Wildfire as a hydrological and geomorphological agent

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 74, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 269-307

  Shakesby, R A ^a   Doerr, S H ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Forest fire; Global warming; Infiltration; Mass movement processes; Palaeofire; Peakflow; Rock weathering; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Soil hydrophobicity; Total flow; Wildfire

Indexed keywords

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE; HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE; WILDFIRE;

EID: 31544439413     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.10.006     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. D. Adamson P.M. Selkirk P. Mitchell The role of fire and lyre-birds in the landscape of the Sydney basin R.W. Young G.L. Nanson Aspects of the Australian Sandstone Landscapes 1983 University of Wollongong N.S.W., Australia 81-93
2. I.F. Ahlgren G.E. Ahlgren Ecological effects of forest fires Botanical Review 26 1960 483-533
3. C.D. Allen M. Savage D.A. Falk K.F. Suckling T.W. Swetnam T. Schulke P.B. Stacey P. Morgan M. Hoffman J.T. Klingel Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective Ecological Applications 12 2002 1418-1433
4. R.J. Allison G.E. Bristow The effects of fire on rock weathering: Some further considerations of laboratory experimental simulation Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24 1999 707-713
5. R.J. Allison A.S. Goudie The effect of fire on rock weathering: An experimental study D.A. Robinson R.B.G. Williams Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution 1994 Wiley Chichester 41-56
6. H.W. Anderson G.B. Coleman P.J. Zinke Summer Slides and Winter Scour...Dry-Wet Erosion in Southern California Mountains. General Technical Report PSW-18 1959 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station Berkeley, CA
7. H.W. Anderson M.D. Hoover K.G. Reinhart Forests and Water: Effects of Forest Management on Floods, Sedimentation, and Water Supply. General Technical Report PSW-18 1976 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station Berkeley CA
8. V. Andreu A.C. Imeson J.L. Rubio Temporal changes in soil aggregates and water erosion after wildfire in a Mediterranean pine forest Catena 44 2001 69-84
9. G. Atkinson Erosion damage following bushfires Journal of Soil Conservation Service N.S.W. 40 1984 4-9
10. R.W. Bailey O.L. Copeland Vegetation and engineering structures in flood and erosion control Proceedings 13th Congress, International Union of Forest Research Organization, September 1961, Vienna, Austria. Paper 11-1 1961 23 pp.
11. J.-L. Ballais M.-C. Bosc La production d'ignifracts par l'incendie du 28 août 1989 sur les parois de la montagne Sainte-Victoire Méditerranée 12 1992 53-57
12. J.-L. Ballais M.-C. Bosc The ignifracts of the Sainte-Victoire Mountain (Lower Provence, France) M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion and Degradation as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño, Spain 217-227
13. J. Benavides-Solorio L.H. MacDonald Post-fire runoff and erosion from simulated rainfall on small plots, Colorado Front Range Hydrological Processes 15 2001 2931-2952
14. L. Benda D. Miller P. Bigelow K. Andras Effects of post-wildfire erosion on channel environments, Boise River, Idaho Forest Ecology and Management 178 2003 105-119
15. Bennett, K.A., 1982. Effects of slash burning on surface soil erosion rates in the Oregon Coast Range. MS thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
16. H.W. Berndt Early effects of forest fire on streamflow characteristics United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Research Note PNW-148, Portland, Oregon 1971
17. P. Bierman A. Gillespie Range fires: A significant factor in exposure-age determination and geomorphic surface evolution Geology 19 1991 641-644
18. P.W. Birkeland Soils and Geomorphology 1984 Oxford University Press Oxford
19. E. Blackwelder Fire as an agent in rock weathering Journal of Geology 35 1926 134-140
20. R.J. Blong S.J. Riley P.J. Crozier Sediment yield from runoff plots following bushfire near Narrabeen Lagoon, NSW Search 13 1982 36-38
21. F.A. Booker W.E. Dietrich L.M. Collins Runoff and erosion after the Oakland firestorm California Geology 46 1993 159-173
22. R.J.E. Brown Influence of vegetation on permafrost Permafrost: Proceedings of an International Symposium 1965 National Academy of Science Washington, DC 20-25
23. J.A.H. Brown Hydrologic effects of a bushfire in a catchment in south-eastern New South Wales Journal of Hydrology 15 1972 77-96
24. D. Brunsden J.B. Thornes Landscape sensitivity and change Transactions of the Institute of Geographers, New Series 4 1979 463-484
25. G.S. Brush The Chesapeake Bay estuarine system N. Roberts The Changing Global Environment 1994 Blackwell Oxford 397-416
26. R. Bryant S.H. Doerr M. Helbig The effect of oxygen deprivation on soil hydrophobicity during heating International Journal of Wildland Fire 14 2005 449-455
27. G.J. Burch I.D. Moore J. Burns Soil hydrophobic effects on infiltration and catchment runoff Hydrological Processes 3 1989 211-222
28. J.S. Burgess W.A. Rieger L.J. Olive Sediment yield following logging and fire effects in dry sclerophyll forest in southern New South Wales International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 132 1981 375-385
29. C.R. Burn The response (1958-1997) of permafrost and near-surface ground temperatures to forest fire, Takhini River valley, southern Yukon Territory Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 1998 184-199
30. G.M. Byram Combustion of forest fuels K.P. Davis Forest Fire: Control and Use 1959 McGraw-Hill New York 61-89
31. A. Calvo Cases A. Cerda Bolinches An example of the changes in the hydrological and erosional response of soil after a forest fire, Pedralba (Valencia), Spain M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion and Degradation as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño, Spain 99-110
32. R.H. Campbell Soil slips, debris flows, and rainstorms in the Santa Monica Mountains and vicinity, southern California U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 851 1975
