Nothing says "democracy" like a visit from the queen: Reflections on empire and nation in early american histories

Journal of American History

Volumn 95, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 764-781

  Grasso, Christopher ^a   Wulf, Karin ^b,c  

^a Department of Mathematics   (United States)

^b Department of History ^*

^c The College of William and Mary   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 58149286329     PISSN: 00218723     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/27694379     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. For information about the culminating event, the "World Forum on Democracy," see Colonial Williamsburg News, Sept. 20, 2007.
2. See the official Web site, America's 400th Anniversary: Jamestown, Virginia, 1607-2007, http://www.jamestown2007.org;
3. and its affiliated educational resource site, Jamestown Journey, http://www.jamestownjourney .org. "Royal Reunion," Washington Post, May 5, 2007, p. Bl.
4. On earlier Jamestown commemorations and their similarly nationalist emphasis, see Peter C. Mancall, "Introduction," in The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550-1624, ed. Peter C. Mancall (Chapel Hill, 2007), 8-13.
5. For a comment that raises some of the issues about the chronological and geographical boundaries of "early America, " see Joyce E. Chaplin, "Expansion and Exceptionalism in Early American History," Journal of American History, 89 (March 2003), 1431-35. Works that are cited far beyond the chronological and geographical boundaries of early America because of their contribution to broad trends in historical inquiry include Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, 1996);
6. and Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, Eng., 1991).
7. Since 1990 American Quarterly has published a dozen articles on the pre-1820 period, constituting about 4% of all articles; early American panels had even less representation in the program for the 2007 American Studies Association annual meeting. On American studies and the early period,
8. see Sandra M. Gustafson, "Histories of Democracy and Empire," American Quarterly 59 (March 2007), 107-33.
9. The panelists at the "Jamestown Archaeological Forum" were William Kelso, director of archeology, Jamestown Rediscovery Project; Beverly Straube, curator, Jamestown Rediscovery Project;
10. Audrey J. Horning, Leicester University; and Buck W. Woodard, College of William and Mary. The New World, dir. Terrence Malick (New Line, 2006). Woodard noted that the filmmakers were far less interested in verisimilitude when it came to Native American material culture.
11. Edmund S. Morgan, reviewing recent Jamestown books, was critical of attempts to link the settlement to a positive story of American origins. See Edmund S. Morgan, "Our Shaky Beginnings," New York Review of Books, April 16, 2007, 23-25. Books reviewed include James Horn, A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America (New York, 2005);
12. William M. Kelso, Jamestown: The Buried Truth (Charlottesville, 2006);
13. and Karen Ordahl Kupperman, The Jamestown Project (Cambridge, Mass., 2007). For an archaeologist's take on the distortions of marrying Jamestown to an American nationalism,
14. see Audrey Horning, "Archaeology and the Construction of America's Jamestown," Post-Medieval Archaeology, 40 (part 1, 2006), 1-27.
15. For an account of the relationship between early American history and literature using Atlantic studies as a case study, see Eric Slauter, "History, Literature, and the Atlantic World," William and Mary Quarterly, 65(Jan. 2008), 135-61, part of the "Trade Gap in Atlantic Studies: A Forum on Literary and Historical Scholarship," ibid., 135-86.
16. Eric Slauter, "Craft and Objecthood," Early American Literature, 39(Jan. 2004), 363-78, esp. 363-64.
17. Retellings of the rise of cultural history may give too much prominence to the Annates school, perhaps as a result of two often-cited volumes of essays. See Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History (Berkeley, 1989),
18. and Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt, eds., Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Culture and Society (Berkeley, 1999).
19. For a corrective, see Geoff Eley, A Crooked Line: From Cultural History to the History of Society (Ann Arbor, 2005); and "AHR Forum: Geoff Eley's A Crooked Line," American Historical Review, 113 (April 2008), 391-437.
20. See also Miri Rubin, "What Is Cultural History Now?" in What Is History Now?, ed.
21. David Cannadine (London, 2002), 81. In the 1970s, attention to "collective mentalities" as a mediating category between "social realities" and "formal systems of thought" came from both intellectual and social historians.
