A practical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders

Sleep Medicine Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 47-60

  Bjorvatn, Bjørn ^a,b,c   Pallesen, Ståle ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c Bergen Sleep Disorders Center   (Norway)

Author keywords

Bright light; Circadian rhythm disorders; Melatonin; Nadir; Sleep regulation

Indexed keywords

MELATONIN; PLACEBO;

ADVANCED SLEEP PHASE DISORDER; BLOOD PRESSURE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CORE TEMPERATURE; DELAYED SLEEP PHASE DISORDER; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; EVENING DOSAGE; EYE INJURY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; JET LAG; LIGHT EXPOSURE; MORNING DOSAGE; NAUSEA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHOTOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SHIFT WORKER; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FEMALE; HUMANS; JET LAG SYNDROME; MALE; MELATONIN; MIDDLE AGED; PHOTOTHERAPY; SLEEP DISORDERS, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; SLEEP STAGES;

EID: 58249084605     PISSN: 10870792     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.009     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Sack R.L., Auckley D., Auger R.R., Carskadon M.A., Wright Jr. K.P., Vitiello M.V., et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 30 11 (2007) 1460-1483
2. Sack R.L., Auckley D., Auger R.R., Carskadon M.A., Wright Jr. K.P., Vitiello M.V., et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 30 11 (2007) 1484-1501
3. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed. (2005), American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, IL
4. Dijk D.J., and Czeisler C.A. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci 15 5 Pt 1 (1995) 3526-3538
5. Dijk D.J., Brunner D.P., Beersma D.G., and Borbely A.A. Electroencephalogram power density and slow wave sleep as a function of prior waking and circadian phase. Sleep 13 5 (1990) 430-440
6. Akerstedt T. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occup Med (Lond) 53 2 (2003) 89-94
7. Brown E.N., and Czeisler C.A. The statistical analysis of circadian phase and amplitude in constant-routine core-temperature data. J Biol Rhythms 7 3 (1992) 177-202
8. Lewy A.J., Bauer V.K., Ahmed S., Thomas K.H., Cutler N.L., Singer C.M., et al. The human phase response curve (PRC) to melatonin is about 12 hours out of phase with the PRC to light. Chronobiol Int 15 1 (1998) 71-83
9. Aschoff J. Circadian rhythms in man. Science 148 (1965) 1427-1432
10. Czeisler C.A., Duffy J.F., Shanahan T.L., Brown E.N., Mitchell J.F., Rimmer D.W., et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 284 5423 (1999) 2177-2181
11. Gillette M.U., and Tischkau S.A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain's circadian clock. Recent Prog Horm Res 54 (1999) 33-58 discussion-9
12. Ralph M.R., Foster R.G., Davis F.C., and Menaker M. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 247 4945 (1990) 975-978
13. Hattar S., Liao H.W., Takao M., Berson D.M., and Yau K.W. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 295 5557 (2002) 1065-1070
14. Borjigin J., Li X., and Snyder S.H. The pineal gland and melatonin: molecular and pharmacologic regulation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39 (1999) 53-65
15. Minors D.S., and Waterhouse J.M. The use of constant routines in unmasking the endogenous component of human circadian rhythms. Chronobiol Int 1 3 (1984) 205-216
16. Pandi-Perumal S.R., Smits M., Spence W., Srinivasan V., Cardinali D.P., Lowe A.D., et al. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO): a tool for the analysis of circadian phase in human sleep and chronobiological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31 1 (2007) 1-11
17. Lewy A.J., Cutler N.L., and Sack R.L. The endogenous melatonin profile as a marker for circadian phase position. J Biol Rhythms 14 3 (1999) 227-236
18. Nagtegaal J.E., Kerkhof G.A., Smits M.G., Swart A.C., and Van Der Meer Y.G. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: a placebo-controlled cross-over study on the effects of melatonin administered five hours before the individual dim light melatonin onset. J Sleep Res 7 2 (1998) 135-143
19. Voultsios A., Kennaway D.J., and Dawson D. Salivary melatonin as a circadian phase marker: validation and comparison to plasma melatonin. J Biol Rhythms 12 5 (1997) 457-466
20. Wright H., Lack L., and Bootzin R. Relationships between dim light melatonin onset and the timing of sleep in sleep onset insomniacs. Sleep Biol Rhythms 4 (2006) 78-80
21. Burgess H.J., and Eastman C.I. The dim light melatonin onset following fixed and free sleep schedules. J Sleep Res 14 3 (2005) 229-237
22. Benloucif S., Guico M.J., Reid K.J., Wolfe L.F., L'Hermite-Baleriaux M., and Zee P.C. Stability of melatonin and temperature as circadian phase markers and their relation to sleep times in humans. J Biol Rhythms 20 2 (2005) 178-188
