메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 87, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 339-348

Defining fitness in evolutionary models

Author keywords

Adaptive dynamics; Fitness; Game theory; Invasibility; Invasion exponent; Lyapunov exponent; Malthusian parameter

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; ENVIRONMENT; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; POPULATION DYNAMICS; REVIEW; TIME;

EID: 58549091897     PISSN: 00221333     EISSN: 00221333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12041-008-0056-9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (60)

References (91)
  • 2
    • 0001562456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary fitness in ecology: comparing measures of fitness in stochastic, density-dependent environments
    • Benton T. G. and Grant A. 2000 Evolutionary fitness in ecology: comparing measures of fitness in stochastic, density-dependent environments. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2, 769-789.
    • (2000) Evol. Ecol. Res. , vol.2 , pp. 769-789
    • Benton, T.G.1    Grant, A.2
  • 3
    • 0033772517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of fitness in life-history theory
    • Brommer J. E. 2000 The evolution of fitness in life-history theory. Biol. Rev. (Camb.) 75, 377-404.
    • (2000) Biol. Rev. (Camb.) , vol.75 , pp. 377-404
    • Brommer, J.E.1
  • 4
    • 0036848837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive timing and individual fitness
    • Brommer J. E., Merilä J. and Kokko H. 2002 Reproductive timing and individual fitness. Ecol. Lett. 5, 802-810.
    • (2002) Ecol. Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 802-810
    • Brommer, J.E.1    Merilä, J.2    Kokko, H.3
  • 5
    • 38849086002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing four fundamental approaches to the evolution of helping
    • Bshary R. and Bergmueller R. 2008 Distinguishing four fundamental approaches to the evolution of helping. J. Evol. Biol. 21, 405-420.
    • (2008) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 405-420
    • Bshary, R.1    Bergmueller, R.2
  • 7
    • 58549115494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix Population Models. Sinauer, Sunderland
    • Caswell H. 2001 Matrix Population Models. Sinauer, Sunderland.
    • (2001)
    • Caswell, H.1
  • 9
    • 2442514344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis of equilibrium in density-dependent matrix population models
    • Caswell H., Takada T. and Hunter C. M. 2004 Sensitivity analysis of equilibrium in density-dependent matrix population models. Ecol. Lett. 7, 380-387.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 380-387
    • Caswell, H.1    Takada, T.2    Hunter, C.M.3
  • 10
    • 0014869241 scopus 로고
    • Selection in populations with overlapping generations 1. The use of Malthusian parameters in population genetics
    • Charlesworth B. 1970 Selection in populations with overlapping generations. 1. The use of Malthusian parameters in population genetics. Theor. Pop. Biol. 1, 352-370.
    • (1970) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.1 , pp. 352-370
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 11
    • 0015448041 scopus 로고
    • Selection in populations with overlapping generations III conditions for genetic equilibrium
    • Charlesworth B. 1972 Selection in populations with overlapping generations. III conditions for genetic equilibrium. Theor. Pop. Biol. 3, 377-395.
    • (1972) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 377-395
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 12
    • 0027882813 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection on multivariate traits in agestructured populations
    • Charlesworth B. 1993 Natural selection on multivariate traits in agestructured populations. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 251, 47-52.
    • (1993) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.251 , pp. 47-52
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 17
    • 0013942559 scopus 로고
    • Optimizing reproduction in a randomly varying environment
    • Cohen D. 1966 Optimizing reproduction in a randomly varying environment. J. Theor. Biol. 12, 119-129.
    • (1966) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 119-129
    • Cohen, D.1
  • 18
    • 0025130274 scopus 로고
    • How to measure inclusive fitness
    • Creel S. 1990 How to measure inclusive fitness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 241, 229-231.
    • (1990) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.241 , pp. 229-231
    • Creel, S.1
  • 21
    • 0014380680 scopus 로고
    • Spreading of risk and stabilization of animal numbers
    • Den Boer P. J. 1968 Spreading of risk and stabilization of animal numbers. Acta Biotheor. 18, 165-194.
    • (1968) Acta Biotheor , vol.18 , pp. 165-194
    • Den Boer, P.J.1
  • 22
    • 0000663811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can adaptive dynamics invade?
    • Dieckmann U. 1997 Can adaptive dynamics invade? Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, 128-131.
    • (1997) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.12 , pp. 128-131
    • Dieckmann, U.1
  • 23
    • 28444451224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pluralism in evolutionary theory
    • Dieckmann U. and Doebeli M. 2005 Pluralism in evolutionary theory. J. Evol. Biol. 18, 1209-1213.
