Public health and carrageenan regulation: A review and analysis

Journal of Applied Phycology

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 505-513

  Burges Watson, Duika ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Carrageenan; Degraded carrageenan; Food regulation; Health risk; Poligeenan; Public health

Indexed keywords

EID: 58149218533     PISSN: 09218971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10811-007-9252-x     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. L Abramsson-Zetterberg K Svensson 2005 Semicarbazide is not genotoxic in the flow cytometry-based micronucleus assay in vivo Toxicol Lett 155 211 217
2. AFC Panel 2005 Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with foodon a request from the commission related to semicarbazide in food EFSA Journal 219 1 36
3. BN Ames LS Gold 1997 Environmental pollution, pesticides, and the prevention of cancer: misconceptions [published erratum appears in FASEB J 1997 Dec;11(14):1330] FASEB J 11 1041 1052
4. BN Ames LS Gold 1998 The causes and prevention of cancer: The role of environment Biotherapy 11 205 220
5. Anderson W, Hargreaves GC (1965) Gastro-intestinal therapeutic. US Patent 3175942, March 13 1965
6. Atkins PJ, Bowler IR (2000) Food in society: economy, culture, geography. Arnold, London
7. HJ Bixler 1994 The carrageenan connection IV Br Food J 96 12 17
8. HJ Bixler 1996 Recent developments in manufacturing and marketing carrageenan Hydrobiologia 326/327 35 57
9. A Borthakur S Bhattacharyya PK Dudeja JK Tobacman 2007 Carrageenan induces interleukin-8 production through distinct Bcl10 pathway in normal human colonic epithelial cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292 3 G829 G838
10. Buck CB, Thompson CD, Roberts JN, Müller M, Lowy DR, et al. (2006) Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of Papillomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2(7): e69 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020069
11. P Carthew 2002 Safety of carrageenan in foods Environ Health Perspect 110 A176
12. Chapman VJ (1950) Seaweeds and their uses. 1st ed. Camelot Press, London
13. Chapman J.(2001) Cancer food scare. Daily Mail October 27;Sect. V2:21
14. Chopin T (1998) The seaweed resources of Eastern Canada. In: Critchley AT, Ohno M (eds.) Seaweed resources of the world. Japan International Cooperation Agency, Yokosuka, Japan, pp 273-302
15. S Cohen N Ito 2002 A critical review of the toxicological effects of carrageenan and processed Eucheuma seaweed on the gastrointestinal tract Crit Rev Toxicol 32 413 444>
16. Commission Directive (1995) Directive No. 95/2/EC and 96/85EC. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities [serial online]. Available via: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/consleg/pdf/1995/en_1995L0002_do_001.pdf
17. Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (1911) The British Pharmaceutical Codex. The Pharmaceutical Press, London
18. J Coveney 2003 Why food policy is critical to public health Crit Public Health 13 99 105
19. MB de la Calle E Anklam 2005 Semicarbazide: occurrence in food products and state-of-the-art in analytical methods used for its determination Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 382 4 968 977
20. Dean R (1989) Food additives: their regulatory status. In: Lewis RJ (ed.) Food additives handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 3-27
21. European Commission (1992) Opinion of the scientific committee on food on carrageenan. Brussels: Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General. (SCF/CS/ADD/EMU/199 Final)
22. European Food Safety Authority (2003) Press Release: EFSA gives update on semicarbazide: No reason to change current dietary habits including for babies. Precautionary action by industry recommended for baby foods. Available via: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/press_room/press_release/30.Par. 0001.File.dat/15-10-2003_en1.pdf cited
23. European Parliament and Council (1995) Directive No. 95/2/EC and 96/85EC. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
24. Felter HW, Lloyd JU (1898) King's American dispensatory. Ohio Valley Co., Cincinnatti
25. J.A. Fernandez-Romero M. Thorn S.G. Turville K. Titchen K. Sudol 2007 Carrageenan/MIV-150 (PC-815), a Combination Microbicide Sex Transm Dis 34 9 14
26. Food and Drug Administration (1958) Federal food, drug, and cosmetic act: Chapter II - Definitions. Sec. 201. [321]
27. Food and Drug Administration.(2004) Code of Federal Regulations: CFR Title 21 Database. Available via: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/ 03n0338/03n-0338-tr00003.htm cited September 8 2004
28. Food and Drug Administration (2006) Part 172 - food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption. Code of Federal Regulations, USA
29. ES Garrett ML Jahncke EA Cole 1998 Effects of Codex and GATT Food Control 9 177 182
30. Greig JB (1999) Carrageenan. Geneva. World Health Organisation: WHO safety evaluation of certain food additives. (Food Additive Series 42)
31. K Hoenicke R Gatermann 2006 How can zero tolerances be controlled? The case study of Nitrofurans. Accreditation and quality assurance J Qual Comparabili Reliabil Chem Meas 11 29 32
32. K Hoenicke R Gatermann L Hartig M Mandix S Otte 2004 Formation of semicarbazide (SEM) in food by hypochlorite treatment: is SEM a specific marker for nitrofurazone abuse? Food Additives & Contaminants 21 526 537
