Depression, Anxiety, and Within-Person Variability in Adults Aged 18 to 85 Years

Psychology and Aging

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 848-858

  Bunce, David ^a   Handley, Rowena ^b   Gaines Jr , Stanley O ^a  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

age; anxiety; cognition; depression; intraindividual variability

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; MIDDLE AGED; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); REVERSAL LEARNING; VERBAL LEARNING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 58749108138     PISSN: 08827974     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0013678     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Anstey K.J. Sensorimotor and forced expiratory volume as correlates of speed, accuracy, and variability in reaction time performance in late adulthood. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 6 (1999) 84-95
2. Anstey K.J., Mack H.A., Christensen H., Li S.-C., Reglade-Meslin C., Maller J., et al. Corpus callosum size, reaction time speed and variability in mild cognitive disorders and in a normative sample. Neuropsychologia 45 (2007) 1911-1920
3. Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
4. Bellgrove M.A., Hester R., and Garavan H. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of response variability: Evidence from a response inhibition task. Neuropsychologia 42 (2004) 1910-1916
5. Bjelland I., Dahl A.A., Haug T.T., and Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 52 (2002) 69-77
6. Bleiberg J., Garmoe W.S., Halpern E.L., Reeves D.L., and Nadler J.D. Consistency of within-day and across-day performance after mild brain injury. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 10 (1997) 247-253
7. Bruhn P., and Parsons O.A. Reaction time variability in epileptic and brain damaged patients. Cortex 13 (1977) 373-384
8. Bunce D. Cognitive support at encoding attenuates age differences in recollective experience among adults of lower frontal lobe function. Neuropsychology 17 (2003) 353-361
9. Bunce D., Anstey K.J., Christensen H., Dear K., Wen W., and Sachdev P. White matter hyperintensities and within-person variability in community-dwelling adults aged 60 to 64 years. Neuropsychologia 45 (2007) 2009-2015
10. Bunce D., MacDonald S.W.S., and Hultsch D.F. Inconsistency in serial choice decision and motor reaction times dissociate in younger and older adults. Brain and Cognition 56 (2004) 320-327
11. Bunce D., Tzur M., Ramchurn A., Gain F., and Bond F.W. Mental health and cognitive function in adults aged 18 to 92 years. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 63 B (2008) P67-P74
12. Bunce D., Warr P., and Cochrane T. Blocks in choice responding as a function of age and physical fitness. Psychology and Aging 8 (1993) 26-33
13. Burton C.L., Strauss E., Hultsch D.F., Moll A., and Hunter M.A. Intraindividual variability as a marker of neurological dysfunction: A comparison of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28 (2006) 67-83
14. Christensen H., Dear K.B.G., Anstey K.J., Parslow R.A., Sachdev P., and Jorm A.F. Within-occasion intraindividual variability and preclinical diagnosis status: Is intraindividual variability an indicator of mild cognitive impairment?. Neuropsychology 19 (2005) 309-317
15. Deary I.J., Bastin M.E., Pattie A., Clayden J.D., Whalley L.J., Starr J.M., and Wardlaw J.M. White matter integrity and cognition in childhood and old age. Neurology 66 (2006) 505-512
16. Elderkin-Thompson V., Mintz J., Haroon E., Lavretsky H., and Kumar A. Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 21 (2006) 669-676
17. Eysenck M.W., and Calvo M.G. Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion 6 (1992) 409-434
18. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., and McHugh P.R. "Mini-mental state": A practical method of grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12 (1975) 189-198
19. Goldberg D. Manual of the general health questionnaire (1978), National Foundation for Educational Research, Windsor Ontario, Canada
20. Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of primary mood disorder. Brain 125 (2002) 1428-1449
21. Hartlage S., Alloy L.B., Vazquez C., and Dykman B. Automatic and effortful processing in depression. Psychological Bulletin 113 (1993) 247-278
22. Hendrickson A.E. The biological basis of intelligence: I. Theory. In: Eysenck H.J. (Ed). A model for intelligence (1982), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 151-196
23. Hofer S.M., and Sliwinski M.J. Understanding ageing: An evaluation of research designs for assessing the interdependence of ageing-related changes. Gerontology 47 (2001) 341-352
24. Hultsch D.F., and MacDonald S.W.S. Intraindividual variability in performance as a theoretical window onto cognitive aging. In: Dixon R.A., Bäckman L., and Nilsson L.-G. (Eds). New frontiers in cognitive aging (2004), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England 65-88
25. Hultsch D.F., MacDonald S.W.S., and Dixon R.A. Variability in reaction time performance of younger and older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 57 B (2002) P101-P115
26. Hultsch D.F., MacDonald S.W.S., Hunter M.A., Levy-Bencheton J., and Strauss E. Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in older adults: Comparison of adults with mild dementia, adults with arthritis, and healthy adults. Neuropsychology 14 (2000) 588-598
27. Jöreskog K., and Sörbom D. LISREL 8.72 [Computer software and manual] (2005), Scientific Software International, Chicago
28. Kahneman D. Attention and effort (1973), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
29. Kline R.B. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (1998), Guilford Press, New York