33. R.E. Campbell M.B. Baker P.F. Fiolliott F.R. Larson C.C. Avery Wildfire effects on a ponderosa pine ecosystem: An Arizona case study Research Paper RM-191 1977 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station Fort Collins, CO
34. S.H. Cannon Debris-flow generation from recently burned watersheds Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7 2001 321-341
35. S.H. Cannon J.E. Gartner Wildfire-related debris flow from a hazards perspective O. Hungr M. Jacob Debris Flows and Debris Avalanches - the State of the Art 2005 Springer-Praxis Books in Geophysical Sciences New York 321-344
36. S.H. Cannon S.L. Reneau Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25 2000 1103-1121
37. S.H. Cannon P.S. Powers W.Z. Savage Fire-related hyperconcentrated debris flows on Storm King Mountain, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, USA Environmental Geology 35 1998 210-218
38. S.H. Cannon R.M. Kirkham M. Parise Wildfire-related debris flow initiation processes, Storm King Mountain, Colorado Geomorphology 39 2001 171-188
39. S.H. Cannon E.R. Bigio E. Mine A process for fire-related debris flow initiation, Cerro Grande fire, New Mexico Hydrological Processes 15 2001 3011-3023
40. A. Cerdà Post-fire dynamics of erosional processes under Mediterranean climatic conditions Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 42 1998 373-398
41. A. Cerdà S.H. Doerr Long-term soil erosion changes under simulated rainfall for different vegetation types following a wildfire in eastern Spain Journal of Wildland Fire 14 2005 423-437
42. G. Certini Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: A review Oecologia 143 2005 1-10
43. N.P. Cheney Fire behaviour A.M. Gill R.H. Groves I.R. Noble Fire and the Australian Biota 1981 Australian Academy of Science Canberra 151-175
44. J.S. Clark Effect of climate change on fire regimes in northwestern Minnesota Nature 334 1988 233-235
45. M. Conedera L. Peter P. Marxer F. Forster D. Rickenmann L. Re Consequences of forest fires on the hydrogeological response of mountain catchments: A case study of the Riale Buffaga, Ticino, Switzerland Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28 2003 117-129
46. C.A. Connaughton Forest fire and accelerated erosion Journal of Forestry 33 1935 751-752
47. R.U. Cooke R.W. Reeves Arroyos and Environmental Change in the American Southwest 1976 Clarendon Press Oxford
48. O.L. Copeland Land use and ecological factors in relation to sediment yields Proceedings Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, 1963 Miscellaneous Publication vol. 970 1965 United States Department of Agriculture 72-84
49. A.R. Croft R.B. Marston Summer rainfall characteristics in northern Utah Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 31 1950 83-95
50. L.F. DeBano The effect of hydrophobic substances on water movement in soil during infiltration Proceedings-Soil Science Society of America 35 1971 340-343
51. L.F. DeBano The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments: A review Journal of Hydrology 231-232 2000 195-206
52. L.F. DeBano Fire-induced water repellency: An erosional factor in wildland environments United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-13 2000 307-310
53. L.F. DeBano C.E. Conrad Nutrients lost in debris and runoff water from a burned chaparral watershed Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation. Denver, Colorado 1976 US Water Resources Council Washington, DC 13-27
54. L.F. DeBano J.S. Krammes Water repellent soils and their relation to wildfire temperatures International Association of Hydrological Sciences 2 1966 14-19
55. L.F. DeBano L.D. Mann D.A. Hamilton Translocation of hydrophobic substances into soil by burning organic litter Proceedings-Soil Science Society of America 34 1970 130-133
56. L.F. DeBano S.M. Savage D.A. Hamilton The transfer of heat and hydrophobic substances during burning Proceedings-Soil Science Society of America 40 1976 779-782
57. L.F. DeBano P.H. Dunn C.E. Conrad Fire's effect on physical and chemical properties of chaparral soils H.A. Mooney C.E. Conrad (Tech. Coords) Proceedings of the Symposium on the Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems. August 1-5, 1977 Forest Service General Technical Report WO vol. 3 1977 United States Department of Agriculture Palo Alto, CA 65-74
58. L.F. DeBano R.M. Rice C.E. Conrad Soil heating in chaparral fires: effects on soil properties, plant nutrients, erosion, and runoff Research Paper PSW vol. 145 1979 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station
59. L.F. DeBano P.F. Ffolliott M.B. Baker Jr. Fire severity effects on water resources P.F. Ffolliott L.F. DeBano M.B. Baker Jr. G.J. Gottfried G. Solis-Gorza C.B. Edminster D.G. Neary L.S. Allen R.H. Hamre (Tech coords) Effects of Fire on Madrean Province Ecosystems - A Symposium Proceedings General Technical Report RM vol. 289 1996 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station Fort Collins, CO 77-84
60. L.F. DeBano D.G. Neary P.F. Ffolliott Fire's Effects on Ecosystems 1998 Wiley New York
61. L.W. Dekker S.H. Doerr K. Oostindie A.K. Ziogas C.J. Ritsema Actual water repellency and critical soil water content in a dune sand Soil Science Society of America Journal 65 2001 1667-1675
62. M. De Luis J.C. González-Hidalgo J. Ravantos Effects of fire and torrential rainfall on erosion in a Mediterranean gorse community Land Degradation & Development 14 2003 203-213
63. F. Díaz-Fierros F. Gil Sotres A. Cabaneiro T. Carballas M.C. Leiros de la Peña M.C. Villar Celorio Efectos erosivos de los incendios forestales en suelos de Galicia Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología 41 1982 627-639
64. F.V. Díaz-Fierros E.R. Benito R.M. Perez Evaluation of the USLE for the prediction of erosion in burned forest areas in Galicia (NW Spain) Catena 14 1987 189-199
65. F.V. Díaz-Fierros E. Benito B. Soto Action of forest fires on vegetation cover and soil erodibility M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion and Degradation as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño, Spain 163-176
66. H.H. Dieckmann H. Motzer H.P. Harres O. Seuffert Vegetation and erosion. Investigations on erosion plots in southern Sardinia Geo-Öko-Plus 3 1992 139-149
