Management of infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with alemtuzumab

Annals of Hematology

Volumn 88, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 121-132

  Elter, Thomas ^a   Vehreschild, Janne J ^a   Gribben, John ^b   Cornely, Oliver A ^a   Engert, Andreas ^a   Hallek, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^b QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alemtuzumab; Campath; CLL; Infection; Management

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ALEMTUZUMAB; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; CAMPATH IH; CASPOFUNGIN; CHLORAMBUCIL; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPSONE; FAMCICLOVIR; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUDARABINE; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; ITRACONAZOLE; LAMIVUDINE; MELPHALAN; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PENTAMIDINE; RITUXIMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALACICLOVIR; VORICONAZOLE;

ANEMIA; ASPERGILLOSIS; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BRONCHOPNEUMONIA; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANDIDIASIS; CHEST INFECTION; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG MEGADOSE; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFECTION; INFLUENZA; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG MYCOSIS; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYCOSIS; NEUTROPENIA; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEPSIS; SEPTICEMIA; SINUSITIS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TUBERCULOSIS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS MENINGITIS; VIRUS MYOCARDITIS;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIBODIES, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFECTION; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC, B-CELL; RECURRENCE;

EID: 58149086190     PISSN: 09395555     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00277-008-0566-9     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Akova M, Paesmans M, Calandra T, Viscoli C (2005) A European organization for research and treatment of cancer - International Antimicrobial Therapy Group Study of secondary infections in febrile, neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 40:239-245
2. Beyer M, Kochanek M, Darabi K, Popov A, Jensen M, Endl E, Knolle PA, Thomas RK, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Debey S, Hallek M, Schultze JL (2005) Reduced frequencies and suppressive function of CD4+ CD25hi regulatory T cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after therapy with fludarabine. Blood 106:2018-2025
3. Briggs PG, Kraft N, Atkins RC (1990) T cells and CD45R expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 14:155-159
4. Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A, Casasnovas O, Denning DW, Mannone L, Lopez J, Couillault G, Piard F, Vagner O, Guy H (2001) Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. J Clin Oncol 19:253-259
5. Chakrabarti S, MacDonald D, Hale G, Holder K, Turner V, Czarnecka H, Thompson J, Fegan C, Waldmann H, Milligan DW (2003) T-cell depletion with Campath-1H "in the bag" for matched related allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is associated with reduced graft-versus-host disease, rapid immune constitution and improved survival. Br J Haematol 121:109-118
6. Chakraverty R, Peggs K, Chopra R, Milligan DW, Kottaridis PD, Verfuerth S, Geary J, Thuraisundaram D, Branson K, Chakrabarti S, Mahendra P, Craddock C, Parker A, Hunter A, Hale G, Waldmann H, Williams CD, Yong K, Linch DC, Goldstone AH, Mackinnon S (2002) Limiting transplantation-related mortality following unrelated donor stem cell transplantation by using a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen. Blood 99:1071-1078
7. Cornely OA, Bohme A, Buchheidt D, Glasmacher A, Kahl C, Karthaus M, Kern W, Kruger W, Maschmeyer G, Ritter J, Salwender HJ, Sandherr M, Schiel X, Schuttrumpf S, Sieniawski M, Silling G, Ullmann AJ, Wolf HH (2003) Prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors - guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Hematol 82(Suppl 2):S186-S200
8. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R, Ullmann AJ, Bouza E, Heussel CP, Lortholary O, Rieger C, Boehme A, Aoun M, Horst HA, Thiebaut A, Ruhnke M, Reichert D, Vianelli N, Krause SW, Olavarria E, Herbrecht R (2007) Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: A randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis 44:1289-1297
9. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, Perfect J, Ullmann AJ, Walsh TJ, Helfgott D, Holowiecki J, Stockelberg D, Goh YT, Petrini M, Hardalo C, Suresh R, -Gonzalez D (2007) Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med 356:348-359
10. Delgado J, Thomson K, Russell N, Ewing J, Stewart W, Cook G, Devereux S, Lovell R, Chopra R, Marks DI, Mackinnon S, Milligan DW (2006) Results of alemtuzumab-based reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation Study. Blood 107:1724-1730
11. Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Schweighofer C, Wendtner CM, Emmerich B, Hallek M (2007) Due to low infection rates no routine anti-infective prophylaxis is required in younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia during fludarabine-based first line therapy. Br J Haematol 136(1):63-72
12. Elter T, Borchmann P, Schulz H, Reiser M, Trelle S, Schnell R, Jensen M, Staib P, Schinkothe T, Stutzer H, Rech J, Gramatzki M, Aulitzky W, Hasan I, Josting A, Hallek M, Engert A (2005) Fludarabine in combination with alemtuzumab is effective and feasible in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results of a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 23:7024-7031
13. Ferrajoli A, O'Brien SM, Cortes JE, Giles FJ, Thomas DA, Faderl S, Kurzrock R, Lerner S, Kontoyiannis DP, Keating MJ (2003) Phase II study of alemtuzumab in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Cancer 98:773-778
14. Fischer K, Schweighofer CD, Ritgen M, Bottcher S, Scharf E, Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Abenhardt W, Kneba M, Hallek M, Wendtner CM, the German CLL Study Group (2007) Dose-escalation study to evaluate dose limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of alemtuzumab for consolidation therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: phase I/II trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) [abstract 2053]. Blood 110:612a
15. Francis S, Karanth M, Pratt G, Starczynski J, Hooper L, Fegan C, Pepper C, Valcarcel D, Milligan DW, Delgado J (2006) The effect of immunoglobulin VH gene mutation status and other prognostic factors on the incidence of major infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 107:1023-1033
16. Gamadia LE, Rentenaar RJ, Baars PA, Remmerswaal EB, Surachno S, Weel JF, Toebes M, Schumacher TN, IJ ten Berge, Van Lier RA (2001) Differentiation of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8(+) T cells in healthy and immunosuppressed virus carriers. Blood 98:754-761
17. Gilleece MH, Dexter TM (1993) Effect of Campath-1H antibody on human hematopoietic progenitors in vitro. Blood 82:807-812
18. Gorgun G, Holderried TA, Zahrieh D, Neuberg D, Gribben JG (2005) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induce changes in gene expression of CD4 and CD8 T cells. J Clin Invest 115:1797-1805
19. Hale G, Bright S, Chumbley G, Hoang T, Metcalf D, Munro AJ, Waldmann H (1983) Removal of T cells from bone marrow for transplantation: A monoclonal antilymphocyte antibody that fixes human complement. Blood 62:873-882
20. Hale G, Cobbold S, Waldmann H (1988) T cell depletion with CAMPATH-1 in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 45:753-759
21. Hensel M, Kornacker M, Yammeni S, Egerer G, Ho AD (2003) Disease activity and pretreatment, rather than hypogammaglobulinaemia, are major risk factors for infectious complications in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 122:600-606
22. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Bennett JE, Greene RE, Oestmann JW, Kern WV, Marr KA, Ribaud P, Lortholary O, Sylvester R, Rubin RH, Wingard JR, Stark P, Durand C, Caillot D, Thiel E, Chandrasekar PH, Hodges MR, Schlamm HT, Troke PF, De PB (2002) Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 347:408-415
23. Heussel CP, Kauczor HU, Heussel GE, Fischer B, Begrich M, Mildenberger P, Thelen M (1999) Pneumonia in febrile neutropenic patients and in bone marrow and blood stem-cell transplant recipients: Use of high-resolution computed tomography. J Clin Oncol 17:796-805