30. Knotek P.C., Bayles K.A., and Kaszniak A.W. Response consistency on a semantic memory task in persons with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain and Cognition 38 (1990) 465-475
31. Lövdén M., Li S.-C., Shing Y.L., and Linderberger U. Within-person trial-to-trial variability precedes and predicts cognitive decline in old and very old age: Longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study. Neuropsychologia 45 (2007) 2827-2838
32. Li S.-C., and Lindenberger U. Cross-level unification: A computational exploration of the link between deterioration of neurotransmitor systems and dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old age. In: Nilsson L.-G., and Markowitsch H. (Eds). Cognitive neuroscience and memory (1999), Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 103-146
33. Li S.-C., Lindenberger U., and Sikström S. Aging cognition: From neuromodulation to representation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 (2001) 479-486
34. Lindenberger U., and Pötter U. The complex nature of unique and shared effects in hierarchical linear regression: Implication for developmental psychology. Psychological Methods 3 (1998) 218-230
35. MacDonald S.W.S., Bäckman L., and Nyberg L. Intra-individual variability in behavior: Links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity. Trends in Neurosciences 29 (2006) 474-480
36. MacDonald S.W.S., Hultsch D.F., and Bunce D. Intraindividual variability in vigilance performance: Does degrading stimuli mimic age-related "neural noise"?. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28 (2006) 655-675
37. MacDonald S.W.S., Hultsch D.F., and Dixon R.A. Performance variability is related to change in cognition: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Psychology and Aging 18 (2003) 510-523
38. Mayr U. Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap. Psychology and Aging 16 (2001) 96-109
39. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., and Howerter A. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 41 (2000) 49-100
40. Murros K., Fogelholm R., Kettunen S., and Vuorela A.L. Serum cortisol and outcome of ischemic brain function. Journal of Neurological Sciences 116 (1993) 12-17
41. Nelson H. The National Adult Reading Test (NART) (1982), Nfer-Nelson, Windsor, England
42. Nesselroade J.R., and Salthouse T.A. Methodological and theoretical implications of intraindividual variability in perceptual-motor performance. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 59 B (2004) P49-P55
43. Psychology Software Tools. E-Prime (Version 1.1) (2002), Author, Pittsburgh, PA
44. Raz N., and Rodrigue K.M. Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (2006) 730-748
45. Salthouse T.A. Attentional blocks are not responsible for age-related slowing. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 48 B (1993) P263-P270
46. Sapolsky R.M. Glucocorticoids, stress, and their adverse neurological effects: Relevance to aging. Experimental Gerontology 34 (1999) 721-732
47. Shafer J.L., and Graham J.W. Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods 7 (2002) 147-177
48. Sheline Y.I., Barch D.M., Garcia K., Gersing K., Pieper C., Welsh-Bohmer K., et al. Cognitive function in late life depression: Relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed. Biological Psychiatry 60 (2006) 58-65
49. Sliwinski M., and Hofer S. How strong is the evidence for mediational hypotheses of age-related memory loss?. Gerontology 45 (1999) 351-354
50. Sliwinski M.J., Smyth J.M., Hofer S.M., and Stawski R.S. Intraindividual coupling of daily stress and cognition. Psychology and Aging 21 (2006) 545-557
51. Spieler D.H., Balota D.A., and Faust M.E. Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 22 (1996) 461-479
52. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene P.R., Vagg P.R., and Jacobs A.G. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (1983), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA
53. Spinhoven P., Ormel J., Sloekers P.P., Kempen G.I., Speckens A.E., and Van Hemert A.M. A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in different groups of Dutch subjects. Psychological Medicine 27 (1997) 363-370
54. SPSS. SPSS (Version 13.0) (2004), Author, Chicago
55. Stawski R.S., Sliwinski M.J., and Smyth J.M. Stress-related cognitive interference predicts cognitive function in old age. Psychology and Aging 21 (2006) 535-544
56. Strauss E.H., Bielak A.M., Bunce D., Hunter M.A., and Hultsch D.F. Within-person variability in response speed as an indicator of mild cognitive impairment. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 14 (2007) 608-630
57. Stuss D.T., Murphy K.J., Binns M.A., and Alexander M.P. Staying on the job: The frontal lobes control individual performance variability. Brain 126 (2003) 2363-2380
58. Stuss D.T., Pogue J., Buckle L., and Bondar J. Characterization of stability of performance in patients with traumatic brain injury: Variability and consistency on reaction time tests. Neuropsychology 8 (1994) 316-324
59. Treisman A., and Sato S. Conjunction search revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16 (1990) 459-468
60. Wegesin D.J., and Stern Y. Inter- and intraindividual variability in recognition memory: Effects of aging and estrogen use. Neuropsychology 18 (2004) 646-657
61. West R.L. An application of prefrontal cortex theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin 120 (1996) 272-292
62. West R., Murphy K.J., Armilio M.L., Craik F.I.M., and Stuss D.T. Lapses of intention and performance variability reveal age-related increases in fluctuations of executive control. Brain and Cognition 49 (2002) 402-419
63. Zigmond A.S., and Snaith R.P. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67 (1983) 361-370