Building value at the top and the bottom of the global supply chain: MNC-NGO partnerships

California Management Review

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2008, Pages

  Perez Aleman, Paola ^a   Sandilands, Marion ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 58149213918     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/41166467     Document Type: Article

References (180)

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3. Debora Spar and Lane La Mure, "The Power of Activism: Assessing the Impact of NGOs on Global Business," California Management Review, 45/3 (Spring 2003): 78-97;
4. Michael E. Conroy, Branded! How the Certification Revolution Is Transforming Global Corporations (Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2007).
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7. Michael E. Conroy, "Can Advocacy-Led Certification Systems Transform Global Corporate Practices? Evidence and Some Theory," Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2001;
8. Archon Fung, Dara O'Rourke, and Charles Sabel, Can We Put an End to Sweatshops? (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2001), 98;
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16. Jonathan P. Doh and Hildy Teegen, Globalization and NGOs: Transforming Business, Government, and Society (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003);
17. Spar and La Mure, op. cit.;
18. Paul A. Argenti, "Collaborating with Activists: How Starbucks Works with NGOs," California Management Review, 47/1 (Fall 2004): 91-116.
19. Argenti, op. cit.;
20. Spar and La Mure, op. cit.;
21. SustainAbility, Global Compact, and United Nations Environment Program, "The 21st Century NGO: In the Market for Change," 2003;
22. Conroy (2001), op. cit.;
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26. Dara O'Rourke, "Outsourcing Regulation: Analyzing Nongovernmental Systems of Labor Standards and Monitoring," Policy Studies Journal, 31/1 (2003): 1-29;
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30. Gereffi, Garcia-Johnson, and Sasser, op. cit.;
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34. Raynolds, op. cit. Also,
35. see Conroy (2007), op. cit., chapter 9, for a discussion of forest certification.
36. Prakash Sethi, Setting Global Standards: Guidelines for Creating Codes of Conduct in Multinational Corporations (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2003);
37. O'Rourke, op. cit.;
38. Fung, O'Rourke, and Sabel, op. cit.
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42. For an elaboration of this critique of the BOP view, see Aneel Karnani, "The Mirage of Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid: How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty," California Management Review, 49/4 (Summer 2007): 90-110.
43. Fung, O'Rourke, and Sabel, op. cit.;
44. Gereffi, Garcia-Johnson, and Sasser, op. cit.;
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46. Spar and La Mure, op. cit.;
47. Bartley, op. cit.
48. Richard Locke, "The Promise and Perils of Globalization: The Case öf Nike," Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Industrial Performance Center, 2005;
49. Frenkel and Scott, op. cit.;
50. Fung, O'Rourke, and Sabel, op. cit.;
51. Conroy (2001), op. cit.
52. Doh and Teegen, op. cit.
53. Selksy and Parker, op. cit.
54. Argenti, op. cit.;
55. Austin; Berger, Cunningham, and Drumwright (2004), op. cit.
56. Sethi, op. cit.;
57. O'Rourke, op. cit.;
58. D. O'Rourke, "Multi-Stakeholder Regulation: Privatizing or Socializing Global Labor Standards?" World Development, 34/5 (2006): 899-918;
59. Conroy (2007), op. cit.
60. E. Farina, "Consolidation, Multinationalization, and Competition in Brazil: Impacts on Horticulture and Dairy Products Systems," Development Policy Review, 20/4 (2000): 441-457;
61. Raynolds, op. cit.;
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63. Catherine Dolan and John Humphrey, "Governance and Trade in Fresh Vegetables: Impact of UK Supermarkets on the African Horticulture Industry," The Journal of Development Studies, 37/2 (2000): 147.
64. Khan, Munir, and Willmott, op. cit.
65. Doian and Humphrey, op. cit.;
66. John Humphrey, "Shaping Value Chains for Development: Global Value Chains in Agribusiness," Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) & Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2005.