    • (2005) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 1209-1213
    • Dieckmann, U.1    Doebeli, M.2
  • 24
    • 0000172513 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral ecology and levels of selection-dissolving the group selection controversy
    • Dugatkin L. A. and Reeve H. K. 1994 Behavioral ecology and levels of selection-dissolving the group selection controversy. Adv. Study Behav. 23, 101-133.
    • (1994) Adv. Study Behav. , vol.23 , pp. 101-133
    • Dugatkin, L.A.1    Reeve, H.K.2
  • 26
    • 1242314701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive changes in harvested populations: plasticity and evolution of age and size at maturation
    • Ernande B., Dieckmann U. and Heino M. 2004 Adaptive changes in harvested populations: plasticity and evolution of age and size at maturation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 271, 415-423.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.271 , pp. 415-423
    • Ernande, B.1    Dieckmann, U.2    Heino, M.3
  • 27
    • 0029477509 scopus 로고
    • Lyapunov exponents and the mathematics of invasion in oscillatory or chaotic populations
    • Ferriere R. and Gatto M. 1995 Lyapunov exponents and the mathematics of invasion in oscillatory or chaotic populations. Theor. Pop. Biol. 48, 126-171.
    • (1995) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.48 , pp. 126-171
    • Ferriere, R.1    Gatto, M.2
  • 29
    • 33747233168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unifying the theories of inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism
    • Fletcher J. A. and Zwick M. 2006 Unifying the theories of inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism. Am. Nat. 168, 252-262.
    • (2006) Am. Nat. , vol.168 , pp. 252-262
    • Fletcher, J.A.1    Zwick, M.2
  • 30
    • 33846631335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between multilocus population genetics and social evolution theory
    • Gardner A.,West S. A. and Barton N. H. 2007 The relation between multilocus population genetics and social evolution theory. Am. Nat, 169, 207-226.
    • (2007) Am. Nat , vol.169 , pp. 207-226
    • Gardner, A.1    West, S.A.2    Barton, N.H.3
  • 32
    • 0016136872 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection for within-generation variance in offspring number
    • Gillespie J. H. 1974 Natural selection for within-generation variance in offspring number. Genetics 76, 601-606.
    • (1974) Genetics , vol.76 , pp. 601-606
    • Gillespie, J.H.1
  • 33
    • 0001360887 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection for variance in offspring numbers: a new evolutionary principle
    • Gillespie J. H. 1977 Natural selection for variance in offspring numbers: a new evolutionary principle. Am. Nat. 111, 1010-1014.
    • (1977) Am. Nat. , vol.111 , pp. 1010-1014
    • Gillespie, J.H.1
  • 34
    • 0020493303 scopus 로고
    • How not to measure inclusive fitness
    • Grafen A. 1982 How not to measure inclusive fitness. Nature 298, 425-426.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.298 , pp. 425-426
    • Grafen, A.1
  • 35
    • 0001824940 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection, kin selection and group selection
    • In (ed. J. R. Davies and J. R. Krebs), Sinauer Associates Sunderland
    • Grafen A. 1984 Natural selection, kin selection and group selection. In Behavioural ecology (ed. J. R. Davies and J. R. Krebs), pp. 62-84. Sinauer Associates Sunderland.
    • (1984) Behavioural ecology , pp. 62-84
    • Grafen, A.1
  • 36
    • 20644471237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of oscillatory behavior in age-structured species
    • Greenman J. V., Benton T. G., Boots M. and White A. R. 2005 The evolution of oscillatory behavior in age-structured species. Am. Nat. 166, 68-78.
    • (2005) Am. Nat. , vol.166 , pp. 68-78
    • Greenman, J.V.1    Benton, T.G.2    Boots, M.3    White, A.R.4
  • 37
    • 0020220363 scopus 로고
    • Sneakers, satellites and parentals: polymorphic mating strategies in North American sunfishes
    • Gross M. R. 1982 Sneakers, satellites and parentals: polymorphic mating strategies in North American sunfishes. Zeits. fur Tierp. 60, 1-26.
    • (1982) Zeits. fur Tierp. , vol.60 , pp. 1-26
    • Gross, M.R.1
  • 38
    • 0022249101 scopus 로고
    • Disruptive selection for alternative life histories in salmon
    • Gross M. R. 1985 Disruptive selection for alternative life histories in salmon. Nature 313, 47-48.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.313 , pp. 47-48
    • Gross, M.R.1
  • 39
    • 0019232268 scopus 로고
    • Alternative male life histories in bluegill sunfish
    • Gross M. R. and Charnov E. L. 1980 Alternative male life histories in bluegill sunfish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6937-6940.