22. See Laurence Veysey, "Intellectual History and the New Social History," in New Directions in American Intellectual History, ed.
23. John Higham and Paul Conkin (Baltimore, 1979), 3-41.
24. See also Roger Chartier, Cultural History: Between Practices and Representations, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Ithaca, 1988);
25. and Peter Burke, Varieties of Cultural History (Ithaca, 1997). For the suggestion that "we are all cultural historians now,"
26. see Richard J. Bell, review of Whither the Early Republic: A Forum on the Future of the Field, ed. John Lauritz Larson and Michael A. Morrison (Philadelphia, 2005), William and Mary Quarterly 64 (Oct. 2007), 884-87, esp. 886.
27. On Indian and European interactions, see James H. Merrell, The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (Chapel Hill, 1989);
28. Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, 1992);
29. James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Community, and Kinship in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill, 2002);
30. and Jane T. Merritt, At the Crossroads: Indians and Empires on a Mid-Atlantic Frontier, 1700-1763 (Chapel Hill,2003). On African and European interactions,
31. see Mechal Sobel, The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (Princeton, 1987);
32. Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (Chapel Hill, 1993);
33. and James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia, 1730-1810 (Cambridge, Eng., 1997).
34. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Dis-Covering the Subject of the 'Great Constitutional Discussion,' 1786-1789," Journal of American History, 79 (Dec. 1992), 841-73, esp. 844.
35. On the political culture/cultural politics relation, see Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, "Introduction: Beyond the Founders," in Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic, ed. Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher (Chapel Hill, 2004), 9-11.
36. Drew Gilpin Faust, "A Scenario for the Past: Colonial Virginia in History and Ethnography," American Quarterly, 36 (Spring 1984), 135-38, esp. 136-37; Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill, 1982).
37. Jean-Christophe Agnew, "History and Anthropology: Scenes from a Marriage," Yale Journal of Criticism, 3 (Fall 1990), 29-51, esp. 44. For a rejoinder,
38. see Rhys Isaac, "On Explanation, Text, and Terrifying Power in Ethnographic History," ibid., 6 (Spring 1993), 217-36.
39. The distinction between accounts of and accounting for-which Isaac rejected-is Agnew's. Richard Biernacki, "Language and the Shift from Signs to Practices in Cultural Inquiry," History and Theory 39 (Oct. 2000), 289-310.
40. Pasley, Robertson, and Waldstreicher, "Introduction," 18. See Len Travers, "Hurrah for the Fourth: Patriotism, Politics, and Independence Day in Federalist Boston, 1783-1818," Essex Institute Historical Collections, 125 (April 1989);
41. Len Travers, Celebrating the Fourth: Independence Day and the Rites of Nationalism in the Early Republic (Amherst, 1997);
42. Simon Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 1997; a revision of his 1991 Princeton University dissertation);
43. and David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820 (Chapel Hill, 1997; a revision of his 1994 Yale University dissertation).
44. See also Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven, 2001); David Waldstreicher, Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery and the American Revolution (New York, 2004);
45. and François Furstenberg, In the Name of the Father: Washington's Legacy, Slavery and the Making of a Nation (New York, 2006).
46. John L. Brooke, "Consent, Civil Society, and the Public Sphere in the Age of Revolution and the Early American Republic," in Beyond the Founders, ed. Pasley, Robertson, and Waldstreicher, 212.