67. Conroy (2007), op. cit., pp. 193-197;
68. Philipp Pattberg, "Private Governance and the South: Lessons from Global Forest Politics," Third World Quarterly, 27/4 (2006): 579-593.
69. Alice H Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1989);
70. Ricardo Hausmann and Dani Rodrik, "Economic Development as Self-Discovery," Journal of Development Economics, 72/2 (2003): 603;
71. Khalid Nadvi, "Collective Efficiency and Collective Failure: The Response of the Sialkot Surgical Instrument Cluster to Global Quality Pressures," World Development, 27/9 (1999): 1605-1626;
72. Enrique Dussel, Clemente Ruiz, and Michael Piore, "Learning and the Limits of Foreign Partners as Teachers," in Gary Gereffi, David Spener, and Jennifer Bair, eds., Free Trade and Uneven Development (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2002);
73. Paola Perez-Aleman, "Cluster Formation, Institutions and Learning: The Emergence of Clusters and Development in Chile," Industrial & Corporate Change, 14/4 (2005): 651;
74. Spencer Henson and Rupert Loader, "Barriers to Agricultural Exports from Developing Countries: The Role of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Requirements," World Development, 29/1 (2001): 85-102.
75. Conroy (2007), op. cit., pp. 187-192;
76. Daniel Jaffee, Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007).
77. Conroy (2007), op. cit.;
78. Jaffee, op. cit.
79. C.K. Prahalad and A. Hammond, "Serving the World's Poor, Profitably," Harvard Business Review, 80/9 (September 2002): 48-57;
80. C.K. Prahalad and Stuart Hart, "The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid," Strategy + Business, 26 (2002): 1-16;
81. Prahalad (2004), op. cit.;
82. Hart, op. cit.;
83. London and Hart, op. cit.
84. Karnani, op. cit.
85. London and Hart, op. cit.;
86. Prahalad (2004), op. cit.
87. James Walsh, Jeremy Kress, and Kurt Beyerchen, "Book Review Essay: Promises and Perils at the Bottom of the Pyramid," Administrative Science Quarterly, 50/3 (September 2005): 473-482.
88. Robert K. Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2003).
89. Christopher Bacon, "Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Can Fair Trade, Organic, and Specialty Coffees Reduce Small-Scale Farmer Vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua?" World Development, 33/3 (2005): 497-511.
90. Jaffee, op. cit.
91. Stefano Ponte, "Standards and Sustainability in the Coffee Sector: A Global Value Chain Approach," International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2004.
92. Stefano Ponte, "The 'Latte Revolution'? Regulation, Markets and Consumption in the Global Coffee Chain," World Development, 30/7 (2002): 1099-1122.
93. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2005," Starbucks, 2005.
94. Linton, op. cit.
95. Hildy Teegen, Jonathan Doh, and Sushil Vachani, "The Importance of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in Global Governance and Value Creation," Journal of International Business Studies, 35/6 (November 2004): 463-483.
96. Conservation International, "CI Facts: Overview," 2005, 〈www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/downloads/CI-Overview.pdf〉, accessed 8/16/06.
97. 〈www.celb.org/xp/CELB/partners/〉.
98. Argenti, op. cit.;
99. James E. Austin and Cate Reavis, "Starbucks and Conservation International," Harvard Business School Case #9-303-055, 2004;
100. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2001," Starbucks, 2001;
101. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2002," Starbucks, 2002;
102. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2003," Starbucks, 2003;
103. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2005," Starbucks, 2005.
104. Argenti, op. cit.;
105. Linton, op. cit.;
106. Spar and La Mure, op. cit.
107. M. Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1999)
108. Both Starbucks' CEO Howard Shultz and the NGO US/GLEP state that this Supplier Code of Conduct was the first ever issued by a U.S. commercial coffee company. Howard Shultz and Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time (New York, NY: Hyperion, 1997);
109. US/GLEP, "Starbucks Campaign on Hold", press release May 12, 1997.
110. Global Exchange pressured Starbucks in particular to buy Fair Trade coffee for its retail outlets, because this company had the most-visible brand of specialty coffee in the U.S. See Argenti, op. cit.
