Fire-vegetation interactions during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition at Lago dell'Accesa, Tuscany, Italy

Holocene

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 679-692

  Colombaroli, Daniele ^a,b   Vannière, Boris ^c   Emmanuel, Chapron ^d   Magny, Michel ^c   Tinner, Willy ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^c université Bourgogne Franche Comté   (France)

^d GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^e ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Climate change; Fire ecology; Fire history; Holocene; Italy; Macroscopic charcoal; Mediterranean vegetation; Mesolithic; Microscopic charcoal; Neolithic; Quercus ilex; Tuscany

Indexed keywords

BROAD-LEAVED FOREST; CHARCOAL; EVERGREEN FOREST; FIRE HISTORY; FOREST FIRE; GLOBAL WARMING; HUMAN ACTIVITY; MESOLITHIC; NEOLITHIC; PALYNOLOGY; POLLEN; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

EURASIA; EUROPE; ITALY; SOUTHERN EUROPE; TUSCANY;

ILEX; QUERCUS ILEX;

EID: 58149394238     PISSN: 09596836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0959683608091779     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Allen, H. 2003: Response of past and present Mediterranean ecosystems to environmental change. Progress in Physical Geography 27, 359-77.
2. Alley, R.B. and Agustsdottir, A.M. 2005: The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 1123-49.
3. Ammann, B. 1994: Differential flotation of saccate pollen - a nuisance and a chance. Dissertationes Botanicae 234, 101-10.
4. Ammann, B., Birks, H.J.B., Brooks, S.J., Eicher, U., von Grafenstein, U., Hofmann, W., Lemdahl, G., Schwander, J., Tobolski, K. and Wick, L. 2000: Quantification of biotic responses to rapid climatic changes around the Younger Dryas - a synthesis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 159, 313-47.
5. Andrieu-Ponel, V., Ponel, P., Jull, A.J.T., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Bruneton, H. and Leveau, P. 2000: Towards the reconstruction of the Holocene vegetation history of Lower Provence: two new pollen profiles from Marais des Baux. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 9, 71-84.
6. Bacilieri, R., Bouchet, M.A., Bran, D., Grandjanny, M., Maistre, M., Perret, P. and Romane, F. 1994: Natural germination as resilience component in Mediterranean coppice stands of Castanea sativa Mill and Quercus ilex L. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 15, 417-29.
7. Barbero, M., Bonin, G., Loisel, R. and Quezel, P. 1990: Changes and disturbances of forest ecosystems caused by human activities in the western part of the Mediterranean Basin. Vegetatio 87, 151-73.
8. Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A. and Kaufman, A. 2000: Timing and hydrological conditions of Sapropel events in the Eastern Mediterranean, as evident from speleothems, Soreq cave, Israel. Chemical Geology 169, 145-56.
9. Behre, K.-E. 1981: The interpretation of anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams. Pollen et Spores 23, 225-45.
10. Bennett, K. 1996: Determination of the number of zones in a biostratigraphical sequence. New Phytologist 132, 155-70.
11. Bennett, K., Boreham, S., Sharp, M.J. and Switsur, V.R. 1992: Holocene history of environment, vegetation and human settlement on Catta Ness, Lunnasting, Shetland. Journal of Ecology 80, 241-73.
12. Bergkamp, G. 1998: Hydrological influences on the resilience of Quercus spp. dominated geoecosystems in central Spain. Geomorphology 23, 101-26.
13. Beug, H.J. 2004: Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete. Ed. Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, 542 pp.
14. Birks, H.J.B. and Gordon, A.D. 1985: Numerical methods in Quaternary pollen analysis. Academic Press.
15. Birks, H.J.B. and Heegaard, E. 2003: Developments in age-depth modeling of Holocene stratigraphical sequences. PAGES News 11, 7-8.
16. Birks, H.J.B. and Line, J.M. 1992: The use of rarefaction analysis for estimating palynological richness from Quaternary pollen-analytical data. The Holocene 2, 1-10.
17. Bisson, M., Favalli, M., Fornaciai, A., Mazzarini, F., Isola, I., Zanchetta, G. and Pareschi, M.T. 2005: A rapid method to assess fire-related debris flow hazard in the Mediterranean region: an example from Sicily (southern Italy). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 7, 217-31.