47. Susan Pederson, "What Is Political History Now?," in What Is History Now?, ed. Cannadine, 50;
48. Andrew R. L. Cayton, "We Are All Nationalists, We Are All Localists," Journal of the Early Republic, 18 (Fall 1998), 521-28, esp. 527. On the new institutionalism,
49. see Karen Orren and Stephen Skowronek, "Beyond the Iconography of Order: Notes for a 'New Institutionalism,'" in The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations, ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson (Boulder, 1994), 311-30;
50. Richard R. John, "Governmental Institutions as Agents of Change: Rethinking American Political Development in the Early Republic, 1787-1835," Studies in American Political Development, 11 (Fall 1997), 347-80;
51. Robin L. Einhorn, American Taxation, American Slavery (Chicago, 2006);
52. Max M. Edling, A Revolution in Favor of Government: Origins of the U.S. Constitution and the Making of the American State (New York, 2003);
53. Max M. Edling and Mark P. Kaplanoff, "Alexander Hamilton's Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly 61 (Oct. 2004), 713-44;
54. Max M. Edling, '"So Immense a Power in the Affairs of War': Alexander Hamilton and the Restoration of Public Credit," ibid., 64 (April 2007), 287-336;
55. and Brian Phillips Murphy, '"A Very Convenient Instrument': The Manhattan Company, Aaron Burr, and the Election of 1800," ibid., 65 (April 2008), 233-66. For a different prescription for the future of cultural history,
56. see Michael Meranze, "Culture and Governance: Reflections on the Cultural History of Eighteenth-Century British America," ibid. (Oct. 2008), 713-44.
57. Thomas Bender, A Nation among Nations: America's Place in World History (New York, 2006). The Forum on European Expansion and Global Interaction (FEEGI), for example, a 1994 initiative in which early Americanists have played important roles, sought to promote a convergence of archaeological, historical, linguistic, geographical, and other disciplinary perspectives and cross-national, transnational, and transimperial understanding by bringing together scholars of places and peoples affected by European expansion.
58. See "FEEGI: Original Mission Statement," The Forum on European Expansion and Global Interaction, http://www.uoregon.edu/-dnm/ feegi/about/oldmission .htm. On "critical global studies,
59. " see Felicity A. Nussbaum, ed., The Global Eighteenth Century (Baltimore, 2003). For American studies approaches to postnationalist scholarship,
60. see John Carlos Rowe, ed., Post-Nationalist American Studies (Berkeley, 2000). Postnationalist work involves a critical engagement with the formative epistemologies of disciplines such as history and literature that calls into question the nature of the academy, according to John Carlos Rowe, "Post-Nationalism, Globalism, and the New American Studies," ibid., 29.
61. The Organization of American Historians/New York University Project on Internationalizing the Study of American History, Thomas Bender, director, La Pietra Report: A Report to the Profession, http://www.oah.org/activities/ lapietra/index.html. The goals and findings of this work are reflected in Thomas Bender, ed., Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley, 2002). For a proposal that American internationalism (represented by the presence and interests of many native and European nations) existed before American nationalism,
62. see Karen Ordahl Kupperman, "International at the Creation: Early Modern American History," ibid., 130-22. In contrast, Thomas Bender firmly attached the early period to the later history of the United States. Thus, chapter 1 is titled "The Ocean World and the Beginnings of American History." See Bender, Nation among Nations, 15-60.
63. In the early 1970s Jack P. Greene, among others, advocated freeing colonial history from American history, since a national narrative thread distorted the nature and character of early America, and placing the earlier period in an imperial, rather than a national, context. See Jack P. Greene, "Colonial and National History: Reflections on a Continuing Problem," William and Mary Quarterly, 64 (April 2007), 235-50;
64. and Jack P. Greene, "Elaborations," ibid., 281-86. On resistance to national paradigms, regional bias, and English bias and for an introduction to the colonial French,
65. see Daniel Usner, "Between Creoles and Yankees: The Discursive Representation of Colonial Louisiana in American History," in French Colonial Louisiana and the Atlantic World, ed. Bradley Bond (Baton Rouge, 2005), 1-21. Bender, Nation among Nations,16.
66. Bernard Bailyn, Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (Cambridge, Mass., 2005);
67. Institute of Early American History and Culture, In Search of Early America: The William and Mary Quarterly, 1943-1993 (Williamsburg, 1993).
68. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore, 1984);
69. Perry Miller, "Errand into the Wilderness," William and Mary Quarterly 10 (Jan. 1953), 4-32;
70. Alfred F. Young, "George Robert Twelves Hewes (1742-1840): A Boston Shoemaker and the Memory of the American Revolution," ibid., 38 (Oct. 1981), 562-623.