    • (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.77 , pp. 6937-6940
    • Gross, M.R.1    Charnov, E.L.2
  • 40
    • 0013770258 scopus 로고
    • The genetical evolution of social behavior
    • Hamilton W. D. 1964 The genetical evolution of social behavior. I. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1-16.
    • (1964) I. J. Theor. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 1-16
    • Hamilton, W.D.1
  • 41
    • 0001885866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is evolutionary game theory?
    • In (ed. L. A. Dugatkin and H. K. Reeve), Oxford University Press, New York
    • Hammerstein P. 1998 What is evolutionary game theory? In Game theory and animal behavior (ed. L. A. Dugatkin and H. K. Reeve), pp. 3-15. Oxford University Press, New York.
    • (1998) Game theory and animal behavior , pp. 3-15
    • Hammerstein, P.1
  • 44
    • 0027046691 scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic plasticity as a state-dependent life-history decision
    • Houston A. I. and McNamara J. M. 1992 Phenotypic plasticity as a state-dependent life-history decision. Evol. Ecol. 6, 243-253.
    • (1992) Evol. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 243-253
    • Houston, A.I.1    McNamara, J.M.2
  • 45
    • 0024188294 scopus 로고
    • Mating success of alternative maturation phenotypes in male Atlantic salmon
    • Hutchings J. A. and Myers R. A. 1988 Mating success of alternative maturation phenotypes in male Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Oecologia 75, 169-174.
    • (1988) Salmo salar. Oecologia , vol.75 , pp. 169-174
    • Hutchings, J.A.1    Myers, R.A.2
  • 46
    • 0028164962 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of alternative mating strategies in variable environments
    • Hutchings J. A. and Myers R. A. 1994 The evolution of alternative mating strategies in variable environments. Evol. Ecol. 8, 256-268.
    • (1994) Evol. Ecol. , vol.8 , pp. 256-268
    • Hutchings, J.A.1    Myers, R.A.2
  • 47
    • 0027881460 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of life histories in spatially heterogeneous environments: optimal reaction norms revisited
    • Kawecki T. J. and Stearns S. C. 1993 The evolution of life histories in spatially heterogeneous environments: optimal reaction norms revisited. Evol. Ecol. 7, 155-174.
    • (1993) Evol. Ecol. , vol.7 , pp. 155-174
    • Kawecki, T.J.1    Stearns, S.C.2
  • 48
    • 35349007441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of bet-hedging adaptations to rare scenarios
    • King O. D. and Masel J. 2007 The evolution of bet-hedging adaptations to rare scenarios. Theor. Pop. Biol. 72, 560-575.
    • (2007) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.72 , pp. 560-575
    • King, O.D.1    Masel, J.2
  • 49
    • 38249029348 scopus 로고
    • Reciprocal altruism in birds-a critical review
    • Koenig W. D. 1988 Reciprocal altruism in birds-a critical review. Ethol. Sociobiol. 9, 73-84.
    • (1988) Ethol. Sociobiol. , vol.9 , pp. 73-84
    • Koenig, W.D.1
  • 51
    • 0020404749 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative genetic theory of life-history evolution
    • Lande R. 1982 A quantitative genetic theory of life-history evolution. Ecology 63, 607-615.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 607-615
    • Lande, R.1
  • 52
    • 0001493328 scopus 로고
    • Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available
    • Levene H. 1953 Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available. Am. Nat. 87, 331-333.
    • (1953) Am. Nat. , vol.87 , pp. 331-333
    • Levene, H.1
  • 53
    • 0002791624 scopus 로고
    • Selection for colonizing ability
    • In (ed. H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins), Academic Press, New York
    • Lewontin R. C. 1965 Selection for colonizing ability. In The genetics of colonizing species (ed. H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins), pp. 77-94. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1965) The genetics of colonizing species , pp. 77-94
    • Lewontin, R.C.1
  • 54
    • 0014503574 scopus 로고
    • On population growth in a randomly varying environment
    • Lewontin R. C. and Cohen D. 1969 On population growth in a randomly varying environment. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 62, 1056-1060.
    • (1969) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.62 , pp. 1056-1060
    • Lewontin, R.C.1    Cohen, D.2
  • 55
    • 0000589364 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the mode of growth of material aggregates
    • Lotka A. J. 1907 Studies on the mode of growth of material aggregates. Am. J. Sci. 24, 199-216.
    • (1907) Am. J. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 199-216
    • Lotka, A.J.1
  • 58
    • 37749028487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics of continuous traits
    • McGill B. J. and Brown J. S. 2007 Evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics of continuous traits. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 38, 403-435.