67. J.R. Dodson S.D. Mooney An assessment of historic human impact on south-eastern Australian environmental systems, using late Holocene rates of environmental change Australian Journal of Botany 50 2002 455-464
68. D.O. Doehring The effect of fire on geomorphic processes in the San Gabriel Mountains, California R.B. Parker Contributions to Geology 1968 University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming 43-65
69. S.H. Doerr J. Moody Hydrological impacts of soil water repellency: On spatial and temporal uncertainties Hydrological Processes 18 2004 829-832
70. S.H. Doerr A.D. Thomas The role of soil moisture in controlling water repellency: New evidence from forest soils in Portugal Journal of Hydrology 231-232 2000 134-147
71. S.H. Doerr R.A. Shakesby R.P.D. Walsh Soil hydrophobicity variations with depth and particle size fraction in burned and unburned Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster forest terrain in the Águeda Basin, Portugal Catena 27 1996 25-48
72. S.H. Doerr R.A. Shakesby R.P.D. Walsh Soil water repellency, its characteristics, causes and hydro-geomorphological consequences Earth-Science Reviews 51 2000 33-65
73. S.H. Doerr A.J.D. Ferreira R.P.D. Walsh R.A. Shakesby G. Leighton-Boyce C.O.A. Coelho Soil water repellency as a potential parameter in rainfall-runoff modelling: Experimental evidence at point to catchment scales from Portugal Hydrological Processes 17 2003 363-377
74. S.H. Doerr W.H. Blake G.S. Humphreys R.A. Shakesby F. Stagnitti S.H. Vuurens P. Wallbrink Heating effects on water repellency in Australian eucalypt forest soils and their value in estimating wildfire soil temperatures International Journal of Wildland Fire 13 2004 157-163
75. S.H. Doerr P. Douglas R. Evans C.P. Morley N. Mullinger R. Bryant R.A. Shakesby Effects of heating and post-heating equilibration times on soil water repellency Australian Journal of Soil Research 43 2005 261-267
76. R.I. Dorn Boulder weathering and erosion associated with a wildfire, Sierra Ancha Mountains, Arizona Geomorphology 55 2003 155-171
77. D. Dragovich Fire-accelerated weathering in the Pilbara, Western Australia Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 37 1993 295-307
78. D. Dragovich R. Morris Fire intensity, slopewash and bio-transfer of sediment in eucalypt forest, Australia Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27 2002 1309-1319
79. C.T. Dyrness Effect of wildfire on soil wettability in the High Cascade of Oregon United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper PNW-202 1976 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experimental Station Portland, OR 444-447
80. K. Emery Brush fires and rock exfoliation American Journal of Science 242 1944 506-508
81. FAO, 2001. Global Forest Fire Assessment 1990-2000. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forestry Department, Forest Resources Assessment Programme Working Paper 55, Rome.
82. A.J.D. Ferreira C. de O.A. Coelho R.A. Shakesby R.P.D. Walsh Sediment and solute yield in forest ecosystems affected by fire and rip-ploughing techniques, central Portugal: A plot and catchment analysis approach Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 22 1997 309-314
83. A.J.D. Ferreira C.O.A. Coelho R.P.D. Walsh R.A. Shakesby A. Ceballos S.H. Doerr Hydrological implications of soil water repellency in Eucalyptus globulus forests, north-central Portugal Journal of Hydrology 231-232 2000 165-177
84. J.L. Florsheim E.A. Keller D.W. Best Fluvial sediment transport in response to moderate storm flows following chaparral wildfire, Ventura County, southern California Geological Society of America Bulletin 103 1991 504-511
85. G.R. Foster D.K. McCool K.G. Renard W.C. Moldenhauer Conversion of the universal soil loss equation to SI metric units Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 1981 355-359
86. E.J. Gabet Post-fire thin debris flows: Sediment transport and numerical modelling Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28 2003 1341-1348
87. J.E. Gartner E.R. Bigio S.H. Cannon Compilation of post-wildfire runoff-event data from the western United States Open-File Report (United States Geological Survey) 04-1085 2004 (http://www.pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1085.html)
88. D. Germanoski M.D. Harvey Asynchronous terrace development in degrading bounded channels Physical Geography 14 1993 16-38
89. D. Germanoski J.R. Miller Geomorphic response to wildfire in an arid watershed, Crow Canyon, Nevada Physical Geography 16 1995 243-256
90. G. Giovannini The effect of fire on soil quality M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño, Spain 15-27
91. G. Giovannini S. Lucchesi Effect of fire on hydrophobic and cementing substances of soil aggregates Soil Science 136 1983 231-236
92. G. Giovannini S. Lucchesi Is the vegetation cover the primary factor controlling erosion in burned soils? M. Sala J.L. Rubio Proceedings ESSC Conference on Soil Erosion and Degradation as a Consequence of Forest Fire, September 1991, Barcelona and Valencia, Spain 1991 16
93. G. Giovannini S. Lucchesi M. Giachetti Effects of heating on some physical and chemical parameters related to soil aggregation and erodibility Soil Science 146 1988 255-261
94. G. Giovannini S. Lucchesi M. Giachetti Beneficial and detrimental effects of heating on soil quality J.C. Goldammer M.J. Jenkins Fire in Ecosystem Dynamics 1990 SPB Academic Publishing The Hague 95-102
95. J. Glanz Saving Our Soil: Solutions for Sustaining Earth's Vital Source 1995 Johnson Printing Boulder, CO
96. G.E. Glendening C.P. Pase P. Ingebo Preliminary hydrologic effects of wildfire in chaparral Modern Techniques in Water Management. Proceedings Fifth Annual Arizona Watershed Symposium 1961
97. R.B. Good A preliminary assessment of erosion following wildfires in Kosciusko National Park, N.S.W. in 1973 Journal of Soil Conservation, New South Wales 29 4 1973 191-199
98. A.S. Goudie R.J. Allison S.J. McLaren The relations between modulus of elasticity and temperature in the context of the experimental simulation of rock weathering by fire Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 17 1992 605-615