23. Dijk D.J., Boulos Z., Eastman C.I., Lewy A.J., Campbell S.S., and Terman M. Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. II. Basic properties of circadian physiology and sleep regulation. J Biol Rhythms 10 2 (1995) 113-125
24. Khalsa S.B., Jewett M.E., Cajochen C., and Czeisler C.A. A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J Physiol 549 Pt 3 (2003) 945-952
25. Minors D.S., Waterhouse J.M., and Wirz-Justice A. A human phase-response curve to light. Neurosci Lett 133 1 (1991) 36-40
26. Zeitzer J.M., Dijk D.J., Kronauer R., Brown E., and Czeisler C. Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. J Physiol 526 Pt 3 (2000) 695-702
27. Czeisler C.A., Kronauer R.E., Allan J.S., Duffy J.F., Jewett M.E., Brown E.N., et al. Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 244 4910 (1989) 1328-1333
28. Jewett M.E., Kronauer R.E., and Czeisler C.A. Phase-amplitude resetting of the human circadian pacemaker via bright light: a further analysis. J Biol Rhythms 9 3-4 (1994) 295-314
29. Terman M, Terman JS. Light therapy. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 3rd ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2000. p. 1258-74.
30. Reme C.E., and Terman M. Does light therapy present an ocular hazard?. Am J Psychiatry 149 12 (1992) 1762-1763
31. Gallin P.F., Terman M., Reme C.E., Rafferty B., Terman J.S., and Burde R.M. Ophthalmologic examination of patients with seasonal affective disorder, before and after bright light therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 119 2 (1995) 202-210
32. Pallesen S., Nordhus I.H., Skelton S.H., Bjorvatn B., and Skjerve A. Bright light treatment has limited effect in subjects over 55 years with mild early morning awakening. Percept Mot Skills 101 3 (2005) 759-770
33. Kogan A.O., and Guilford P.M. Side effects of short-term 10,000-lux light therapy. Am J Psychiatry 155 2 (1998) 293-294
34. Chan P.K., Lam R.W., and Perry K.F. Mania precipitated by light therapy for patients with SAD. J Clin Psychiatry 55 10 (1994) 454
35. Schwitzer J., Neudorfer C., Blecha H.G., and Fleischhacker W.W. Mania as a side effect of phototherapy. Biol Psychiatry 28 6 (1990) 532-534
36. Arendt J., and Skene D.J. Melatonin as a chronobiotic. Sleep Med Rev 9 1 (2005) 25-39
37. Lewy A.J., and Sack R.L. The role of melatonin and light in the human circadian system. Prog Brain Res 111 (1996) 205-216
38. Buscemi N., Vandermeer B., Hooton N., Pandya R., Tjosvold L., Hartling L., et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. BMJ 332 7538 (2006) 385-393
39. Dagan Y., and Eisenstein M. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: toward a more precise definition and diagnosis. Chronobiol Int 16 2 (1999) 213-222
40. Campbell S.S., and Murphy P.J. Delayed sleep phase disorder in temporal isolation. Sleep 30 9 (2007) 1225-1228
41. Dagan Y. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD). Sleep Med Rev 6 1 (2002) 45-54
42. Yazaki M., Shirakawa S., Okawa M., and Takahashi K. Demography of sleep disturbances associated with circadian rhythm disorders in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 53 2 (1999) 267-268
43. Schrader H., Bovim G., and Sand T. The prevalence of delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes. J Sleep Res 2 1 (1993) 51-55
44. Pelayo R.P., Thorpy M.J., and Glovinsky P. Prevalence of delayed sleep phase syndrome among adolescents. Sleep Res 17 (1988) 392
45. Barion A., and Zee P.C. A clinical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med 8 6 (2007) 566-577
46. Crowley S.J., Acebo C., and Carskadon M.A. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence. Sleep Med 8 6 (2007) 602-612
47. Regestein Q.R., and Monk T.H. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: a review of its clinical aspects. Am J Psychiatry 152 4 (1995) 602-608
48. Ozaki S., Uchiyama M., Shirakawa S., and Okawa M. Prolonged interval from body temperature nadir to sleep offset in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep 19 1 (1996) 36-40
49. Archer S.N., Robilliard D.L., Skene D.J., Smits M., Williams A., Arendt J., et al. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep 26 4 (2003) 413-415
50. Ferrara M., and De Gennaro L. How much sleep do we need?. Sleep Med Rev 5 2 (2001) 155-179
51. Carskadon M.A., Vieira C., and Acebo C. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep 16 3 (1993) 258-262
52. Carskadon M.A., Harvey K., Duke P., Anders T.F., Litt I.F., and Dement W.C. Pubertal changes in daytime sleepiness. Sleep 2 4 (1980) 453-460
53. Rosenthal N.E., Joseph-Vanderpool J.R., Levendosky A.A., Johnston S.H., Allen R., Kelly K.A., et al. Phase-shifting effects of bright morning light as treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep 13 4 (1990) 354-361
54. Okawa M., Uchiyama M., Ozaki S., Shibui K., and Ichikawa H. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in adolescents: clinical trials of combined treatments based on chronobiology. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52 5 (1998) 483-490