18. Bradley, R.S., Alverson, K.D. and Pedersen, T.F. 2003: Challenges of a changing earth: past perspectives, future concerns. In Alverson, K.D., Bradley, R.S. and Pedersen, T.F., editors, Paleoclimate, global change and the future. Springer Verlag, 163-68.
19. Bradshaw, R.H.W. and Webb, T.I. 1985: Relationships between contemporary pollen and vegetation data from Wisconsin and Michigan, USA. Ecology 66, 721-37.
20. Brunelle, A., Whitlock, C., Bartlein, P. and Kipfmueller, K. 2005: Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 2281-300.
21. Bunting, M.J., Gaillard, M.-J., Sugita, S., Middleton, R. and Brostrom, A. 2004: Vegetation structure and pollen source area. The Holocene 14, 651-60.
22. Butzer, K.W. 2005: Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion. Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 1773-800.
23. Calvo, L., Tarrega, R. and De Luis, E. 2002: The dynamics of Mediterranean shrubs species over 12 years following perturbations. Plant Ecology 160, 25-42.
24. Carcaillet, C. 1998: A spatially precise study of Holocene fire history, climate and human impact within the Maurienne valley, North French Alps. Journal of Ecology 86, 384-96.
25. Carcaillet, C., Barakat, H.N., Panaiotis, C. and Loisel, R. 1997: Fire and late-Holocene expansion of Quercus ilex and Pinus pinaster on Corsica. Journal of Vegetation Science 8, 85-94.
26. Carcaillet, C., Bouvier, M., Fréchette, B., Larouche, A.C. and Richard, P.J.H. 2001: Comparison of pollen-slide and sieving methods in lacustrine charcoal analyses for local and regional fire history. The Holocene 11, 467-76.
27. Carrion, J.S. and Van Geel, B. 1999: Fine-resolution Upper Weichselian and Holocene palynological record from Navarres (Valencia, Spain) and a discussion about factors of Mediterranean forest succession. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 106, 209-36.
28. Carrion, J.S., Andrade, A., Bennett, K.D., Navarro, C. and Munuera, M. 2001: Crossing forest thresholds: inertia and collapse in a Holocene sequence from south-central Spain. The Holocene 11, 635-53.
29. Clark, J.S., Merkt, J. and Müller, H. 1989: Post-glacial fire, vegetation, and human history on the northern alpine forelands, south-western Germany. Journal of Ecology 77, 897-925.
30. Clark, J.S., Royall, P.D. and Chumbley, C. 1996: The role of fire during climate change in an eastern deciduous forest at Devil's Bathtub, New York. Ecology 77, 2148-66.
31. Clark, J.S., Lynch, J.A., Stocks, B.J. and Goldammer, J.G. 1998: Relationships between charcoal particles in air and sediments in west-central Siberia. The Holocene 8, 19-29.
32. Colombaroli, D., Marchetto, A. and Tinner, W. 2007: Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation, and fire regime at Lago di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy). Journal of Ecology 95, 755-70.
33. Conedera, M. and Tinner, W. 2000: The interaction between forest fires and human activity in southern Switzerland. In Innes, J.L., Beniston, M. and Verstraete, M.M., editors, Biomass burning and its inter-relationships with the climate system. Kluwer, 247-61.
34. Davis, J.C. 1986: Statistics and data analysis in Geology. J. Wiley & Sons, 646 pp.
35. De Luis, M., Gonzalez-Hidalgo, J.C. and Raventos, J. 2003: Effects of fire and torrential rainfall on erosion in a Mediterranean gorse community. Land Degradation & Development 14, 203-13.
36. Delarze, R., Caldelari, D. and Hainard, P. 1992: Effects of fire on forest dynamics in Southern Switzerland. Journal of Vegetation Science 3, 55-60.
37. Drescher-Schneider, R., de Beaulieu, J.L., Magny, M., Walter-Simonnet, A.V., Bossuet, G., Millet, L., Brugiapaglia, E. and Drescher, A. 2007: Vegetation history, climate and human impact over the last 15,000 years at Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Central Italy). Vegetation History and Archaebotany 16, 279-99.