99. D.H. Gray W.F. Megahan Forest vegetation removal and slope stability in the Idaho batholith Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station Research Paper INT vol. 271 1981 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service
100. D.F. Grigal J.G. McColl Litter fall after wildfire in virgin forests of northeastern Minnesota Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5 1975 655-661
101. D.T. Griggs The factor of fatigue in rock exfoliation Journal of Geology 44 1936 781-796
102. J.M. Grove The Little Ice Age 1988 Methuen London
103. C. Guerrero J. Mataix-Solera F. García-Orenes I. Gómez J. Navarro-Pedreño Different patterns of aggregate stability in burned and restored soils Arid Land Resources Management 15 2001 163-171
104. R.A. Hartford W.H. Frandsen When it's hot, it's hot - Or maybe it's not (surface flaming may not portend extensive soil heating) International Journal of Wildland Fire 2 1992 139-144
105. B.H. Heede Stages of development of gullies in the west Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yields and Sources. Proceedings Sediment Yield Workshop, MS, ARS-S-40, 1972 1975 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Oxford 155-161
106. J.D. Helvey Effects of a north central Washington wildfire on runoff and sediment production Water Resources Bulletin 16 1980 627-634
107. B.A. Hendricks J.M. Johnson Effects of fire on steep mountain slopes in central Arizona Journal of Forestry 42 1944 568-571
108. P.J. Hughes M.E. Sullivan Aboriginal burning and late Holocene geomorphic events in eastern Australia Search 12 1981 277-288
109. G.S. Humphreys P.B. Mitchell A preliminary assessment of the role of bioturbation and rainwash on sandstone hillslopes in the Sydney Basin R.W. Young G.C. Nanson Aspects of Australian Sandstone Landscapes 1983 Australia and New Zealand Geomorphology Group Wollongong, Australia 66-80
110. G.S. Humphreys R.A. Shakesby S.H. Doerr W.H. Blake P. Wallbrink D.M. Hart Some effects of fire on the regolith I.C. Roach Advances in Regolith 2003 CRC Leme Australia 216-220
111. A.C. Imeson J.M. Verstraten E.J. van Mulligen J. Sevink The effects of fire and water repellency on infiltration and runoff under Mediterranean type forest Catena 19 1992 345-361
112. M. Inbar L. Wittenberg M. Tamir Soil erosion and forestry management after wildfire in a Mediterranean woodland, Mt. Carmel, Israel International Journal of Wildland Fire 7 1997 285-294
113. M. Inbar M. Tamir L. Wittenberg Runoff and erosion processes after a forest fire in Mount Carmel, a Mediterranean area Geomorphology 24 1998 17-33
114. E. Istanbulluoglu D.G. Tarboton R.T. Pack C. Luce A probabilistic approach for channel initiation Water Resources Research 38 12 2002 (Art No. 1325, Dec 31)
115. E. Istanbulluoglu D.G. Tarboton R.T. Pack C. Luce A sediment transport model for incision of gullies on steep topography Water Resources Research 39 4 2003 (Art No. 1103, Apr 25)
116. R. Jasper The changing direction of land managers in reducing the threat from major bushfires on the urban interface of Sydney Bushfire 99. Australian Bushfire Conference, July 1999, Albury, N.S.W. 1999 175-185
117. M.P. Johansen T.E. Hakonson D.D. Breshears Post-fire runoff and erosion from rainfall simulation: Contrasting forests with shrublands and grasslands Hydrological Processes 15 2001 2953-2965
118. Johnson, A.M. (with contributions by Rodine, J.R.), 1984. Debris flow. in: Brunsden, D., Prior, D.B. (Eds.) Slope Instability. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 257-361.
119. A. Journaux J.-P. Coutard Experience de thermoclastie sur des roches siliceuses Bulletin de la Centre de Géomorphologie de Caen 18 1974 4-27
120. 2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change 2004 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Oak Ridge, TN
121. E.A. Keller D.W. Valentine D.R. Gibbs Hydrological response of small watersheds following the south California Painted Cave Fire of June 1990 Hydrological Processes 11 1997 401-414
122. J.M. Klopatek Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in mineral soils of pinyon-juniper ecosystems Soil Science Society of America Journal 51 1987 453-457
123. J.S. Krammes Erosion from mountainside slopes after fire in southern California United States Department of Agriculture, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, Forest Service Research Note PSW-171, Berkeley, California 1960
124. J.S. Krammes Seasonal debris movement from steep mountainside slopes in southern California Federal Interagency, Sedimentology Conference Proceedings Miscellaneous Publication vol. 970 1965 United States Department of Agriculture 85-89
125. J.S. Krammes J. Osborn Water-repellent soils and wetting agents as factors influencing erosion L.F. DeBano J. Letey Proceedings Symposium on Water Repellent Soils, Riverside 1969 University of California 177-186
126. P. Kutiel Fire and ecosystem heterogeneity: A Mediterranean case study Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19 1994 187-194
127. P. Kutiel M. Inbar Fire impact on soil nutrients and soil erosion in a Mediterranean pine forest plantation Catena 20 1993 129-139
128. P. Kutiel H. Lavee M. Segev Y. Benyamini The effect of fire-induced surface heterogeneity on rainfall-runoff-erosion relationships in an eastern Mediterranean ecosystem, Israel Catena 25 1995 77-87
129. J.R. Laird M.D. Harvey Complex response of a chaparral drainage basin to fire R.F. Hadley Drainage Basin Sediment Delivery International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication vol. 159 1986 165-183
130. H. Lavee P. Kutiel M. Segev Y. Benyamini Effect of surface roughness on runoff and erosion in Mediterranean ecosystems: The role of fire Geomorphology 11 1995 227-234
131. C.J. Legleiter R.L. Lawrence M.A. Fonstad W.A. Marcus R. Aspinall Fluvial response a decade after wildfire in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: A spatially explicit analysis Geomorphology 54 2003 119-136
132. Leighton-Boyce, G., 2002. Spatio-temporal dynamics and hydrogeomorphic implications of soil water repellency within Eucalyptus forests in north-central Portugal. PhD thesis, University of Wales.