55. Mundey K., Benloucif S., Harsanyi K., Dubocovich M.L., and Zee P.C. Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin. Sleep 28 10 (2005) 1271-1278
56. Kayumov L., Brown G., Jindal R., Buttoo K., and Shapiro C.M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effect of exogenous melatonin on delayed sleep phase syndrome. Psychosom Med 63 1 (2001) 40-48
57. Baker S.K., and Zee P.C. Circadian disorders of the sleep-wake cycle. In: Kryger M.H., Roth T., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 3rd ed. (2000), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 606-614
58. Revell V.L., Burgess H.J., Gazda C.J., Smith M.R., Fogg L.F., and Eastman C.I. Advancing human circadian rhythms with afternoon melatonin and morning intermittent bright light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 1 (2006) 54-59
59. Satoh K., Mishima K., Inoue Y., Ebisawa T., and Shimizu T. Two pedigrees of familial advanced sleep phase syndrome in Japan. Sleep 26 4 (2003) 416-417
60. Toh K.L., Jones C.R., He Y., Eide E.J., Hinz W.A., Virshup D.M., et al. An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science 291 5506 (2001) 1040-1043
61. Pallesen S., Nordhus I.H., Nielsen G.H., Havik O.E., Kvale G., Johnsen B.H., et al. Prevalence of insomnia in the adult Norwegian population. Sleep 24 7 (2001) 771-779
62. Campbell S.S., Murphy P.J., van den Heuvel C.J., Roberts M.L., and Stauble T.N. Etiology and treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 3 3 (1999) 179-200
63. Campbell S.S., Dawson D., and Anderson M.W. Alleviation of sleep maintenance insomnia with timed exposure to bright light. J Am Geriatr Soc 41 8 (1993) 829-836
64. Palmer C.R., Kripke D.F., Savage Jr. H.C., Cindrich L.A., Loving R.T., and Elliott J.A. Efficacy of enhanced evening light for advanced sleep phase syndrome. Behav Sleep Med 1 4 (2003) 213-226
65. Suhner A.G., Murphy P.J., and Campbell S.S. Failure of timed bright light exposure to alleviate age-related sleep maintenance insomnia. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 4 (2002) 617-623
66. Hoban T.M., Sack R.L., Lewy A.J., Miller L.S., and Singer C.M. Entrainment of a free-running human with bright light?. Chronobiol Int 6 4 (1989) 347-353
67. Sack R.L., Brandes R.W., Kendall A.R., and Lewy A.J. Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. N Engl J Med 343 15 (2000) 1070-1077
68. Lewy A.J., Bauer V.K., Hasler B.P., Kendall A.R., Pires M.L., and Sack R.L. Capturing the circadian rhythms of free-running blind people with 0.5 mg melatonin. Brain Res 918 1-2 (2001) 96-100
69. Pillar G., Shahar E., Peled N., Ravid S., Lavie P., and Etzioni A. Melatonin improves sleep-wake patterns in psychomotor retarded children. Pediatr Neurol 23 3 (2000) 225-228
70. Boulos Z., Campbell S.S., Lewy A.J., Terman M., Dijk D.J., and Eastman C.I. Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. VII. Jet lag. J Biol Rhythms 10 2 (1995) 167-176
71. Burgess H.J., Crowley S.J., Gazda C.J., Fogg L.F., and Eastman C.I. Preflight adjustment to eastward travel: 3 days of advancing sleep with and without morning bright light. J Biol Rhythms 18 4 (2003) 318-328
72. Haimov I., and Arendt J. The prevention and treatment of jet lag. Sleep Med Rev 3 3 (1999) 229-240
73. Herxheimer A., and Petrie K.J. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Disk issue 2 (2006) CD00484
74. Suhner A., Schlagenhauf P., Johnson R., Tschopp A., and Steffen R. Comparative study to determine the optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag. Chronobiol Int 15 6 (1998) 655-666
75. Akerstedt T. Psychological and psychophysiological effects of shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health 16 Suppl. 1 (1990) 67-73
76. Boivin D.B., Tremblay G.M., and James F.O. Working on atypical schedules. Sleep Med 8 6 (2007) 578-589
77. Burgess H.J., Sharkey K.M., and Eastman C.I. Bright light, dark and melatonin can promote circadian adaptation in night shift workers. Sleep Med Rev 6 5 (2002) 407-420
78. Czeisler C.A., Johnson M.P., Duffy J.F., Brown E.N., Ronda J.M., and Kronauer R.E. Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work. N Engl J Med 322 18 (1990) 1253-1259
79. Bjorvatn B., Kecklund G., and Akerstedt T. Bright light treatment used for adaptation to night work and re-adaptation back to day life. A field study at an oil platform in the North Sea. J Sleep Res 8 2 (1999) 105-112
80. Bjorvatn B., Stangenes K., Oyane N., Forberg K., Lowden A., Holsten F., et al. Randomized placebo-controlled field study of the effects of bright light and melatonin in adaptation to night work. Scand J Work Environ Health 33 3 (2007) 204-214
81. Dawson D., Encel N., and Lushington K. Improving adaptation to simulated night shift: timed exposure to bright light versus daytime melatonin administration. Sleep 18 1 (1995) 11-21
82. Sharkey K.M., Fogg L.F., and Eastman C.I. Effects of melatonin administration on daytime sleep after simulated night shift work. J Sleep Res 10 3 (2001) 181-192