38. Finsinger, W. and Tinner, W. 2004: Minimum count sums for charcoal-concentration estimates in pollen slides: accuracy and potential errors. The Holocene 15, 293-97.
39. Frey, W. and Lösch, R. 1998: Lehrbuch der Geobotanik. Gustav Fischer.
40. Fyfe, R.M., Brown, A.G. and Rippon, S.J. 2003: Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation history of Greater Exmoor, UK: estimating the spatial extent of human-induced vegetation change. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 12, 215-32.
41. Gavin, D.G., Brubaker, L.B. and Lertzman, K.P. 2003: Holocene fire history of a coastal temperate rain forest based on soil charcoal radiocarbon dates. Ecology 84, 186-201.
42. Green, D.G. 1983: The ecological interpretation of fine resolution pollen records. New Phytologist 94, 459-77.
43. Grimm, E.C. 1992: Tilia 1.11 and Tilia* Graph 1.17. Illinois State Museum, Research and Collection Center.
44. Grund, K., Conedera, M., Schroder, H. and Walther, G.R. 2005: The role of fire in the invasion process of evergreen broad-leaved species. Basic and Applied Ecology 6, 47-56.
45. Haas, J.N., Richoz, I., Tinner, W. and Wick, L. 1998: Synchronous Holocene climatic oscillations recorded on the Swiss Plateau and at timberline in the Alps. The Holocene 8, 301-309.
46. Heegaard, E., Birks, H.J.B. and Telford, R. 2005: Relationships between calibrated ages and depth in stratigraphical sequences: an estimation procedure by mixed-effect regression. The Holocene 15, 612-18.
47. Heiri, O., Tinner, W. and Lotter, A.F. 2004: Evidence for cooler European summers during periods of changing meltwater flux to the North Atlantic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 15 285-88.
48. Higuera, P.E., Sprugel, D.G. and Brubaker, L.B. 2005: Reconstructing fire regimes with charcoal from small-hollow sediments: a calibration with tree-ring records of fire. The Holocene 15, 238-51.
49. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001: Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Contribution of working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
50. Jongman, R.H.G., ter Braak, C.J.F. and van Tongeren, O.F. 1987: Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Pudoc, 299 pp. Juggins, S. 1991: Zone 1.2. Freeware: http://www.campus.ncl.ac.uk/staff/Stephen.Juggins/software. htm (unpublished).
51. Kaesler, R.L. and Cairns, J. 1972: Cluster analysis of data from limnological surveys of the Upper Potomac river. American Midland Naturalist 88, 56-67.
52. Kasischke, E.S., Christensen, N.L. and Stocks, B.J. 1995: Fire, global warming, and the carbon balance of boreal forests. Ecological Applications 5, 437-51.
53. Keeley, J.E. and Fotheringham, C.J. 2001: Historic fire regime in southern California shrublands. Conservation Biology 15, 1536-48.
54. Kirch, P.V. 2005: Archaeology and global change: the Holocene record. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30, 409-40.
55. Kovach, W.L. 1995: Multivariate data analysis. In Maddy, D. and Brew, J.S., editors, Statistical modeling of Quaternary science data. Quaternary Research Association, 1-63.
56. Lloret, F., Siscart, D. and Dalmases, C. 2004: Canopy recovery after drought dieback in holm-oak Mediterranean forests of Catalonia (NE Spain). Global Change Biology 10, 2092-99.
57. Lloret, F., Estevan, H., Vayreda, J. and Terradas, J. 2005: Fire regenerative syndromes of forest woody species across fire and climatic gradients. Oecologia 146, 461-68.
58. Lobell, J.A. 2002: Etruscan Pompeii (Largest Etruscan settlement ever found discovered in the Tuscan plain near Lake Accesa, Italy). Archaeology 55, 12.
59. Long, C.J., Whitlock, C., Bartlein, P.J. and Millspaugh, S.H. 1998: A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 28, 774-87.
60. Lopez, S., Jesus, A. and Burgan, R. 2002: Integration of satellite sensor data, fuel type maps and meteorological observations for evaluation of forest fire risk at the pan-European scale. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23, 2713-19.