133. C.J. Leitch D.W. Flinn R.H.M. van de Graaff Erosion and nutrient loss resulting from Ash Wednesday (February 1983) wildfires: A case study Australian Forestry 46 1983 173-180
134. H.A. Loaiciga D. Pedreros D. Roberts Wildfire-streamflow interactions in a chaparral watershed Advances in Environmental Research 5 2001 295-305
135. M.A. Marqués E. Mora The influence of aspect on runoff and soil loss in a Mediterranean burnt forest (Spain) Catena 19 1992 333-344
136. D.A. Martin J.A. Moody Comparison of soil infiltration rates in burned and unburned mountainous watersheds Hydrological Processes 15 2001 2893-2903
137. D.A. Martin J.A. Moody The flux and particle size distribution of sediment collected in hillslope traps after a Colorado wildfire Proceedings of the Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, Nevada 2001 111-40-111-47
138. J. Mataix-Solera S.H. Doerr Hydrophobicity and aggregate stability in calcareous topsoils from fire-affected pine forests in south-eastern Spain Geoderma 118 2004 77-88
139. J.J. McCarthy O.F. Canziani N.A. Leary D.J. Dokken K.S. White Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
140. D.H. McNabb F.J. Swanson Effects of fire on soil erosion J.D. Walstad S.R. Radosevich D.V. Sandberg Natural and Prescribed Fire in Pacific Northwest Forest 1990 Oregon State University Press Corvallis, OR, USA 159-176
141. R.O. Meeuwig Sheet erosion on intermountain summer ranges Research Paper INT vol. 85 1970 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Intermountain Forest Range Experimental Station Ogden, UT
142. W.F. Megahan D.C. Molitor Erosional effects of wildfire and logging in Idaho Symposium on Watershed Management 1975 American Society of Civil Engineers Cogan, UT 423-444
143. R.C. Mersereau C.T. Dyrness Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western Oregon Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 27 1972 112-114
144. G.A. Meyer J.L. Pierce Climatic controls on fire-induced sediment pulses in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho: A long-term perspective Forest Ecology and Management 178 2003 89-104
145. G.A. Meyer S.G. Wells Fire-related sedimentation events on alluvial fans, Yellowstone National Park, USA Journal of Sedimentary Research 67 1997 776-791
146. G.A. Meyer S.G. Wells R.C. Balling Jr. A.J.T. Jull Response of alluvial systems to fire and climate change in Yellowstone National Park Nature 357 1992 147-149
147. G.A. Meyer S.G. Wells A.J.T. Jull Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes Geological Society of America Bulletin 107 1995 1211-1230
148. G.A. Meyer J.L. Pierce S.H. Wood A.J.T. Jull Fire, storms, and erosional events in the Idaho batholith Hydrological Processes 15 2001 3025-3038
149. J.D. Miller J.W. Nyhan S.R. Yool Modeling potential erosion due to the Cerro Grande Fire with a GIS-based implementation of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation International Journal of Wildland Fire 12 2003 85-100
150. S.H. Millspaugh C. Whitlock P.J. Bartlein Variations in fire frequency and climate over the past 17,000 years in central Yellowstone National Park Geology 28 2000 211-214
151. P.B. Mitchell G.S. Humphreys Litter dams and microterraces formed on hillslopes subject to rainwash in the Sydney Basin, Australia Geoderma 39 1987 331-357
152. J.A. Moody D.A. Martin Post-fire, rainfall intensity-peak discharge relations for three mountainous watersheds in the western USA Hydrological Processes 15 2001 2981-2993
153. J.A. Moody D.A. Martin Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26 2001 1049-1070
154. Moody, J.A., Smith, J.D., Ragan, B.W., in press. Critical shear stress for erosion of cohesive soils subjected to temperatures typical of wildfires. Journal of Geophysical Research 110.