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.38 , pp. 403-435
    • McGill, B.J.1    Brown, J.S.2
  • 59
    • 0027084786 scopus 로고
    • How should we define 'fitness' for general ecological scenarios?
    • Metz J. A. J., Nisbet R. M. and Geritz S. A. H. 1992 How should we define 'fitness' for general ecological scenarios? Trends Ecol. Evol. 7, 198-202.
    • (1992) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.7 , pp. 198-202
    • Metz, J.A.J.1    Nisbet, R.M.2    Geritz, S.A.H.3
  • 61
    • 0028995759 scopus 로고
    • On evolutionarily stable life histories, optimization and the need to be specific about density dependence
    • Mylius S. D. and Diekmann O. 1995 On evolutionarily stable life histories, optimization and the need to be specific about density dependence. Oikos 74, 218-224.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.74 , pp. 218-224
    • Mylius, S.D.1    Diekmann, O.2
  • 62
    • 0037423591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hamilton goes empirical: estimation of inclusive fitness from life-history data
    • Oli M. K. 2002 Hamilton goes empirical: estimation of inclusive fitness from life-history data. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 270, 307-311.
    • (2002) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.270 , pp. 307-311
    • Oli, M.K.1
  • 63
    • 0024915532 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamic in variable environments VII. The demography and evolution of iteroparity
    • Orzack S. H. and Tuljapurkar S. 1989. Population dynamic in variable environments. VII. The demography and evolution of iteroparity. Am. Nat. 133, 901-923.
    • (1989) Am. Nat. , vol.133 , pp. 901-923
    • Orzack, S.H.1    Tuljapurkar, S.2
  • 64
    • 0034619198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatedness in trait group models of social evolution
    • Pepper J. W. 2000 Relatedness in trait group models of social evolution. J. Theor. Biol. 206, 355-368.
    • (2000) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.206 , pp. 355-368
    • Pepper, J.W.1
  • 65
    • 0030062716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The measurement and meaning of inclusive fitness
    • Queller D. C. 1996 The measurement and meaning of inclusive fitness. Anim. Behav. 51, 229-232.
    • (1996) Anim. Behav. , vol.51 , pp. 229-232
    • Queller, D.C.1
  • 66
    • 0028608199 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and evolution: evolutionarily stable attractors, invasion exponents and phenotypic dynamics
    • Rand D. A., Wilson H. B. and McGlade J. M. 1994 Dynamics and evolution: evolutionarily stable attractors, invasion exponents and phenotypic dynamics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 343, 261-283.
    • (1994) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.343 , pp. 261-283
    • Rand, D.A.1    Wilson, H.B.2    McGlade, J.M.3
  • 67
    • 37549047142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altruism in insect societies and beyond: voluntary or enforced?
    • Ratnieks F. L. W. and Wenseleers T. 2008 Altruism in insect societies and beyond: voluntary or enforced? Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 45-52.
    • (2008) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.23 , pp. 45-52
    • Ratnieks, F.L.W.1    Wenseleers, T.2
  • 68
    • 0000737113 scopus 로고
    • Optimizing development time in a seasonal environment: the "ups and downs" of clinal variation
    • Roff D. A. 1980 Optimizing development time in a seasonal environment: the "ups and downs" of clinal variation. Oecologia 45, 202-208.
    • (1980) Oecologia , vol.45 , pp. 202-208
    • Roff, D.A.1
  • 71
    • 0033946940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian life history variation and contribution of demographic traits to the population growth rate
    • Saether B. E. and Bakke O. 2000 Avian life history variation and contribution of demographic traits to the population growth rate. Ecology 81, 642-653.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 642-653
    • Saether, B.E.1    Bakke, O.2
  • 72
    • 0000577267 scopus 로고
    • A problem in age-distribution
    • Sharpe F. R. and Lotka A. J. 1911 A problem in age-distribution Phil. Mag. 21, 435-438
    • (1911) Phil. Mag. , vol.21 , pp. 435-438
    • Sharpe, F.R.1    Lotka, A.J.2
  • 73
    • 0029666941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rock-paper-scissors games and the evolution of alternative male strategies
    • Sinervo B. and Lively C. M. 1996 The rock-paper-scissors games and the evolution of alternative male strategies. Nature 380, 240-243.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 240-243
    • Sinervo, B.1    Lively, C.M.2
  • 74
    • 0001041982 scopus 로고
    • Hedging one's evolutionary bets
    • Slatkin M. 1974 Hedging one's evolutionary bets. Nature 250, 704-705.
    • (1974) Nature , vol.250 , pp. 704-705
    • Slatkin, M.1
  • 76
    • 37649014475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating and analyzing demographic models using the popbio package in R
    • Stubben C. and Milligan B. 2007 Estimating and analyzing demographic models using the popbio package in R. J. Stat. Software 22, 1-23.
