Results of an interactively coupled atmospheric chemistry - General circulation model: Comparison with observations

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 435-457

  Hein, R ^a   Dameris, M ^a   Schnadt, C ^a   Land, C ^a,c   Grewe, V ^a   Kohler I ^a   Ponater, M ^a   Sausen, R ^a   Steil, B ^b   Landgraf, J ^b,d   Bruhl C ^b  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR METEOROLOGY   (Germany)

^d SRON NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SPACE RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Atmospheric composition and structure (middle atmosphere composition and chemistry); Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (general circulation; middle atmosphere dynamics)

Indexed keywords

EID: 5844265575     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/angeo-19-435-2001     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Austin, J. and Butchart, N., The influence of climate change and the timing of stratospheric warmings on Arctic ozone depletion, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D), 1127-1145, 1994.
2. Austin, J., Knight, J., and Butchart, N., Three-dimensional chemical model simulations of the ozone layer: 1979-2015, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1533-1556, 2000.
3. Bengtsson, L., Roeckner, E., and Stendel, M., Why is the global warming proceeding much slower than expected?, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3865-3876, 1999.
4. Benkovitz, C. M., Scholtz, M. T., Pacyna, J., Tarrason, L., Dignon, J., Voldner, E. C., Spiro, P. A., Logan, J. A., and Graedel, T. E., Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D), 29239-29253, 1996.
5. Bojkov, R. D., Hudson, R., Bishop, L., Fioletov, V. E., Russell III., J. M., Stolarski, R., Uchino, O., and Zeferos, C., Ozone variability and trends, in Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1998, WMO global ozone research and monitoring project, Report No. 44, ISBN 92-807-1722-7, 1999.
6. Brinkop, S. and Roeckner, E., Sensitivity of a general circulation model to parameterizations of cloud-turbulance interactions in the atmospheric boundary layer, Tellus, 47A, 197-220, 1995.
7. Brinkop, S. and Sausen, R., A modified mass-flux scheme for convection which maintains positive tracer concentrations, Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 70, 245-248, 1997.
8. Brühl, C. and Crutzen, P. J., MPIC two-dimensional model, NASA Ref. Publ. 1292, 103-104, 1993.
9. Chipperfield, M. P., Multiannual simulations with a three-dimensional chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D), 1781-1805, 1999.
10. Chipperfield, M. P., Lee, A. M., and Pyle, J. A., Model calculations of ozone depletion in the Arctic polar vortex for 1991/92 to 1994/95, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 559-562, 1996.
11. Chipperfield, M. P. and Pyle, J., Model sensitivity studies of Arctic ozone depletion, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D), 28389-28403, 1998.
12. Dameris, M. and Ebel, A., The quasi-biennial oscillation and major stratospheric warmings: A three-dimensional model study, Ann. Geophys., 8, 79-86, 1990.
13. Dameris, M., Grewe, V., Hein, R., Schnadt, C., Brühl, C., and Steil, B., Assessment of the future development of the ozone layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3579-3582, 1998a.
14. x emissions on tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. Part II: 3-D model results, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3185-3199, 1998b.
15. Danilin, M. Y., Sze, N.-D., Ko, M. K. W., Rodriguez, J. M., and Prather, M. J., Bromine-chlorine coupling in the antarctic ozone hole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 153-156, 1996.
16. DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M.J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J., Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling - Evaluation number 11, JPL Publ. 94-26, 1994.
17. 3, and OH, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D), 7149-7163, 1993.
18. 2 in the polar vortices, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D), 13967-13978, 1995.
19. Fouquart, Y. and Bonnel, B., Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization, Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 53, 35-62, 1980.
20. Fortuin, J. P. F. and Kelder, H., An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D), 31709-31734, 1998.
21. Franzblau, E. and Popp, C. J., Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 94(D), 11089-11104, 1989.
22. Gates, W. L., AMIP: The atmosphere model intercomparison project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1962-1970, 1992.
23. Gates, W. L., et al., An overview of the results of the atmospheric model intercomparison project (AMIP I), Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 29-52, 1999.
24. Grewe, V. and Dameris, M., Heterogenous PSC ozone loss during an ozone mini-hole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2503-2506, 1997.
25. Grewe, V., Dameris, M., Sausen, R., and Steil, B., Impact of stratospheric dynamics and chemistry on northern hemisphere midlatitude ozone loss, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D), 25417-25433, 1998.
26. x emissions on the atmospheric composition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 47-50, 1999.
27. Grooß, J.-U., Modelling of stratospheric chemistry based on HALOE/UARS satellite data, Ph.D. thesis, Fachbereich Physik der Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany, 1996.
28. Hansen, G. and Chipperfield, M. P., Ozone depletion at the edge of the arctic polar vortex 1996/1997, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D), 1837-1845, 1999.
