The causes and prevention of cancer: The role of environment

Biotherapy

Volumn 11, Issue 2-3, 1998, Pages 205-220

  Ames, Bruce N ^a,b   Gold, Lois Swirsky ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; BENZALDEHYDE; BENZENE; BENZOFURAN DERIVATIVE; CAFFEIC ACID; CATECHOLAMINE; FORMALDEHYDE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; LIMONENE; STYRENE; XYLENE;

AIR POLLUTION; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENICITY; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENESIS; PESTICIDE SPRAYING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK MANAGEMENT; SMOKING; SUN EXPOSURE; WATER POLLUTION;

CARCINOGENS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 0031748914     PISSN: 0921299X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007971204469     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (137)

1. Miller BA, Ries LAG, Hankey BF, Kosary CL, Haïras A, Devesa SS, Edwards BK. SEER Cancer Statistics Review: 1973-1990, National Cancer Institute, N1H Pub. No. 932789, 1993.
2. Brown LM, Everctt GD, Gibson R, Burmeister LF, Schuman LM, Blair A. Smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma, Cancer Causes Control, 1992; 3: 4955.
3. Linet MS, McLaughlin JK, Hsing AW, Wacholder S, Co Chien HT, Schuman LM, Bjelke E, Blot WJ. Is cigarette smoking a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma'? Results from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study, Leukemia Res, 1992; 16:621-4.
4. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath Jr. C, Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
5. Doll R, Peto R. The causes of cancer. Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1981; 66: 1191-308.
6. Davis DL, Dinse GE, Hoel DG. Decreasing cardiovascular disease and increasing cancer among whites in the United States from 1973 through 1987, JAMA, 1994; 271: 431-7.
7. Helbock HJ, Beckman KB, Shigenaga MK, Walter PB, Woodall AA, Yeo HC, Ames BN. DNA oxidation matters: The HPLC-electrochemical detection assay of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1998; 95: 288-293.
8. Von Sonntag C. The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology, London: Taylor & Francis, 1987.
9. Stadtman ER Protein oxidation and aging, Science, 1992; 257: 1220-4.
10. Hankinson SE. Willen WC, Colditz GA, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ, A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract surgery in women, JAMA, 1992; 268: 994-8.
11. Hankinson SE. Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: A prospective study, Br Med J, 1992; 305: 335-9.
12. Jacques PF, Hartz SC, Chylack LTJ, McGandy RB, Sadowski JA. Nutritional status in persons with and without senile cataract: Blood vitamin and mineral levels, Am J Clin Nutr, 1988; 48: 152-8.
13. Roe FJC, Lee PN, Conybeare G, Tobin G, Kelly D, Prentice D and Matter B, Risks of premature death and cancer predicted by body weight in early adult life, Hum Exp Toxicol, 1991; 10: 285-8.
14. Roe FJC, Non-genotoxic carcinogenesis: Implications for testing extrapolation to man, Mutagenesis, 1989; 4: 407-11.
15. Boutwell RK, Pariza MW, Historical perspectives: Calories and energy expenditure in carcinogenesis, Am J Clin Nutr, 1987;45(suppl): 151-6.
16. Youngman LD, Park J-YK, Ames BN, Protein oxidation associated with aging is reduced by dietary restriction of protein or calories, Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1992; 89: 9112-6.
17. Hunter DJ, Willett WC, Diet, body size, and breast cancer, Epidemiol Rev, 1993; 15: 110-32.
18. Swanson CA, Jones DY, Schatzkin A, Brinton LA, Ziegler RG, Breast cancer risk assessed by anthropometry in the NHANES I epidemiological follow-up study, Cancer Res, 1988; 48: 5363-7.
19. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Dietary fat and cancer: Another view, Cancer Causes Control, 1990; 1: 103.
20. Block G, Patterson B, Subar A, Fruit, vegetables and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiologic evidence, Nutr Cancer 1992; 18: 1-29.
21. Steinmetz K.A, Potter JD, Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology, Cancer Causes Control, 1991; 2: 325-57.
22. Hill MJ, Giacosa A, Caygill CPJ, ed.. Epidemiology of Diet and Cancer, West Sussex: Ellis Horwood, 1994.
23. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: Combined analysis of 12 case-control studies, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1990; 82: 561-9.
24. Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Subar AF, Cleveland L, Friday J, Kahle LL. Fruit and vegetable intakes of children and adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1996; 150: 81-86.
25. Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Subar AF, Cleveland L, Friday J. US adults' fruit and vegetable intakes, 1989 to 1991: A revised baseline for the healthy people 2000 objective. Am J Public Health 1995; 85: 1623-1629.
26. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD, Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms, Cancer Causes Control, 1991; 2: 427-42.
27. MacGregor JT, Schlegel R, Wehr CM, Alperin P, Ames BN, Cytogenetic damage induced by folate deficiency in mice is enhanced by caffeine, Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1990; 87: 9962-5.
28. Blount BC, Mack MM, Wehr C, MacGregor J, Hiatt R, Wang G, Wickramasinghe SN, Everson RB, Ames BN. Folate deficiency causes uracil misincorporation into human DNA and chromosome breakage: Implications for cancer and neuronal damage. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1997; 94: 3290-3295.
29. Senti FR, Pilch SM, Analysis of folate data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Suvey (NHANES II), J Nutr, 1985; 115: 1398-402.
30. Bailey LB, Wagner PA, Christakis GJ, Araujo PE, Appledorf H, Davis CG, Masteryanni J, Dinning JS, Folacin and iron status and hematological findings in predominately black elderly persons from urban low-income households, Am J Clin Nutr, 1979; 32: 2346-53.
31. Bailey LB, Wagner PA. Christakis GJ, Davis CG, Appledorf H, Araujo PE, Dorsey E, Dinning JS, Folacin and iron status and hematological findings in black and Spanish-American adolescents from urban low-income households, Am J Clin Nutr, 1982; 35: 1023-32.
32. Bendich A, Butterworth Jr. CE, ed., Micrimutrienls in Health and in Disease Prevention New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1991.
33. Glynn SA, Albanes D, Folate and cancer: A review of the literature, Nutr Cancer 1994; 22: 101-19.
34. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Trichopoulos D, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Willett WC, Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1993; 85: 875-84.
35. Freudenheim JL, Graham S, Marshall JR, Haughey BP, Cholewinski S, Wilkinson G, Folate intake and carcinogenesis of the colon and rectum. Int J Epidemiol, 1991; 20: 368-74.
36. Wallock L, Woodall A, Jacob R, Ames B. Nutritional status and positive relation of plasma folate to fertility indices in nonsmoking men. FASEB Annual Meeting, Experimental Biology 97, New Orleans, LA, The FASEB J, 1997.
37. Rush D, Periconceptional folate and neural tube defect. Am J Clin Nutr, 1994; 59: 511S-6S.
38. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 274: 1049-57.
39. Safe SH, Dietary and environmental estrogens and antiestrogens and their possible role in human disease. Environ Sei Pollution Res, 1994; 1: 29-33.
40. Armstrong B, Doll R, Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices, IntJ Cancer, 1975; 15: 617-31.
41. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women, N Engt J Med, 1990:323: 1664-72.
42. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC, Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res, 1994; 54: 2390-7.
43. Goldbohm RA, van der Brandt PA, van't Veer P, Brants HAM, Dorant E, Sturmans F, Hermus RJJ, A prospective cohort study on the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer, Cancer Res 1994; 54: 718-23.
44. Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR, Myers BC, Hirohata T, Animal fat consumption and prostate cancer: A prospective study in Hawaii., Epidemiology, 1994; 5: 27682.
45. Henderson BE, Ross RK, Pike MC, Toward the primary prevention of cancer, Science, 1991; 254: 1131-8.
46. Gerhardsson M, Floderus B, Norell SE, Physical activity and colon cancer risk, Int J Epidemiol, 1988; 17: 743-6.
47. Slattery ML, Schumacher MC, Smith KR, West DW, AbdEghany N, Physical activity, diet, and risk of colon cancer in Utah, Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 989-99.
48. Thun MJ, Calle EE, Namboodiri MM, Flanders WD, Coates RJ, Byers T, Boffetta P, Garfinkel L, Heath CWJ, Risk factors for fatal colon cancer in a large prospective study, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1992; 84: 1491-500.
49. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Alcohol Drinking. IARC Monograph Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1988.
50. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Alcohol, methyl-deficient diets and risk of colon cancer in men, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1995; 87: 265-73.
51. Sugimura T, Sato S, Ohgaki H, Takayama S, Nagao M, Wakabayashi K. Mutagens and carcinogens in cooked food. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1986; 206: 85-107.
52. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Some naturally occurring substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, IARC Monographs, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1993.
53. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath Jr. C, Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: Indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet, 1992; 339: 1268-78.
54. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Keamey J. Willett WC, A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. men, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1994; 86: 183-91.
55. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Hunter D, Rosner BA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. women, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1994; 86: 192-9.
56. Fielding JE, Preventing colon cancer: Yet another reason not to smoke, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1994; 86: 162-4.
57. US Environmental Protection Agency, Respiratory Health Effects oj Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders. Washington, DC: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, 1992.
58. Fontham ETH, Correa P, Reynolds P, Wu-Williams A, Buffler PA, Greenberg RS, Chen VW, Alterman T, Boyd P, Austin DF, Liff J, Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women, JAMA, 1994; 271: 1752-9.
59. Huber G, Brockie R, Mahajan V, Smoke and mirrors: The EPA's flawed study of environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer, Regulation, 1993; 3: 46.
60. Schectman G, Byrd JC, Hoffmann R, Ascorbic acid requirements for smokers: Analysis of a population survey, Am J ClinNutr, 1991; 53: 1466-70.
61. Duthie GG, Arthur JR, James WPT, Effects of smoking and vitamin E on blood antioxidant status, Am J Clin Nutr, 1991; 53: 1061S-3S.
62. Bui MH, Sauty A, Collet F, Leuenberger P, Dietary vitamin C intake and concentrations in the body fluids and cells of male smokers and nonsmokers, J Nutr, 1991; 122: 312-6.
63. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK, Heibock HJ, Jacob RA, Ames BN, Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative damage in human sperm, Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1991; 88: 11003-6.
64. Woodall AA, Ames BN. Nutritional prevention of DNA damage to sperm and consequent risk reduction in birth defects and cancer in offspring. In: Bendich A and Deckelbaum R, eds., Preventative Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997, pp. 373-385.
65. Ji B-T, Shu X-O, Linet MS, Zheng W, Wacholder S, Gao Y-T, Ying D-M, Jin F. Paternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of nonsmoking mothers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 238-244.
66. Shacter E, Beecham EJ, Covey JM, Kohn KW, Potter M, Activated neutrophils induce prolonged DNA damage in neighboring cells [published erratum appears in Carcinogenesis 1989 Mar; 10: 628], Carcinogenesis, 1998; 9: 2297-304.
67. Yamashina K, Miller BE, Heppner GH, Macrophagemediated induction of drug-resistant variants in a mouse mammary tumor cell line, Cancer Res, 1986; 46: 2396-401.
68. Beasley RP, Hepatitis B virus, Cancer, 1987; 61: 1942-56.
69. Tabor E, Kobayashi K, Hepatitis C virus, a causative infectious agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis: Prevalence and structure. Summary of a conference on hepatitis C virus as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1992; 84: 86-90.
70. Yu M-W, You S-L, Chang A-S, Lu S-N, Liaw Y-F, Chen C-J, Association between hepatitis C virus antibodies and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan, Cancer Res, 1991; 51: 5621-5.
71. Parkin DM, Suernsward J, Muir CS, Estimates of the worldwide frequency of twelve major cancers, Bull WHO, 1984; 62: 163-82.
72. Qian G-S, Ross RK, Yu MC, Yuan J-M, Gao Y-T, Henderson BE, Wogan GN, Groopman JD, A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1994; 3: 3-10.
73. Groopman JD, Zhu J, Donahue PR, Pikul A, Zhang L-S, Chen JS, Wogan GN, Molecular dosimetry of urinary aflatoxin DNA adducts in people living in Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, Cancer Res, 1992; 52: 45-51.
74. Pons WA, High pressure liquid chromatography determinations of aflatoxins in corn, J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1979; 62: 584-6.
75. Yu MC, Tong MJ, Govindarajan S, Henderson BE, Nonviral risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in a low-risk population, the non-Asians of Los Angeles County, California, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1991; 83: 1820-6.
76. Yeh F-S, Yu MC, Mo C-C, Luo S, Tong MJ, Henderson BE, Hepatitis B virus, aflatoxins, and hepatocellular carcinoma in southern Guangxi, China, Cancer Res, 1989; 49: 2506-9.
77. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Schistosomes. Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori, IARC Monograph, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1994.
78. Howson C, Hiyama T, Wynder E, The decline in gastric cancer: Epidemiology of an unplanned triumph, Epidemiol Rev, 1986; 8: 1-27.
79. Korkina LG, Durnev AD, Suslova TB, Cheremisina ZP, Daugel-Dauge NO, Afanas'ev IB, Oxygen radical-mediated mutagenic effect of asbestos on human lymphocytes: Suppression by oxygen radical scavengers. Mutât Res, 1992; 265: 245-53.