    • (2007) J. Stat. Software , vol.22 , pp. 1-23
    • Stubben, C.1    Milligan, B.2
  • 77
    • 33845688657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct fitness or inclusive fitness: how shall we model kin selection?
    • Taylor P. D., Wild G. and Gardner A. 2006 Direct fitness or inclusive fitness: how shall we model kin selection? J. Evol. Biol. 20, 301-309.
    • (2006) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 301-309
    • Taylor, P.D.1    Wild, G.2    Gardner, A.3
  • 78
    • 0031464242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of eusociality in termites
    • Thorne B. L. 1997 Evolution of eusociality in termites. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28, 27-54.
    • (1997) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.28 , pp. 27-54
    • Thorne, B.L.1
  • 79
    • 0024675201 scopus 로고
    • An uncertain life: demography in random environments
    • Tuljapurkar S. 1989 An uncertain life: demography in random environments. Theor. Pop. Biol. 35, 227-294.
    • (1989) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.35 , pp. 227-294
    • Tuljapurkar, S.1
  • 80
    • 0025017325 scopus 로고
    • Delayed reproduction and fitness in variable environments
    • Tuljapurkar S. 1990 Delayed reproduction and fitness in variable environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1139-1143.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 1139-1143
    • Tuljapurkar, S.1
  • 82
    • 0242709325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The many growth rates and elasticities of populations in random environments
    • Tuljapurkar S., Horvitz C. C. and Pascarella J. B. 2003 The many growth rates and elasticities of populations in random environments. Am. Nat. 162, 489-502.
    • (2003) Am. Nat. , vol.162 , pp. 489-502
    • Tuljapurkar, S.1    Horvitz, C.C.2    Pascarella, J.B.3
  • 83
    • 49049135281 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics in variable environments 3. Evolutionary dynamics of r-selection
    • Tuljapurkar S. D. 1982 Population dynamics in variable environments. 3. Evolutionary dynamics of r-selection. Theor. Pop. Biol. 21, 141-165.
    • (1982) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 141-165
    • Tuljapurkar, S.D.1
  • 84
    • 0000051212 scopus 로고
    • Population- dynamics in variable environments 1. Long-run growth-rates and extinction
    • Tuljapurkar S. D. and Orzack S. H. 1980 Population- dynamics in variable environments. 1. Long-run growth-rates and extinction. Theor. Pop. Biol. 18, 314-342
    • (1980) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 314-342
    • Tuljapurkar, S.D.1    Orzack, S.H.2
  • 85
    • 0031884416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed maturation in temporally structured populations with non-equilibrium dynamics
    • van Dooren T. J. M. and Metz J. A. J. 1998 Delayed maturation in temporally structured populations with non-equilibrium dynamics. J. Evol. Biol. 11, 41-62.
    • (1998) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 41-62
    • van Dooren, T.J.M.1    Metz, J.A.J.2
  • 86
    • 0028995767 scopus 로고
    • Life cycle trade-offs in matrix population models
    • van Tienderen P. H. 1995 Life cycle trade-offs in matrix population models. Ecology 76, 2482-2489.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2482-2489
    • van Tienderen, P.H.1
  • 87
    • 0033934960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elasticities and the link between demographic and evolutionary dynamics
    • van Tienderen P. H. 2000 Elasticities and the link between demographic and evolutionary dynamics. Ecology 81, 666-679.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 666-679
    • van Tienderen, P.H.1
  • 88
    • 27944492068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 questions on adaptive dynamics
    • Waxman D. and Gavrilets S. 2005 20 questions on adaptive dynamics. J. Evol. Biol. 18, 1139-1154.
    • (2005) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 1139-1154
    • Waxman, D.1    Gavrilets, S.2
  • 89
    • 0037023298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooperation and competition between relatives
    • West A. S., Pen I. and Griffin A. S. 2002 Cooperation and competition between relatives. Science 296, 72-75.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 72-75
    • West, A.S.1    Pen, I.2    Griffin, A.S.3
  • 90
    • 0001771498 scopus 로고
    • Evolution in Mendelian populations
    • Wright S. 1931 Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16, 97-159.
    • (1931) Genetics , vol.16 , pp. 97-159
    • Wright, S.1
  • 91
    • 58549084810 scopus 로고
    • The theoretical course of directional selection
    • Wright S. 1969 The theoretical course of directional selection. Am. Nat. 103, 561-574.
    • (1969) Am. Nat. , vol.103 , pp. 561-574
    • Wright, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.