155. J. Morin Y. Benyamini Rainfall infiltration into bare soils Water Resources Research 13 1977 813-817
156. S.E. Morris T.A. Moses Forest fire and the natural soil erosion regime in the Colorado Front Range Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77 1987 245-254
157. Z. Naveh The ecology of fire in Israel Proceedings of the Annual Tall Timbers Forest Ecology Conference, Tallahasee, Florida 1973 131-170
158. D.G. Neary C.C. Klopatek L.F. DeBano P.F. Ffolliott Fire effects on belowground sustainability: A review and synthesis Forest Ecology and Management 122 1999 51-71
159. D.G. Neary G.J. Gottfried P.F. Ffolliott Post-wildfire watershed flood responses Second International Fire Ecology and Fire Management Congress, Orlando, Florida, 16-20 November 2003, Paper 1B7 2003
160. G. Nichols T. Jones Fusain in Carboniferous shallow marine sediments, Donegal, Ireland - the sedimentological effects of wildfire Sedimentology 39 1992 487-502
161. N. Nishimune S. Onodera T. Naruoka M.D. Birmano Comparative study of bedload sediment yield processes in small mountainous catchments covered by secondary and disturbed forests, western Japan Hydrobiologia 494 2003 265-270
162. E.L. Noble L.J. Lundeen Analysis of rehabilitation treatment alternatives for sediment control Proceedings of a Symposium on Forest Land Uses and Stream Environment, October 19-21, 1970 1971 Oregon State University 86-96
163. C.D. Ollier Weathering Second edition 1983 Longman Harlow
164. C.D. Ollier J.E. Ash Fire and rock breakdown Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 27 1983 363-374
165. J.R. Osborn R.E. Pelishek J.S. Krammes J. Letey Soil wettability as a factor in erodibility Proceedings-Soil Science Society of America 28 1964 294-295
166. W.R. Osterkamp T.J. Toy Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction Environmental Geology 29 1997 152-157
167. C. Parrett Fire-related debris flows in the Beaver Creek drainage. Lewis and Clark County, Montana U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper vol. 2330 1987 Lewis and Clark County Montana 57-67
168. T.R. Paton G.S. Humphreys P.B. Mitchell Soils. A New Global View 1995 UCL Press London
169. F.B. Pierson D.H. Carlson K.E. Spaethe Impacts of wildfire on soil hydrological properties of steep sagebrush-steppe rangeland International Journal of Wildfire 11 2002 145-151
170. M. Pradas A. Imeson E. van Mulligen The infiltration and runoff characteristics of burnt soil in NE Catalonia and the implications for erosion M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño, Spain 229-240
171. I.P. Prosser Fire, humans and denudation at Wangrah Creek, Southern
172. I.P. Prosser C.J. Slade Gully formation and the role of valley-floor vegetation, southeastern Australia Geology 22 1994 1127-1130
173. I.P. Prosser L. Williams The effect of wildfire on runoff and erosion in native Eucalyptus forest Hydrological Processes 12 1998 251-265
174. K.J. Radek Soil erosion following wildfires on the Okanogan National Forest - initial monitoring results International Erosion Control Association Symposium, February 27-March 1 1996 International Erosion Control Association Seattle, WA
175. S.L. Reneau W.E. Dietrich The importance of hollows in debris-flow studies: Examples from Marin County, California J.E. Costa G.F. Wieczorek Debris Flows/Avalanches Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology vol. 7 1987 165-180
176. C.S. Renschler J. Harbor Soil erosion assessment from point to regional scales - The role of geomorphologists in land management research and implementation Geomorphology 47 2002 189-209
177. T.E. Rhodes R.B. Davies Effects of late Holocene forest disturbance and vegetation change on acidic Mud Pond, Maine, USA Ecology 76 1995 734-746
178. R.M. Rice The hydrology of chaparral watersheds M. Rosenthal Symposium on Living with the Chaparral. Proceedings of the Sierra Club Special Publication 1974 27-34
179. R.M. Rice Sedimentation in the chaparral: How do you handle the unusual events? F.J. Swanson R.J. Janda T. Dunne D.N. Swanston Sediment Budgets and Routing in Natural System General Technical Report PNW-141 1982 United States Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 39-49
180. R.M. Rice G.T. Foggin III Effects of high intensity storms on soil slippage on mountainous watersheds in southern California Water Resources Research 7 1971 1485-1490
181. R.M. Rice E.S. Corbett R.G. Bailey Soil slips related to vegetation, topography, and soil in southern California Water Resources Research 5 1969 637-659
182. L.R. Rich Erosion and sediment movement following a wildfire in a ponderosa pine forest of central Arizona Research Note vol. 76 1962 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
183. P.R. Robichaud Wildfire and erosion: When to expect the unexpected Paper Presented at the Geological Society of America 2002. Denver Annual Meeting. Geomorphic Impacts of Wildfire 1. October 27-30, Denver, Colorado. Paper 143-10 2002
184. P.R. Robichaud R.E. Brown What happened after the smoke cleared: Onsite erosion rates after a wildfire in eastern Oregon D.S. Olsen J.P. Potyondy Proceedings Wildland Hydrology Conference, June 1999, Bozeman, Mt Hernon, Virginia 1999 American Water Resource Association 419-426
185. P.R. Robichaud T.A. Waldrop A comparison of surface runoff and sediment yields from a low- and high-severity site preparation burns Water Resources Bulletin 30 1994 27-34
186. P.R. Robichaud J.L. Beyers D.G. Neary Evaluating the effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation treatments General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-63, September 2000 2000 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station
187. P.B. Rowe L.M. Countryman H.C. Storey Hydrological analysis used to determine effects of fire on peak discharge and erosion rates in southern California watersheds 1954 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest and Range Experimental Station Berkeley, CA
188. J.L. Rubio J. Forteza V. Andreu R. Cerni Soil profile characteristics influencing runoff and soil erosion after forest fire: A case study (Valencia, Spain) Soil Technology 11 1997 67-78
189. R.S. Sartz Soil erosion on a fire-denuded forest area in the Douglas-fire region Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 8 1953 279-281
190. S.M. Savage J. Osborn J. Letey C. Heton Substances contributing to fire induced water repellency in soils Proceedings-Soil Science Society of America 36 1972 674-678