111. Nestor Osorio, "Lessons from the World Coffee Crisis: A Serious Problem for Sustainable Development," paper presented at UNCTAD XI, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2004;
112. Ponte (2004). op. cit.;
113. Oxfam, "Mugged: Poverty in Your Cup," Oxfam International, Washington, 2002.
114. Ponte (2002), op. cit.;
115. Jaffee, op. cit.
116. Douglas L. Murray, Laura T. Raynolds, and Peter L. Taylor, "The Future of Fair Trade Coffee: Dilemmas Facing Latin America's Small-Scale Producers," Development in Practice, 16/2 (2006): 179.
117. Jessa Lewis and David Runsten, "Coffee, Migration and Environment in Southern Mexico: Preliminary Observations from a Study of 15 Communities in Oaxaca and Chiapas," paper presented at Latin American Studies Association, Montreal, 2007; Jaffee, op. cit.
118. Edward Millard, "Sustainable Coffee: Increasing Income of Small-Scale Coffee Farmers in Mexico through Upgrading and Improved Transparency in the Value Chain," USAID, 2005; Winnifred Zettelmeyer and Allan Maddison, "Agroforestry-Based Enterprise Development as a Biodiversity Conservation Intervention in Mexico and Ghana: USAID/PVC Matching Grant Program Final Evaluation Report," USAID, 2004.
119. Of the 25 biodiversity hotspots worldwide, 19 are major coffee growing regions. Zettelmeyer and Maddison, op. cit.; Linton, op. cit.
120. Millard, op. cit.
121. Shaded coffee plantations provide critical habitat for plants and animals (i.e., birds, beneficial inserts) and reduce soil erosion (among other benefits for biodiversity) and therefore are singled out by environmental NGOs.
122. Millard, op. cit.;
123. Zettelmeyer and Maddison, op. cit.
124. Millard, op. cit.
125. These 6 cooperatives represented over 1,000 small-scale coffee farmers: CESMACH, ICEAAC, Comon Yap Nop Tic, ORPAE, OCAAC, and FTV. Zettelmeyer and Maddison, op. cit., p. 14.
126. Edward Millard, "Incentives for Land use Practices that Benefit both Livelihoods and Biodiversity (Presentation)," USAID, 2006a.
127. Zettelmeyer and Maddison, op. cit.
128. Linton, op. cit.
129. Zettelmeyer and Maddison, op. cit.;
130. Austin and Reavis, op. cit.;
131. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Repon 2001."
132. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2003."
133. Zettelmeyer and Maddison, op. cit.
134. Center for Environmental Leadership in Business CELB, "Conservation Principles for Coffee Production," Conservation International Center for Environmental Leadership in Business, 2001, 〈www.celb.org/ImageCache/CELB/ content/agriculture-2dfisheries/cons-5fprinciples-2epdf/vl/cons-5fprinciples. pdf〉, accessed 5/08/06.
135. Ibid.
136. Bank of Mexico offered credits through two programs: the Action Fund and the Fideicomisos Instituidos en Relación con la Agricultura (FIRA).
137. Zettelmeyer and Maddison, op. cit.
138. The Conservation Coffee Project was later replicated in other Latin American countries, such as Colombia.
139. Edward Millard, "Increasing Profitability for Farmers Supplying to the International Coffee Market by Improving Supply Chain Management, Including Traceability in Mexico," paper presented at USAID conference "Regional Consultation on Connecting Farmers to Markets," 2006b.