29. Hanson, D. R. and Mauersberger, K., Laboratory studies of nitric acid trihydrate: Implications for the south polar stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 855-858, 1988.
30. 2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics, based on the FAO statistics for the period 1975-1980, in Fire in the Tropical Biota, Ecological Studies, vol. 84, edited by J. G. Goldammer, pp. 440-462, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
31. Harries, J. E., Russell III, J. M., Tuck, A. F., Gordley, L. L., Purcell, P., Stone, K., Bevilacqua, R. M., Gunson, M., Nedoluha, G., and Traub, W. A., Validation of measurements of water vapor from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), J. Geophys. Res., 101(D), 10205-10216, 1996.
32. Hein, R., Crutzen, P. J., and Heimann, M., An inverse modeling approach to investigate the global atmospheric methane cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 11, 43-76, 1997.
33. Holton, J. R., and Tan, H.-C., The quasi-biennial oscillation in the northern hemisphere lower stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 60, 140-147, 1982.
34. x in electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D), 28247-28264, 1998.
35. IPCC, (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Climate change 1995, The science of climate change, Eds. J.T. Houghton et al., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1996.
36. Komhyr, W. D., Oltmans, S. J., Franchois, P. R., Evans, W. F. J., and Matthews, W. A., The latitudinal distribution of ozone to 35 km altitude from EEC ozonesonde observations, 1985-1987, in Ozone in the atmosphere. Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1988 and tropospheric ozone workshop, edited by R. D. Bojkov and P. Fabian, Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA, 147-150, 1989.
37. Land, C., Ponater, M., Sausen, R., and Roeckner, E., The ECHAM4.L39(DLR) atmosphere GCM - Technical description and model climatology. Report No. 1991-31, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Weßling, Germany, ISSN 1434-8454, 1999.
38. Landgraf, J. and Crutzen, P. J., An efficient method for online calculations of photolysis and heating rates, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 863-878, 1998.
39. x emissions and their uncertainties, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1735-1749, 1997.
40. Logan, J. A., Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere: global and regional budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D), 25533-25585, 1983.
41. Louis, J.-F., A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 17, 187-202, 1979.
42. Manzini, E. and McFarlane, N. A., The effect of varying the source spectrum of a gravity wave parameterization in a middle atmosphere general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D), 31523-31539, 1998.
43. Miller, M. J., Palmer, T. N., and Swinbank, R., Parameterization and influence of sub-grid scale orography in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 40, 84-109, 1989.
44. Mitchell, J. F. B., Manabe, S., Meleshko, V., and Tokioka, T., Equilibrium Cliamte Change, in Climate Change, The IPCC Scientific Assessment, edited by J.T. Houghton et al., 131-172, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
45. Morcrette, J. J., Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system, J. Geophys. Res., 96(D), 9121-9132, 1991.
46. Müller, R., Die Chemie des Ozons in der polaren Stratosphäre, Ph.D. thesis, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 1994.
47. Müller, R., Crutzen, P. J., Grooß, J.-U., Brühl, C., Russell III, J. M., and Tuck, A. F., Chlorine activation and ozone depletion in the arctic vortex: Observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D), 12531-12554, 1996.
48. Müller, R., Crutzen, P. J., Grooß, J.-U., Brühl, C., Russell III, J. M., Gernandt, H., McKenna, D. S., and Tuck, A. F., Severe chemical ozone loss in the arctic during the winter of 1995/96, Nature, 389, 709-712, 1997a.
49. Müller, R., Grooß, J.-U., McKenna, D. S., Crutzen, P.J., Brühl, C., Russell III, J. M., and Tuck, A. F., HALOE observations of the vertical structure of chemical ozone depletion in the arctic vortex during winter and early spring 1996-1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2717-2720, 1997b.
50. Naujokat, B., Petzoldt, K., Labitzke, K., Lenschow, R., Rajewski, B., Wiesner, M., and Wohlfart, R.-C., Report on the winter 1991/92: the winter of the European arctic stratospheric ozone experiment, in Solar-Terrestrial Energy Program: Collection of reports on the stratospheric circulation during the winter 1974/75-1991/92, edited by B. Naujokat and K. Labitzke, 279-301, 1993.
51. Oltmans, S. J., Komhyr, W. D., Franchois, P. R., and Matthews, W.A., Tropospheric Ozone: variations from surface and ECC ozonesonde observations, in Ozone in the atmosphere, Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1988 and tropospheric ozone workshop, edited by R. D. Bojkov and P. Fabian, Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA, 539-543, 1989.
52. Pawson, S. et al., The GCM-reality intercomparison project for SPARC (GRIPS): Scientific issues and initial results, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81(4), 781-796, 2000.
53. Price, C. and Rind, D., A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D), 9919-9933, 1992.
54. Price, C. and Rind, D., Modeling global lightning distributions in a general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1930-1937, 1994.
55. Pumphrey, H. C., Validation of a new prototype water vapor retrieval for the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D), 9399-9412, 1999.