33. Informatics Inc (1972) Monograph on carrageenan. Maryland: Submitted under contract to the Food and Drug Administration
34. JECFA (1974) Seventeenth report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on food additives, WHO Technical Series, No. 539
35. JECFA (2001) Evaluation of certain food additives specifications. Addendum 9. Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, WHO Technical Report series, No.891
36. T Lang 1999 The complexities of globalization: The UK as a case study of tensions within the food system and the challenge to food policy Agric Human Values 16 169 185
37. Lewis JG, Stanley NF, Guist GG (1988) Commercial production and application of algal hydrocolloids. In: Lembi CA, Waaland JR (eds.) Algae and human affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 205-236
38. Livermore MA (2006) Authority and legitimacy in global governance: Deliberation, institutional differentiation, and the codex alimentarius. New York University Law Review 81(2):766-801
39. London Food Commission (1988) Food adulteration and how to beat it. Unwin, London
40. AJ Marcus J Watt 1969 Ulcerative colitis in the guinea-pig caused by seaweed extract Journal of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology 21 187
41. Marinalg International (2003) Position statement on carrageenan and semicarbazide: EC alert notification 2003/201. Available via: http://www.marinalg.org/papers/c_papers.htm cited April 15 2007
42. McHugh DJ (2003) A guide to the seaweed industry. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 441
43. RA Merrill 1997 Food safety regulation: reforming the Delaney Clause Annu Rev Public Health 18 313 340
44. E Millstone P Van Zwanenberg 2002 The evolution of food safety policy-making institutions in the UK, EU and Codex Alimentarius Soc Policy Adm 36 593 609
45. Murphy E (2004) Risk, maternal ideologies and infant feeding. In: Williams L, Germov J (eds.) The social appetite: an introduction to the sociology of food and nutrition. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, pp 200-219
46. Noah L (1999) Legal aspects of the food additive approval process, in enhancing the regulatory decision-making approval process for direct food ingredient technologies: workshop summary. Institute of Medicine (IOM), Washington DC
47. L Noah RA Merrill 1998 Starting from scratch? Reinventing the food additive approval process Boston University Law Review 78 329 443
48. D Piper B Fenton 1961 Effect of a sulfated polysaccharide on peptic digestion. A study in vitro of carrageenin (Ebimar) Gastroenterology 40 638 643
49. Population Council (2006) Microbicide Program. Available via: http://www.popcouncil.org/microbicides/index.html cited 15 September 2006
50. Scientific Committee on Food (2003a) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on carrageenan. Brussels: European Commission; 5 March. (SCF/CS/ADD/EMU/199 Final)
51. Scientific Committee on Food (2003b) Report of the scientific committee on food on the revision of essential requirements of infant formulae and follow-on formulae. European Union.
52. ZC Shah FG Huffman 2003 Current availability and consumption of carrageenan-containing foods Ecol Food Nutr 42 357 371
53. AJ Smit 2004 Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review J Appl Phycol 16 245 262
54. Stanley N (1987) Production, properties and uses of carrageenan. In: McHugh DJ (ed.) Production and utilization of products from commercial seaweeds, vol 288. FAO, Rome
55. Tobacman JK (1998) (Effects of lambda-carrageenan on human mammary myoepithelial cells and relation to mammary carcinogenesis). In: International symposium on the impact of biotechnology on prediction, prevention and treatment of cancer. Nice, France
56. JK Tobacman 2001 Review of harmful gastrointestinal effects of carrageenan in animal experiments Environ Health Perspect 109 983 994
57. JK Tobacman RB Wallace MB Zimmerman 2001a Consumption of carrageenan and other water-soluble polymers used as food additives and incidence of mammary carcinoma Med Hypotheses 56 589 598
58. JK Tobacman KS Walters 2001 Carrageenan-induced inclusions in mammary myoepithelial cells Cancer Detec Prev 25 520 526
59. RM Tomarelli WD Tucker Jr LM Bauman S Savini JR Weaber 1974 Nutritional quality of processed milk containing carrageenan J Agric Food Chem 22 819 824
60. F Veggeland SB Borgen 2005 Negotiating international food standards: The World Trade Organization's impact on the Codex Alimentarius commission Governance 18 675 708
61. Vogel D (2001) Ships passing in the night: The changing politics of risk regulation in Europe and the United States RSCAS working papers: EUI RSC 2001/16
62. ML Weiner D Nuber WR Blakemore JF Harriman SM Cohen 2007 A 90-day dietary study on kappa carrageenan with emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract Food Chem Toxicol 45 98 106
63. JH Weisburger 1994 Does the delaney clause of the U.S. food and drug laws prevent human cancers? Toxicol Sci 22 483 493
64. JH Wolf 2003 Low breastfeeding rates and public health in the United States Am J Public Health 93 12 2000 2010
65. World Health Organization (2007) Semicarbazide. Available via: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/sem/en/index.html cited April 18 2007
66. H Yuan J Song X Li N Li J Dai 2006 Immunomodulation and antitumor activity of [kappa]-carrageenan oligosaccharides Cancer Lett 243 228 234