140. Humphrey, op. cit.;
141. Reardon, Codron, Busch, Bingen, and Harris, op. cit.
142. Ponte (2002), op. cit.
143. Stefano Ponte and Peter Gibbon, "Quality Standards, Conventions and the Governance of Global Value Chains," Economy and Sotiety, 34/1 (2005): 1-31;
144. Ponte (2004), op. cit.;
145. Reardon, Codron, Busch, Bingen, and Harris, op. cit.
146. Starbucks, "Starbucks Green Coffee Purchasing Program Pilot Program for Preferred Suppliers," 〈www.celb.org/xp/CELB/downloads/guidelines. pdf〉, accessed 7/12/06;
147. Millard (2005), op. cit.
148. Starbucks, "Starbucks Green Coffee Purchasing Program Pilot Program for Preferred Suppliers."
149. Millard (2005), op. cit.
150. Starbucks, "Starbucks Green Coffee Purchasing Program Pilot Program for Preferred Suppliers."
151. Mark Lee, "Starbucks Stakeholder Engagement Event: Summary of Feedback on the Preferred Supplier Program," SustainAbility, 2004.
152. Ibid.
153. C.A.F.E. Practices Overview Starbucks, "C.A.F.E. Practices Overview," 〈www.scscertified.com/csrpurchasing/docs/CA.F.E. PracticesOverview1105.pdf〉, accessed 8/16/06.
154. Starbucks, "C.A.F.E. Practices Generic Evaluation Guidelines," 〈www.scscertified.com/csrpurchasing/docs/ CAFEPracticesEvaluationGuidelinesl 10904English.pdf〉, accessed 4/28/06.
155. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2006."
156. Linton, op. cit.
157. Millard (2006a), op. cit.
158. Statement by Sue Mecklenburg of Starbucks, as quoted in USAJD, "The Global Development Alliance: Public-Private Alliances for Transformational Development," USAID, 2006.
159. R. Muradian and W. Pelupessy, "Governing the Coffee Chain: The Role of Voluntary Regulatory Systems," World Development, 33/12 (2005): 2029-2044;
160. Oxfam, op. cit.
161. Millard (2006b), op. cit.;
162. Stefano Ponte, "Standards, Trade and Equity: Lessons from the Specialty Coffee Industry," Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen, 2002.
163. Oxfam, op. cit.
164. Bernard Kilian, Connie Jones, Lawrence Pratt, and Andrés Villalobos, "Is Sustainable Agriculture a Viable Strategy to Improve Farm Income in Central America? A Case Study on Coffee," Journal of Business Research, 59/3 (2006): 322-330.
165. Daniele Giovannucd and Stefano Ponte, "Standards as a New Form of Social Contract? Sustainability Initiatives in the Coffee Industry," Food Policy, 30/3 (2005): 284-301;
166. Humphrey, op. cit.
167. Austin and Reavis, op. cit.;
168. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2002"; Conservation International, "Conservation Coffee Fact sheet," 2001, 〈www.celb.org/xp/CELB/downloads/ ConservationCoffeeFactsheet5-22.pdf〉, accessed 8/16/06.
169. Starbucks, "Starbucks Coffee Agronomy Company Opens in Costa Rica to Help Farmers Improve Their Coffee Quality," January 28, 2004, 〈www.starbucks.com/aboutus/pressdesc.asp?id-381〉, accessed 4/28/06.
170. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2004."
171. Starbucks, "Starbucks Corporate Social Responsibility Annual Report 2005."
172. USAID, op. cit.
173. USAID, op. cit.;
174. Millard (2005), op. cit.
175. Millard (2006b), op. cit.
176. Douglas Murray, Laura Raynolds, and Peter Leigh Taylor, "One Cup at a Time: Poverty Alleviation and Fair Trade Coffee in Latin America," Colorado State University Fair Trade Research Group, 2003;
177. Bacon, op. cit.;
178. Conroy (2007), op. cit.
179. Conroy (2007), op. cit.
180. Michael Porter and Mark Kramer, "Strategy and Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility," Harvard Business Review, 84/12 (December 2006): 78-92.