56. Rande I, W. J., Global atmospheric circulation statistics, 1000-1 mb, NCAR Tech. Note, TN-366+STR, 1992.
57. Rasch, P. J. and Lawrence, M. G., Recent development in transport models at NCAR, in MPI workshop on conservative transport schemes 2-3 June 1997, edited by B. Machenhauer, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Report No. 265, Hamburg, Germany, 1998.
58. Rex, M. et al., In situ measurements of stratospheric ozone depletion rates in the arctic winter 1991/92: A Lagrangian approach, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D), 5843-5853, 1998.
59. Rex, M. et al., Chemical ozone loss in the arctic winter 1994/95 as determined by the MATCH technique, J. Atmos. Chem., 32, 35-59, 1999.
60. Rind, D., Suozzo, R., and Balachandran, N. K., The GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model. Part 2: model variability due to interactions between planetary waves, the mean circulation, and gravity wave drag, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 371-386, 1988.
61. 2 climate revisited, J. Climate, 11, 876-894, 1998.
62. Roeckner, E., Parameterization of cloud radiative properties in the ECHAM4 model, in Cloud microphysics parameterizations in global circulation models, Proceedings of the WCRP Workshop, WCRP Report No. 93, WMO/TD-No. 713, 105-116, 1995.
63. Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Brinkop, S., Dümenil, L., Esch, M., Kirk, E., Lunkeit, F., Ponater, M., Rockel, B., Sausen, R., Sclese, U., Schubert, S., and Windelband, M., Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Report No. 93, Hamburg, Germany, 1992.
64. Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Christoph, M., Claussen, M., Dümenil, L., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Schlese, U., and Schulzweida, U., The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate, Report No. 218, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, ISSN 0937-1060, 1996.
65. Roeckner, E., Bengtsson, L., Feichter, J., Leliefeld, J., and Rodhe, H., Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Climate, 12, 3003-3032, 1999.
66. 3 in the troposphere calculated with a chemistry general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D), 20983-20998, 1995.
67. Rosenfield, J. E., Newman, P. A., and Schoeberl, M. R., Computations of diabatic descent in the stratospheric polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D), 16677-16689, 1994.
68. Russell III, J. M., Gordley, L. L., Park, J. H., Drayson, S. R., Hesketh, W. D., Cicerone, R. J., Tuck, A. F., Frederick, J. E., Harries, J. E., and Crutzen, P. J., The Halogen Occultation Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D), 10777-10797, 1993.
69. Santer, B.D., Taylor, K. E., Wigley, T., Johns, T. C., Jones, P. D., Karoly, D. J., Mitchell, J. F. B., Dort, A. H., Penner, J. E., Rameswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Stouffer, R. J., and Tett, S., A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere, Nature, 382, 39-46, 1996.
70. Santer, B. D., Hnilo, J. J., Wigley, T. M. L., Boyle, J. S., Doutriaux, C., Fiorino, M., Parker, D. E., and Taylor, K. E., Uncertainties in observationally based estimates of temperature changes in the free atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6305-6333, 1999.
71. Sausen, R., Voss, R., and Ponater, M., Orographic forcing in ECHAM, Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 66, 239-252, 1993.
72. Schmitt, A. and Brunner, B., Emissions from aviation and their development over time, in Pollutants from air traffic - results of atmospheric research 1992-1997, DLR-Mitt. 97-04, edited by U. Schumann et al., 37-52, DLR Köln, Germany, 1997.
73. Schoeberl, M. R., Lait, L. R., Newman, P. A., and Rosenfield, J. E., The structure of the polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D), 7859-7882, 1992.
74. 2, J. Climate, 11, 895-918, 1998a.
75. Shindell, D. T., Rind, D., and Lonergan, P., Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, Nature, 392, 589-592, 1998b.
76. Simmons, A. J., Untch, A., Jacob, C., Kallberg, P., and Unden, P., Stratospheric water vapour and tropical tropopause temperatures in ECMWF analyses and multi-year simulations, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 353-386, 1999.
77. Sonntag, D., Advancements in the field of hygrometry, Meteor. Z., 3, 51-66, 1994.
78. Steil, B., Dameris, M., Brühl, C., Crutzen, P. J., Grewe, V., Ponater, M., and Sausen, R., Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration, Ann. Geophysicae, 16, 205-228, 1998.
79. Tiedtke, M., A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800, 1989.
80. Timmreck, C., Graf, H.-F., and Feichter, J., Simulation of Mt. Pinatubo volcanic aerosol with the Hamburg climate model ECHAM4, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 62, 85-108, 1999.
81. Tuck, A. F., Synoptic and chemical evolution of the Antarctic vortex in late winter and early spring, 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 94(D), 11687-11737, 1989.
82. van Dorland, R., Dentener, F. J., and Lelieveld, J., Radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and sulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D), 28079-28100, 1997.
83. von der Gathen, P. et al., Observational evidence for chemical ozone depletion over the Arctic in winter 1991-92, Nature, 375, 131-134, 1995.
84. Williamson, D. L. and Rasch, P. J., Water vapor transport in the NCAR CCM2, Tellus, 46A, 34-51, 1994.
85. WMO. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1998, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 44, World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, 1999.
86. x emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D), 11447-11464, 1995.