71. Alison Games, "Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities," American Historical Review, 111 (June 2006), 741-57, esp. 745; Bailyn, Atlantic History.
72. David Armitage, "Three Concepts of Atlantic History," in The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800, ed. David Armitage and Michael Braddick (London, 2002), 11-30.
73. Many considerations of Atlantic history criticize the Euro- and particularly the Anglocentricity of Atlantic studies. See especially Games, "Atlantic History"; and Ian Steele, "Bernard Bailyn's American Atlantic," History and Theory 46 (Feb. 2007), 48-58. On the French Adantic,
74. see, for example, Bertrand VanRuymbeke and Randy J. Sparks, eds., Memory and Identity: The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora (Columbia, S.C., 2003);
75. Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 2004);
76. Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804 (Chapel Hill, 2004);
77. Jorge Canizares-Esguerra and Erik Seemann, eds., The Atlantic in Global History 1500-2000 (New York, 2007); and the special issue "The French Atlantic," Atlantic Studies, 4 (April 2007).
78. Peter A. Coclanis, "Drang Nach Osten: Bernard Bailyn, the World-Island, and the Idea of Atlantic History," Journal of World History 13 (March 2002), 169-82;
79. Peter A. Coclanis, "Atlantic World or Atlantic/World?," William and Mary Quarterly, 63 (Oct. 2006), 725-42.
80. See also Paul W. Mapp, "Atlantic History from Imperial, Continental, and Pacific Perspectives," ibid., 713-24, and Philip J. Stern, "British Asia and British Atlantic: Comparisons and Connections," ibid., 693-712.
81. Alison Games and Adam Rothman, Major Problems in the History of the Atlantic World (Boston, 2007). For other examples,
82. see Wim Klooster and Alfred Padula, The Atlantic World: Essays on Slavery Migration, and Imagination (Upper Saddle River, 2005);
83. Canizares-Esguerra and Seemann, eds., Atlantic in Global History;
84. and Douglas R. Egerton et al., The Atlantic World: A History 1400-1888 (Wheeling, Ill., 2007). "Forum: Beyond the Adantic," William and Mary Quarterly 63 (Oct. 2006), 675-742; "
85. AHR Forum: Oceans of History," American Historical Review, 111 (June 2006), 717-80;
86. Common-Place, "Special Issue: Pacific Routes," 5 (Jan. 2005), http://www.common-place .org/vol-05/no-02/.
87. Alison Games argued that "the most urgent and immediate challenge is to restore Africa to the Atlantic," but also that "it is circum-Atlantic history that remains the most challenging enterprise for Atlantic historians." Games, "Atlantic History," 754, 747.
88. White, Middle Ground. White's work was regularly classed with both the new western history and an approach to early American Indian history (also known as ethnohistory) that considered relationships between and among natives and Europeans, including Merrell, Indians' New World;
89. and Richter, Ordeal of the Longhouse. Ethnohistory suggested not only new geographies, but methodologies that prompted reconsiderations of historical categories-including empire. An account of (primarily British) imperial history points to Whites book as "an excellent example of what may be achieved by examining different imperial systems in tandem.
90. " See Linda Colley, "What Is Imperial History Now?," in What Is History Now?, ed. Cannadine, 132-47.
91. "Editor's Introduction, Forum: Why the West Is Lost," William and Mary Quarterly, 51 (April 1994), 275;
92. James A. Hijiya, "Why the West Is Lost," ibid., 276-92;
93. "Forum: Comments on James A. Hijiya's 'Why the West Is Lost' from Robert Berkhofer, Paul Boyer et al., Edward Countryman, Marc Egnal, John Mack Faragher, Jay Gitlin, Wilbur Jacobs, Russell R. Menard and Matthew Mulcahy, Donna Merwick, Jack N. Rakove, and Gordon Wood," ibid., (Oct. 1994), 717-54.
94. Claudio Saunt, "Go West: Mapping Early American Historiography, " ibid., 65 (Oct. 2008), 745-78. On connections to the French Caribbean,
95. see Christopher P. Iannini, "'The Itinerant Man': Crevecoeur's Caribbean, Raynal's Revolution, and the Fate of the Atlantic," ibid., 61 (April 2004), 201-34.