61. Lowe, J.J. 1992: Late Glacial and early Holocene lake-sediments from the northern Apennines, Italy - pollen stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating. Boreas 21, 193-208.
62. Lynch, J.A., Clark, J.S., Bigelow, N.H., Edwards, M.E. and Finney, B.P. 2002: Geographic and temporal variations in fire history in boreal ecosystems of Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 108, 8152.
63. Lynch, J.A., Clark, J.S. and Stocks, B.J. 2004: Charcoal production, dispersal, and deposition from the Fort Providence experimental fire: interpreting fire regimes from charcoal records in boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 34, 1642-56.
64. MacDonald, G.M., Larsen, C.P.S., Szeicz, J.M. and Moser, K.A. 1991: The reconstruction of boreal forest fire history from lake sediments: a comparison of charcoal, pollen, sedimentological, and geochemical indices. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 53-71.
65. Magny, M., Begeot, C., Guiot, J. and Peyron, O. 2003: Contrasting patterns of hydrological changes in Europe in response to Holocene climate cooling phases. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1589-96.
66. Magny, M., De Beaulieu, J.L., Drescher-Schneider, R., Vanniere, B., Walter-Simonnet, A.V., Millet, L., Bossuet, G. and Peyron, O. 2006: Climatic oscillations in central Italy during the Last Glacial-Holocene transition: the record from Lake Accesa. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 311-20.
67. Magny, M., de Beaulieu, J.L., Drescher-Schneider, R., Vannière, B., Walter-Simonnet, A.-V., Miras, Y., Millet, L., Bossuet, G., Peyron, O., Bruggiapaglia, E. and Leroux, A. 2007: Holocene climate changes in central Mediterranean as recorded by lake-level fluctuations at Lake Accesa (Tuscany, Italy). Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 1736-58.
68. Malak, D.A. and Pausas, J.G. 2006: Fire regime and post-fire normalized difference vegetation index changes in the eastern Iberian peninsula (Mediterranean basin). International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 407-13.
69. Malone, C. 2003: The Italian Neolithic: a synthesis of research. Journal of World Prehistory 17, 235-312.
70. Marlon, J., Bartlein, P.J. and Whitlock, C. 2006: Fire-fuel-climate linkages in the northwestern USA during the Holocene. The Holocene 16, 1059-71.
71. Matter, C. 2005: Seismic to core correlation in the Lago dell'Accesa, Tuscany. Unplublished Diploma Thesis, ETH Zuerich, 113 pp.
72. Merciai, G. 1933: Il Lago dell'Accesa presso Massa Marittima. Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali 43, 29-50.
73. Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A. and Collinson, M.E. 1991: Pollen analysis. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Second Edition, 216 pp.
74. Moreno, J.M. 1998: Recent history of forest fires in Spain. In Moreno, J.M., editor, Large forest fires. Backhuys, 159-85.
75. Moritz, M.A., Keeley, J.E., Johnson, E.A. and Schaffner, A.A. 2004: Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: how important is fuel age ? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, 67-72.
76. Mouillot, F., Ratte, J.P., Joffre, R., Moreno, J.M. and Rambal, S. 2003: Some determinants of the spatio-temporal fire cycle in a Mediterranean landscape (Corsica, France). Landscape Ecology 18, 665-74.
77. Mouillot, F., Ratte, J.P., Joffre, R., Mouillot, D. and Rambal, S. 2005: Long term forest dynamic after land abandonment in a fire prone Mediterranean landscape (Corsica). Landscape Ecology 20, 101-12.
78. Odgaard, B.V. 1999: Fossil pollen as a record of past biodiversity. Journal of Biogeography 26, 7-17.
79. Ohlson, M. and Tryterud, E. 2000: Interpretation of the charcoal record in forest soils: forest fires and their production and deposition of macroscopic charcoal. The Holocene 10, 519-25.
80. Oldfield, F. and Alverson, K.D. 2003: The societal relevance of paleoenvironmental research. In Alverson, K.D., Bradley, R.S. and Pedersen, T.F., editors, Paleoclimate, global change and the future. Springer, 1-11.