191. D.L. Schertz The basis for soil loss tolerance Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 38 1983 10-14
192. M.W. Schmidt A.G. Noack Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges Global Biochemical Cycles 14 2000 777-793
193. S.A. Schumm The Fluvial System 1977 Wiley New York
194. D.F. Scott The hydrological effects of fire in South African mountain catchments Journal of Hydrology 150 1993 409-432
195. D.F. Scott The contrasting effects of wildfire and clearfelling on the hydrology of a small catchment Hydrological Processes 11 1997 543-555
196. A.C. Scott The pre-Quaternary history of fire Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 164 2000 281-329
197. A.C. Scott T.C. Jones The nature and influence of fire in Carboniferous ecosystems Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 106 1994 91-112
198. D.F. Scott D.B. Van Wyk The effects of wildfire on soil wettability and hydrological behaviour of an afforested catchment Journal of Hydrology 121 1990 239-256
199. K.M. Scott R.P. Williams Erosion and sediment yields in the Transverse Ranges, southern California U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1030 1978
200. D.F. Scott D.B. Versfeld W. Lesch Erosion and sediment yield in relation to afforestation and fire in the mountains of the Western Cape Province, South Africa South African Geographical Journal 80 1998 52-59
201. J. Sevink A.C. Imeson J.M. Verstraten Humus form development and management under Mediterranean forest in NE-Spain Catena 16 1989 461-475
202. A.K. Shahlaee W.L. Nutter E.R. Burroughs Jr. L.A. Morris Runoff and sediment production from burned forest sites in the Georgia Piedmont Water Resources Bulletin 27 1991 485-493
203. R.A. Shakesby The soil erosion bridge: A device for micro-profiling soil surfaces Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18 1993 823-827
204. R.A. Shakesby Fire as a geomorphological agent P.L. Hancock B.J. Skinner Oxford Companion to the Earth 2000 Oxford University Press Oxford 347-348
205. R.A. Shakesby C. de O.A. Coelho A.D. Ferreira J.P. Terry R.P.D. Walsh Wildfire impacts on soil erosion and hydrology in wet Mediterranean forest, Portugal International Journal of Wildland Fire 3 1993 95-110
206. R.A. Shakesby C. Coelho O.A. de A.D. Ferreira J.P. Terry R.P.D. Walsh Fire, post-burn land management practice and soil erosion response curves in eucalyptus and pine forests, north-central Portugal M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño, Spain 111-132
207. R.A. Shakesby D.J. Boakes C. de O.A. Coelho A.J.B. Gonçalves R.P.D. Walsh Limiting the soil degradational impacts of wildfire in pine and eucalyptus forests, Portugal: Comparison of alternative post-fire management practices Applied Geography 16 1996 337-356
208. R.A. Shakesby S.H. Doerr R.P.D. Walsh The erosional impact of soil hydrophobicity: Current problems and future research directions Journal of Hydrology 231-232 2000 178-191
209. R.A. Shakesby C.O.A. Coelho A.J.D. Ferreira R.P.D. Walsh Ground-level changes after wildfire and ploughing in eucalyptus and pine forests, Portugal: Implications for soil microtopographical development and soil longevity Land Degradation & Development 13 2002 111-127
210. R.A. Shakesby C.J. Chafer S.H. Doerr W.H. Blake G.S. Humphreys P. Wallbrink B.H. Harrington Fire severity, water repellency characteristics and hydrogeomorphological changes following the Christmas 2001 forest fires Australian Geographer 34 2003 147-175
211. Shakesby, R.A., Blake, W.H., Doerr, S.H., Humphreys, G.S., Wallbrink, P., Chafer, C.J., in press. Hillslope soil erosion and bioturbation following the Christmas 2001 forest fires near Sydney, Australia. in: Owens, P., Collins, A. (Eds.) Soil Erosion and Sediment Redistribution in River Catchments: Measurement, Modelling and Management, CAB International, Wallingford.
212. M. Soler M. Sala Effects of fire and of clearing in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex woodland: An experimental approach Catena 19 1992 321-332
213. M. Soler M. Sala F. Gallart Post fire evolution of runoff and erosion during an eighteen month period M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion and Degradation as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño 149-162
214. B. Soto F. Díaz-Fierros Runoff and soil erosion from areas of burnt scrub: A comparison of experimental results with those predicted by the WEPP model Catena 31 1998 257-270
215. B. Soto R. Basanta E. Benito R. Pérez F. Díaz-Fierros Runoff and erosion from burnt soils in Northwest Spain M. Sala J.L. Rubio Soil Erosion as a Consequence of Forest Fires 1994 Geoforma Ediciones Logroño, Spain 91-98
216. H.C. Storey R.L. Hobba J.M. Rosa Hydrology of forest lands and range lands V.-T. Chow Handbook of Applied Hydrology 1964 McGraw-Hill New York 22-1-22-52
217. W.D. Striffler E.W. Mogren Erosion, soil properties and revegetation following a severe burn in the Colorado Rockies Proceedings - Fire in the Northern Environment - A Symposium, Fairbanks, Alaska, 13-14th April 1971 25-36
218. F.J. Swanson Fire and geomorphic processes H.A. Mooney T.M. Bonnicksen N.L. Christiansen J.E. Lotan W.A. Reiners Fire Regime and Ecosystem Properties United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report WO vol. 26 1981 United States Government Planning Office Washington, DC 401-421
219. D.K. Swanson Susceptibility of permafrost soils to deep thaw after forest fires in Interior Alaska, USA, and some ecological implications Arctic and Alpine Research 28 1996 217-227
220. J.P. Terry R.A. Shakesby Soil water repellency effects on rainsplash: simulated rainfall and photographic evidence Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18 1993 519-525
221. A.D. Thomas R.P.D. Walsh R.A. Shakesby Nutrient losses in eroded sediment after fire in eucalyptus and pine forests in the wet Mediterranean environment of northern Portugal Catena 36 1999 283-302
222. A.R. Tiedemann C.E. Conrad J.H. Dieterich J.W. Hornbeck W.F. Megahan L.A. Viereck D.D. Wade Effects of fire on water. A state-of-art review General Technical Report WO vol. 10 1979 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
223. A.L. Ulery R.C. Graham Forest-fire effects on soil color and texture Soil Science Society of America Journal 57 1993 135-140
224. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. Final covers on hazardous waste landfills and surface impoundments. Technical Guidance Document EPA/530-SW-89-047. Washington, DC.
