persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: implications for when to initiate therapy. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1046-1054.
16. Krentz HB, Kliewer G, Gill MJ. Changing mortality rates and causes of death for HIV-infected individuals living in Southern Alberta, Canada from 1984 to 2003. HIV Med 2005; 6: 99-106.
17. Lewden C, Salmon D, Morlat P et al. Causes of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: Emerging role of hepatitis and cancers, persistent role of AIDS. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 121-130.
18. Crum NF, Riffenburgh RH, Wegner S et al. Comparisons of causes of death and mortality rates among HIV-infected persons: Analysis of the pre-, early, and late HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) eras. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41: 194-200.
19. Pérez-Cuevas B. Influencia del Tratamiento Antirretrovírico de Gran Actividad en la Incidencia de las Infecciones Oportunistas y Neoplasias Asociadas a la Infección por VIH-1 y en la Mortalidad. http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TESIS_UB/AVAILABLE/ TDX-0213102-091238/TOL33.pdf 2006.
20. Martinez E, Mocroft A, Garcia-Viejo MA et al. Risk of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: A prospective cohort study. Lancet 2001; 357: 592-598.
21. Garcia F, de Lazzari E, Plana M et al. Long-term CD4+T-cell response to highly active antiretroviral therapy according to baseline CD4+T-cell count. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36: 702-713.
22. Michelet C, Arvieux C, Francois C et al. Opportunistic infections occurring during highly active antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 2006; 12: 1815-1822.
23. Iustitut d'Estadística de Catalunya. Estudis de la població. http://www.idescat.net/cat/poblacio/poblestudis.html 2007.
24. van Sighem A, Danner S, Ghani AC et al. Mortality in patients with successful initial response to highly active antiretroviral therapy is still higher than in non-HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40: 212-218.
25. Pérez-Hoyos S, Ferreros I, del Amo J et al. Survival and progression to AIDS in a seroconverter cohort in the post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era: Effectiveness goes on. AIDS 2006; 20: 289-291.
26. Sabin C. on behalf of the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. AIDS events among individuals initiating HAART: Do some patients experience a greater benefit from HAART than others? AIDS 2005; 19: 1995-2000.
27. Lloyd-Smith E, Brodkin E, Wood E et al. Impact of HAART and injection drug use on life expectancy of two HIV-positive cohorts in British Columbia. AIDS 2006; 20: 445-450.
28. Jaggy C, von Overbeck J, Ledergerber B et al. Mortality in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) and the Swiss general population. Lancet 2003; 362: 877-878.
29. Keiser O, TafféP, Zwahlen M et al. All cause mortality in the Swiss HIV cohort study from 1999 to 2001 in comparison with the Swiss population. AIDS 2004; 18: 1835-1843.
30. Rockstroh J, Konopnicki D, Mocroft A et al. Hepatitis B. and hepatitis C in the EuroSIDA cohort: Prevalence and effect on mortality, AIDS progression and response to HAART. XIth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, February 2004 [Abstract 799].
31. Kirk O, Pedersen C, Cozzi-Lepri A et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Blood 2001; 98: 3406-3412.
32. Gerard L, Galicier L, Maillard A et al. Systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-infected patients with effective suppression of HIV replication: persistent occurrence but improved survival. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30: 478-484.