81. Overpeck, J.T., Rind, D. and Goldberg, R. 1990: Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature 343, 51-53.
82. Overpeck, J., Whitlock, C. and Huntley, B. 2003: Terrestrial biosphere dynamics in the climate system: past and future. In Alverson, K.D., Bradley, R.S. and Pedersen, T.F., editors, Paleoclimate, global change and the future. Springer, 81-103.
83. Pardini, G., Gispert, M. and Dunjo, G. 2004: Relative influence of wildfire on soil properties and erosion processes in different Mediterranean environments in NE Spain. Science of the Total Environment 328, 237-46.
84. Pausas, J.G. 1999: The response of plant functional types to changes in the fire regime in Mediterranean ecosystems. A simulation approach. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 717-22.
85. 2006: Simulating Mediterranean landscape pattern and vegetation dynamics under different fire regimes. Plant Ecology 187, 249-59.
86. Pigott, C.D. and Pigott, S. 1993: Water as a determinant of the distribution of trees at the boundary of the Mediterranean zone. Journal of Ecology 81, 557-66.
87. Prentice, I.C. 1985: Pollen representation, source area, and basin size: towards a unified theory of pollen analysis. Quaternary Research 23, 76-86.
88. Ramsey, C. 2001: Development of the radiocarbon program OxCal. Radiocarbon 43, 355-63.
89. Reed, J.M., Stevenson, A.C. and Juggins, S. 2001: A multi-proxy record of Holocene climatic change in southwestern Spain: the Laguna de Medina, Cadiz. The Holocene 11, 707-19.
90. Reimer, P.J., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Bertrand, C.J.H., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E., Burr, G.S., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L., Fairbanks, R.G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T.P., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, F.G., Manning, S.W., Ramsey, C.B., Reimer, R.W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F.W., van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeyer, C.E. 2004: IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 ka BP. Radiocarbon 46, 1029-58.
91. Reille, M., 1992: New pollen-analytical researches in Corsica - the problem of Quercus ilex L and Erica arborea L, the origin of Pinus halepensis Miller Forests. New Phytologist 122, 359-78.
92. Reisigl, H., Danesch, E. and Danesch, O. 1992: Mittelmeerflora. Parkland.
93. Rizzotto, M. 1981: Il Lago dell'Accesa (Grosseto) note floristiche e vegetazionali. Atti Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali Memorie serie B88, 311-23.
94. Roberts, N. 1998: The Holocene. An environmental history. Blackwell, 316 pp.
95. Rossignol-Strick, M. 1999: The Holocene climatic optimum and pollen records of sapropel 1 in the eastern Mediterranean, 9000-6000 BP. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 515-30.
96. Ruiz, A.A. 2005: The transition between the last hunter-gatherers and the first farmers in Southwestern Europe - the Basque perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research 61, 469-94.
97. Rupp, T.S., Chapin, F.S. and Starfield, A.M. 2000: Response of subarctic vegetation to transient climatic change on the Seward Peninsula in north-west Alaska. Global Change Biology 6, 541-55.
98. Sadori, L. and Narcisi, B. 2001: The Postglacial record of environmental history from Lago di Pergusa, Sicily. The Holocene 11, 655-71.
99. Salvador, R., Lloret, F., Pons, X. and Pinol, J. 2005: Does fire occurrence modify the probability of being burned again? A null hypothesis test from Mediterranean ecosystems in NE Spain. Ecological Modelling 188, 461-69.
100. Seppa, H. 1998: Postglacial trends in palynological richness in the northern Fennoscandian tree-line area and their ecological interpretation. The Holocene 8, 43-53.
101. Shakesby, R.A. and Doerr, S.H. 2006: Wildfire as a hydrological and geomorphological agent. Earth-Science Reviews 74, 269-307.
102. Smilauer, P. 1994: Exploratory analysis of palaeoecological data using the program CanoDraw. Journal of Paleolimnology 12, 163-69.
103. Solari, M.E. and Vernet, J.L. 1992: Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation of the Corbieres based on charcoal analysis at the Cova De Lesperit (Salses, Pyrenees Orientales, France). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 71, 111-20.