80. Marsh JP, Mossman BT, Role of asbestos and active oxygen species in activation and expression of ornithine decarboxylase in hamster trachéal epithelial cells, Cancer Res, 1991; 51: 167-73.
81. Lowy DR, Kirnbauer R, Schiller JT, Genital human papillomavirus infection, Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1994; 91: 2436-40.
82. Jick H, Walker AM, Watkins RN, D'Ewart DC, Hunter JR, Danford A, Madsen S, Dinan BJ, Rothman KJ, Replacement estrogens and breast cancer, Am J Epidemiol, 1980; 112: 586-94.
83. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Spencer TL, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ, A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer, Obstet Gynecol, 1992; 80: 708-14.
84. Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U, Willett W, Breast cancer, N Engl J Med, 1992; 327: 319-28.
85. Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Type of postmenopausal hormone use and risk of breast cancer: 12-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study, Cancer Causes Control, 1992; 3: 433-9.
86. Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W, Reproductive risk factors in a prospective study of breast cancer: The Nurses' Health Study, Am J Epidemiol, 1994; 139: 819-35.
87. Russo J, Calaf G, Sohi N, Tahin Q, Zhang PL, Alvarado ME, Estrada S, Russo IH, Critical steps in breast carcinogenesis, Ann N Y Acad Sei, 1993; 698: 1-20.
88. Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Longnecker MP, Mittendorf R, Greenberg ER, Clapp RW, Burke KP, Willett WC, MacMahon B, Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer, N Engl J Med, 1994; 330: 81-7.
89. Byers T, Graham S, Rzepka T, Marshall J, Lactation and breast cancer. Evidence for a negative association in premenopausal women, Am J Epidemiol, 1985; 121: 664-74.
90. Henderson B, ROSS R, Pike M, Hormonal chemoprevention of cancer in women, Science, 1993; 259: 633-8.
91. Bernstein L, Henderson BE, Hanisch R, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK, Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1994; 86: 1403-8.
92. Longnecker MP, Alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer: Meta-analysis and review, Cancer Causes Control, 1994; 5: 73-82.
93. Dorgan JF, Reichman ME, Judd JT, Brown C, Longcope C, Schatzkin A, Campbell WS, Franz C, Kahle L, Taylor PR, The relation of reported alcohol ingestion to plasma levels of estrogens and androgens in premenopausal women (Maryland, United States), Cancer Causes Control, 1994; 5: 53-60.
94. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Some Industrial Chemicals, IARC Monographs, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1994.
95. Connelly RR, Spirtas R, Myers MH, Percy CL, Fraumeni Jr JF, Demographic patterns for mesothelioma in the United States, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1987; 78: 1053-60.
96. Reynolds T, Asbestos-linked cancer rates up less than predicted., J Nat Cancer Inst, 1992; 84: 560-2.
97. Ames BN, Gold LS, Chemical carcinogenesis: Too many rodent carcinogens, Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1990; 87: 7772-6.
98. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Gold LS, DNA lesions, inducible DNA repair, and cell division: Three key factors in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect, 1993; 35-44.
99. Gold LS, Garfmkel GB, Slone TH, Setting priorities among possible carcinogenic hazards in the workplace, in: Smith CM, Christian! DC, Kelsey KT, eds.. Chemical Risk Assessment and Occupational Health, Current Applications, Limitations, and Future Prospects, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994.
100. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation, IARC Monograph, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1992.
101. Ellis M, Lisher M, Second malignancies following treatment in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Leuk Lymphoma, 1993; 9: 337-42.
102. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenidty: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes I to 42. Suppl. 7, IARC Monographs, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1987.
103. Ryff'el B, The carcinogenicity of cyclosporin. Toxicology, 1992; 73: 1-22.
104. Preston-Martin S, Thomas DC, Yu MC, Henderson BE, Diagnostic radiography as a risk factor for chronic myeloid and monocytic leukaemia (CML), Br J Cancer, 1989; 59: 639-44.
105. Gough M, How much cancer can EPA regulate anyway?. Risk Anal, 1990; 10: 1-6.
106. Pershagen G, Akerblom G, Axelson O, Clavensjo B, Damber L, Desai G, Enflo A, Lagarde F, Mellander H, Swartengren M, Swedjemark GA, Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden, N Engl J Med, 1994; 330: 159-64.