225. P. Van der Beek A. Pulford J. Braun Cenozoic landscape development in the Blue Mountains (SE Australia): Lithological and tectonic controls on rifted margin morphology Journal of Geology 109 2001 35-56
226. J.A. Vega F. Díaz-Fierros Wildfire effects on soil erosion Ecologia Mediterranea 13 4 1987 119-125
227. L.A. Viereck Ecological effects of river flooding and forest fires on permafrost in the taiga of Alaska Permafrost: North American Contribution to the Second International Conference 1973 National Academy of Science Washington, DC 60-67
228. R.P.D. Walsh C. Coelho O.A. de R.A. Shakesby J.P. Terry Effects of land use management practices and fire on soil erosion and water quality in the Águeda River Basin, Portugal Geo-Öko-Plus 3 1992 1-24
229. R.P.D. Walsh D.J. Boakes C.O.A. Coelho A.J.B. Gonçalves R.A. Shakesby A.D. Thomas Impact of fire-induced water repellency and post-fire forest litter on overland flow in northern and central Portugal Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Forest Fire Research, November 1994, Coimbra, Portugal vol. II 1994 1149-1159
230. R.P.D. Walsh C. de O.A. Coelho A. Elmes A.J.D. Ferreira A.J.B. Gonçalves R.A. Shakesby J.L. Ternan A.G. Williams Rainfall simulation plot experiments as a tool in overland flow and soil erosion assessment, north-central Portugal GeoÖkoDynamik 19 1998 139-152
231. F.H. Weirich The generation of turbidity currents by subaerial debris flows, California Geological Society of America Bulletin 101 1989 278-291
232. W.G. Wells II Some effects of brushfires on erosion processes in coastal southern California Erosion and Sediment Transport in Pacific Rim Steeplands, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 132 1981 IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology Wallingford, UK 305-342
233. W.G. Wells The influence of fire on erosion rates in California chaparral J. DeVries Proceedings of Chaparral Ecosystems Conference. Santa Barbara, California, May 16-17 Water Resources Center Report vol. 62 1986 Davis California 57-62
234. W.G. Wells II The effect of fire on the generation of debris flows J.E. Costa G.F. Wieczorek Debris Flows/Avalanches Geological Survey of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology vol. 7 1987 105-114
235. C.G. Wells R.E. Campbell L.F. DeBano C.E. Lewis R.L. Fredriksen E.C. Franklin R.C. Froelich P.H. Dunn Effects of fire on soil: A state-of-knowledge General Technical Report WO vol. 7 1979 United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
236. W.G. Wells P.M. Wohlgemuth A.G. Campbell Post-fire sediment movement by debris flows in the Santa Ynez Mountains, California Erosion and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 165 1987 IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology Wallingford, UK 275-276
237. R.J. Wheelan The Ecology of Fire 1995 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
238. J.J. Whicker D.D. Breshears P.T. Wasidek T.B. Kirchner R.A. Tawani D.A. Schoep J.C. Rodgers Temporal and spatial variation of episodic wind erosion in unburned and burned semiarid shrubland Journal of Environmental Quality 31 2002 599-612
239. W.D. White S.G. Wells Forest fire devegetation and drainage basin adjustments in mountainous terrain R.D. Rhodes G.P. Williams Adjustments to Fluvial Systems 1979 Kendall/Hunt Publishers 199-223
240. W.D. White S.G. Wells Forest-fire devegetation and drainage basin adjustments in mountainous terrain D.D. Rhodes G.P. Williams Adjustments of the Fluvial System. Proceedings of the 10th Geomorphology Symposium. Binghamton 1982 Allen and Unwin New York 199-223
241. C. Whitlock S.L. Shafer J. Marlon The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management Forest Ecology and Management 178 2003 5-21
242. Winterbottom, K., 1974. The effects of slope angle, aspect, and fire on snow avalanching in the field, Lake Louise, and Marble Canyon region of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. M.S. thesis, University of Calgary.
243. P.M. Wohlgemuth Hillslope erosion following the Williams Fire on the San Dimas experimental forest, California Second International Fire Ecology and Fire Management Congress, Orlando, Florida, 16-20 November 2003, Paper 1B.8 2003
244. T.T. Wondafrash I.M. Sancho V.G. Miguel R.E. Serrano Relationship between soil color and temperature in the surface horizon of Mediterranean soils: A laboratory study Soil Science 170 2005 495-503
245. S.M. Wondzell J.G. King Post-fire erosional processes in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain regions Forest Ecology and Management 178 2003 75-87
246. K. Yoshikawa W.R. Bolton V.E. Romanovsky M. Fukuda L.D. Hinzman Impacts of wildfire on the permafrost in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska Journal of Geophysical Research 108 2003 FFR 4-1-FFR 4-14
247. C. Zierholz P. Hairsine F. Booker Runoff and soil erosion in bushlands following the Sydney bushfires Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 8 1995 28-37
248. S.G. Zimmerman E.B. Evenson J.C. Gosse Extensive boulder erosion resulting from a range fire on the type-Pinedale moraines, Fremont Lake, Wyoming Quaternary Research 42 1994 255-265