104. Stockmarr, J. 1971: Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen et Spores 13, 615-21.
105. Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P.J. 1993: Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35, 215-30.
106. Sugita, S. 1993: A model of pollen source area for an entire lake surface. Quaternary Research 39, 239-44.
107. 2007 a: Theory of quantitative reconstruction of vegetation I: pollen from large sites REVEALS regional vegetation composition. The Holocene 17, 229-41.
108. 2007 b: Theory of quantitative reconstruction of vegetation II: all you need is LOVE. The Holocene 17, 243-57.
109. Telford, R.J., Heegaard, E. and Birks, H.J.B. 2004: The intercept is a poor estimate of a calibrated radiocarbon age. The Holocene 14, 296-98.
110. ter Braak, C. and Smilauer, P. 2002: CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide: software for canonical community ordination (v. 4.5).
111. Tinner, W. and Ammann, B. 2005: Long-term responses of mountain ecosystems to environmental changes: resilience, adjustment, and vulnerability. In Huber, U.M., Bugmann, H. and Reasoner, M., editors, Global change and mountain research - state of knowledge overview. Springer, 133-44.
112. Tinner, W. and Hu, F.S. 2003: Size parameters, size-class distribution and area-number relationship of microscopic charcoal: relevance for fire reconstruction. The Holocene 13, 499-505.
113. Tinner, W. and Lotter, A.F. 2001: Central European vegetation response to abrupt climate change at 8.2 ka. Geology 29, 551-54.
114. Tinner, W., Conedera, M., Ammann, B., Gäggeler, H.W., Gedye, S., Jones, R. and Sägesser, B. 1998: Pollen and charcoal in lake sediments compared with historically documented forest fires in southern Switzerland since AD 1920. The Holocene 8, 31-42.
115. Tinner, W., Hubschmid, P., Wehrli, M., Ammann, B. and Conedera, M. 1999: Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland. Journal of Ecology 87, 273-89.
116. Tinner, W., Conedera, M., Gobet, E., Hubschmid, P., Wehrli, M. and Ammann, B. 2000: A palaeoecological attempt to classify fire sensitivity of trees in the Southern Alps. The Holocene 10, 565-74.
117. Tinner, W., Conedera, M., Ammann, B. and Lotter, A.F. 2005: Fire ecology north and south of the Alps since the last ice age. The Holocene 15, 1214-26.
118. Tinner, W., Hu, F.S., Beer, R., Kaltenrieder, P., Scheurer, B. and Krahenbuhl, U. 2006: Postglacial vegetational and fire history: pollen, plant macrofossil and charcoal records from two Alaskan lakes. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 15, 279-93.
119. Torn, M.S. and Fried, J.S. 1992: Predicting the impacts of global warming on wildland fire. Climatic Change 21, 257-74.
120. Trabaud, L. and Galtie, J.F. 1996: Effects of fire frequency on plant communities and landscape pattern in the Massif des Aspres (southern France). Landscape Ecology 11, 215-24.
121. Trabaud, L. and Lepart, J. 1980: Diversity and stability in garrigue ecosystems after fire. Plant Ecology 43, 49-57.
122. Vannière, B., Colombaroli, D., Chapron, E., Leroux, A., Tinner, W. and Magny, M. 2008: Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes: the Holocene record of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy). Quaternary Science Reviews in press.
123. Viedma, O., Moreno, J.M. and Rieiro, I. 2006: Interactions between land use/land cover change, forest fires and landscape structure in Sierra de Gredos (Central Spain). Environmental Conservation 33, 212-22.
124. Vogiatzakis, I.N., Mannion, A.M. and Griffiths, G.H. 2006: Mediterranean ecosystems: problems and tools for conservation. Progress in Physical Geography 30, 175-200.
125. von Grafenstein, U., Erlenkeuser, H., Müller, J., Jouzel, J. and Johnsen, S. 1998: The cold event 8200 years ago documented in oxygen isotope records of precipitation in Europe and Greenland. Climate Dynamics 14, 73-81.
126. Whitlock, C. and Larsen, C. 2001: Charcoal as a fire proxy. In Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B. and Last, W.M., editors, Tracking environmental change using lake sediments. Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators. Kluwer, 75-97.