107. Nero AV, A national strategy for indoor radon, Issues in Sei and Tech, 1992; 9: 33-40.
108. Lubin JH, Boice Jr. JD, Elding C, Hornint RW, Howe G, Kunz E, Kusiak RA, Morrison HI, Radford EP, Samet JM, Tirmarche M, Woodward A, Xiang YS, Pierce DA, Radon and lung cancer risk: a joint analysis of 11 underground miner studies, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 94-3644, 1994.
109. Lètoumeau EG, Krewski D, Choi NW, Goddard MJ, McGregor RG, Zielinski JM, Du J, Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Am J Epidemiol, 1994; 140: 310-22.
110. Lubin JH, Invited commentary: Lung cancer and exposure to residential radon, Am J Epidemiol, 1994; 140: 323-32.
111. Nero A, Developing a methodology for identifying highradon areas, Center for Building Science News (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory), 1994; I: 4-5.
112. Smith AH, Hopenhayn RC, Bales MN, Goeden HM, Hertz PI, Duggan HM, Wood R, Kosnett MJ, Smith MT, Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect, 1992; 97: 259-67.
113. Bâtes MN, Smith AH, Hopenhayn RC, Arsenic ingestion and internai cancers: A review. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 46276.
114. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Chlorinated drinking-water; chlorination by-products; some other halogenated compounds; cobalt and cobalt compounds, IARC Monograph, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1991.
115. Knudsen A, Hereditary cancers: Clues to mechanisms of carcinogenesis, Brit J Cancer, 1989; 59: 661-6.
116. Ponder B, Inherited predisposition to cancer. Trends in Genetics, 1990; 6: 213-8.
117. Gold Ls, Slone TH, Stern BR, Manley NB, Ames BN, Rodent carcinogens: Setting priorities. Science, 1992 258: 261-5.
118. Carson R, Silent Spring, Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, 1962.
119. Gold LS, Slone TH, Ames BN. Overview and update analyses of the carcinogenic potency database, in: Gold LS and Zeiger E, eds., Handbook of Carcinogenic Potency and Genotoxicity Databases, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997; pp. 661-685.
120. Gold LS, Stern BR, Slone TH, Brown JP, Manley NB, Ames BN, Pesticide residues in food: Investigation of disparities in cancer risk estimates, Cancer Lett, 1997; 117: 195-207.
121. Ames BN, Profet M, Gold LS, Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural), Proc Nail Acad Sei USA 1990; 87: 7777-81.
122. Patterson BH, Block G, Food choices and the cancer guidelines, Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 282-6.
123. Key T, Reeves G, Organochlorines in the environment and breast cancer, Br Med J, 1994; 308: 1520-1.
124. Ames BN, Profet M, Gold LS, Nature's chemicals and synthetic chemicals: Comparative toxicology, Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1990; 87: 7782-6.
125. Crandall R, Why is the cost of environmental regulation so high?, Center forthe Study of American Business, 110, 1992.
126. Bartlett B, The High Cost of Turning Green, The Wall Street Journal Sept. 14, 1994.
127. Ames BN, Gold LS, Environmental pollution, pesticides, and the prevention of cancer: Misconceptions, FASEB J, 1997; 11: 1041-1052.
128. Tengs TO, Adams ME, Pliskin JS, Safran DG, Siegel JE, Weinstein MC, Graham JD, Five-hundred life-saving interventions and their cost-effectiveness. Risk Anal, 1995; 15: 369-89.
129. Keeney RL, Mortality risks induced by economic expenditures. Risk Anal., 1990; 10: 147-59.
130. Wildavsky A, Searching for Safety, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Press, 1988.
131. Viscusi WK, Fatal Trade-offs, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1992.
132. Breyer S, Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
133. Willett WC, Diet, nutrition and avoidable cancer, Environ Health Perspect, 1995; 103 (Suppl 8): 165-70.
134. Phillips RL, Garfinkel L, Kuzma JW, Beeson WL, Lotz T, Brin B, Mortality among California Seventh-day Adventists for selected cancer sites, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1980; 65: 1097107.
135. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser CE, Cancer incidence among California Seventh-day Adventists, Am J Clin Nutr, 1994; 59: 1136S-42S.
136. Ames BN, Gold LS, Willett WC, The causes and prévention of cancer, Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1995; 92: 5258-65.
137. Ames BN, Gold LS, The causes and prevention of cancer: The role of environment, in: Bailey R, ed., The True State of the Planet, New York, NY:Free Press. 1995, pp.141-175.