96. Christopher G. Hodson, "Refugees: Acadians and the Social History of Empire, 1755-1785" (Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 2004);
97. Brett H. Rushforth, Savage Bonds: Indian Slavery and Alliance in New France (Chapel Hill, forthcoming).
98. This state of affairs may indicate as much about subspecialization and multiple audiences in the field of early American history as about the dominance of East Coast institutions and the proclivities of the scholars they produce. In the past decade, fewer than 4% of the region-specific submissions to the William and Mary Quarterly focused on the West; scholars of the early American West were perhaps sending work that might have appeared in the WMQ to other journals. On the "mental map" of early Americanists in the 1970s,
99. see James Axtell, "A North American Perspective for Colonial History," History Teacher, 12 (Aug. 1979), 549-62, esp. 549.
100. Kupperman, "International at the Creation," 116.
101. See also Daniel K. Richter, Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Cambridge, Mass., 2001).
102. The 2009 William and Mary Quarterly-Usc Huntington Early Modern Studies Institute workshop topic is "Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas." The workshop will be co-chaired by Eric Hinderaker, a historian of British America, and Rebecca Horn, a Latin Americanist, both of the University of Utah.
103. Ralph Bauer, "Summit of Early Ibero- and Anglo-Americanists, Tucson, Arizona, May 2002: Mission Statement," Early American Literature, 38 (Winter 2003), 124, 125, esp. 124. On the sharp distinctions across national borders that comparative efforts such as the Tucson summit seek to overturn,
104. see Ralph Bauer, "Notes on the Comparative Study of the Colonial Americas: Further Reflections on the Tucson Summit," ibid. (Fall 2003).
105. Leonard Tennenhouse, "The Question of Cultural Bilingualism," ibid. (Spring 2003), 136. On the difficulties and possibilities in challenging the north/south or Ibero/Anglo divide,
106. see the review essays by Philip Gould, "The New Early American Anthology," ibid. (Fall 2003), 305-17;
107. and Susan Scott Parrish, "The 'Hemispheric Turn' in Colonial American Studies," ibid., 40 (Winter 2005), 545-53. An important product of the Tucson summit, which reproduces texts "written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820," is "Early Americas Digital Archive," Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities, http://www.mith2.umd.edu/eada/.
108. John H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830 (New Haven, 2006). Comparative work is often faulted for "tak[ing] the political territoriality of the emergent nation or full-fledged state as the historiographic directive.
109. " See Ann Laura Stoler, "Tense and Tender Ties: The Politics of Comparison in North American History and (Post) Colonial Studies," Journal of American History, 88 (Dec. 2001), 829-65, esp. 847.
110. On the costs of slighting specific context, see Lisa Voigt, '"Por Andarmos Todos Casy Mesturados': The Politics of Intermingling in Caminha's Carta and Colonial American Anthologies," Early American Literature, 40 (Winter 2005), 407-39. Comparative work is essential to understanding the constructedness of nations (and presumably empires). Benedict Anderson has pointed out that "nations" "necessarily exist only in a complex comparative field, both practical and theoretical."
111. See Benedict Anderson, "To What Can Late Eighteenth-Century French, British, American Anxieties be Compared? Comment on Three Papers," American Historical Review, 106 (Oct. 2001), 1281-89, esp. 1281.
112. For a description of historians as working within "a dialogue between past and present" notions of empire, and along "a spectrum of meaning ranging from geopolitical entity to mode of dominance,
113. " see Richard Johnson, "Empire," in A Companion to Colonial America, ed. Daniel Vickers (Maiden, 2003), 99. For examples of twentieth-century work that emphasizes the role of imperial officials and colonists in the governance of the North American colonies.
114. see Alison Gilbert Olson, Anglo-American Politics, 1660-1775: The Relationship between Parties in England and Colonial America (New York, 1973);
115. and Alison Gilbert Olson, Making the Empire Work: London and American Interest Groups, 1690-1790 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992). On ideologies and cultures of empire,
116. see, for example, Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788 (Athens, Ga., 1986);
117. David Armitage, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, Eng., 2000);
118. and Eliga H. Gould, The Persistence of Empire: British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 2000).
119. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837. (New Haven, 1992);
120. Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire, and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (London, 2003);
121. Kathleen Wilson, ed., A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660-1840 (Cambridge, Eng., 2004). On empire and intimacy,
122. see Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley, 2002);
123. and, in application to North America, Stoler, "Tense and Tender Ties," 829-65. Eric Hin-deraker, "The 'Four Indian Kings' and the Imaginative Construction of the First British Empire," William and Mary Quarterly 53 (July 1996), 487-525, esp. 487.
124. On Tekakwitha and the urgent situation of native people living in a European world, see Richter, Facing East from Indian Country 79-90;
125. and Alan Greer, Mohawk Saint: Tekakwitha and the Jesuits (New York, 2005). On such negotiations and refashionings,
126. see also James H. Merrell, "'The Cast of His Countenance': Reading Andrew Montour," in Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America, ed.
127. Ronald Hoffman, Mechal Sobel, and Fredrika Teute (Chapel Hill, 1997), 13-39; Timothy J. Shannon, "Dressing for Success on the Mohawk
128. Frontier: Hendrick, William Johnson, and the Indian Fashion," William and Mary Quarterly 53 Qan. 1996), 13-42; and Sophie White's ongoing work on gender, race, and dress in the French territories of Illinois and Louisiana.
129. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World; Ralph Bauer, The Cultural Geography of Colonial American Literatures: Empire, Travel, Modernity (Cambridge, Eng., 2003);
130. Jorge Canizares-Esguerra, How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (Stanford, 2001).
131. Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power, 8. For "intimate knowledge" produced in an imperial context,
132. see, for example, Ann Twinam, Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America (Stanford, 1999);
133. and Jennifer Spear, "Colonial Intimacies: Legislating Sex in French Louisiana," William and Mary Quarterly, 60 Qan. 2003), 75-98.
134. Martin Bruckner, "The Critical Place of Empire in Early American Studies," American Literary History, 15 (Winter 2003), 820;
135. Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville, 2000). For other ideas about the early republic and an American empire,
136. see Eric Hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673-1800 (New York, 1997);
137. and Walter Nugent, "The American Habit of Empire, and the Cases of Polk and Bush," Western Historical Quarterly, 38 (Spring 2007), 5-24.
138. On the importance of the longue durée and comparative imperial studies, the centrality of "connexity"-"the identification and investigation of the manifold connections that existed over time between different sectors of the world and different people"-to comprehending empires in action, and the necessity for appreciating an empire domestically and abroad, see Colley, "What Is Imperial History Now?," esp. 138.
139. "Entangled Empires in the Atlantic World," American Historical Review, 112 (June 2007), 710-99;
140. Eliga H. Gould, "Entangled Histories, Entangled Worlds: The English-Speaking Atlantic as a Spanish Periphery," ibid., 764-86;
141. Jorge Canizares-Esguerra, "Entangled Histories: Borderlands Historiographies in New Clothes?," ibid., 787-99, esp. 799.
142. John Wood Sweet, "Introduction: Sea Changes," in Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic "World, ed. Robert Appelbaum and John Wood Sweet (Philadelphia, 2005), 5.
143. Mancall, "Introduction," 14; Stuart Swartz, "Virginia and the Atlantic World," in Atlantic World and Virginia, ed. Mancall, 561.
144. On the Atlantic as "both a place and a concept," see Constance Jordan, "Conclusion: Jamestown and Its North Atlantic World," in Envisioning an English Empire, ed. Appelbaum and Sweet, 275-98, esp. 276. Steele, "Bernard Bailyn's American Atlantic," 48. Another Jamestown commemoration took a continental approach, while still seeking "American" origins.
145. See the catalog to accompany a touring exhibition co-sponsored by the Virginia Historical Society and the Smithsonian Institution: James C. Kelly and Barbara Clark Smith, Jamestown, Quebec, Santa Fe: Three North American Beginnings (Washington, 2007).