24. Hillmen P, Skotnicki AB, Robak T, Jaksic B, Dmoszynska A, Wu J, Sirard C, Mayer J (2007) Alemtuzumab compared with chlorambucil as first-line therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 25:5616-5623
25. Hooper M, Kallas EG, Coffin D, Campbell D, Evans TG, Looney RJ (1999) Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with the expansion of CD4+. J Rheumatol 26:1452-1457
26. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, Bow EJ, Brown AE, Calandra T, Feld R, Pizzo PA, Rolston KV, Shenep JL, Young LS (2002) 2002 Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 34:730-751
27. Itala M, Helenius H, Nikoskelainen J, Remes K (1992) Infections and serum IgG levels in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 48:266-270
28. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ (2007) Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 57:43-66
29. Keating M, Coutre S, Rai K, Osterborg A, Faderl S, Kennedy B, Kipps T, Bodey G, Byrd JC, Rosen S, Dearden C, Dyer MJ, Hillmen P (2004) Management guidelines for use of alemtuzumab in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lymphoma 4:220-227
30. Keating MJ, Flinn I, Jain V, Binet JL, Hillmen P, Byrd J, Albitar M, Brettman L, Santabarbara P, Wacker B, Rai KR (2002) Therapeutic role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in patients who have failed fludarabine: results of a large international study. Blood 99:3554-3561
31. Kruger WH, Bohlius J, Cornely OA, Einsele H, Hebart H, Massenkeil G, Schuttrumpf S, Silling G, Ullmann AJ, Waldschmidt DT, Wolf HH (2005) Antimicrobial prophylaxis in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Haematology and Oncology. Ann Oncol 16:1381-1390
32. Lin TS, Donohue KA, Lucas MS et al (2007) Consolidation therapy with subcutaneous (SC) alemtuzumab results in severe infectious toxicity in previously untreated CLL patients who achieve a complete response (CR) after fludarabine and rituximab (FR) induction therapy: Interim safety analysis of the CALGB Study 10101 [abstract 755]. Blood 110:232a
33. Lundin J, Kimby E, Bjorkholm M, Broliden PA, Celsing F, Hjalmar V, Mollgard L, Rebello P, Hale G, Waldmann H, Mellstedt H, Osterborg A (2002) Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Blood 100:768-773
34. Lundin J, Porwit-MacDonald A, Rossmann ED, Karlsson C, Edman P, Rezvany MR, Kimby E, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H (2004) Cellular immune reconstitution after subcutaneous alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, CAMPATH-1H) treatment as first-line therapy for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukemia 18:484-490
35. Mackus WJ, Frakking FN, Grummels A, Gamadia LE, De Bree GJ, Hamann D, Van Lier RA, Van Oers MH (2003) Expansion of CMV-specific CD8+CD45RA+. Blood 102:1057-1063
36. Molteni A, Nosari A, Montillo M, Cafro A, Klersy C, Morra E (2005) Multiple lines of chemotherapy are the main risk factor for severe infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with febrile episodes. Haematologica 90:1145-1147
37. Montillo M, Tedeschi A, Miqueleiz S, Veronese S, Cairoli R, Intropido L, Ricci F, Colosimo A, Scarpati B, Montagna M, Nichelatti M, Regazzi M, Morra E (2006) Alemtuzumab as consolidation after a response to fludarabine is effective in purging residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 24:2337-2342
38. Moreton P, Kennedy B, Lucas G, Leach M, Rassam SM, Haynes A, Tighe J, Oscier D, Fegan C, Rawstron A, Hillmen P (2005) Eradication of minimal residual disease in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after alemtuzumab therapy is associated with prolonged survival. J Clin Oncol 23:2971-2979
39. Nabhan C, Gartenhaus RB, Tallman MS (2004) Purine nucleoside analogues and combination therapies in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Dawn of a new era. Leuk Res 28:429-442
40. Nguyen DD, Cao TM, Dugan K, Starcher SA, Fechter RL, Coutre SE (2002) Cytomegalovirus viremia during Campath-1H therapy for relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prolymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lymphoma 3:105-110
41. Nuckel H, Frey UH, Roth A, Duhrsen U, Siffert W (2005) Alemtuzumab induces enhanced apoptosis in vitro in B-cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 514:217-224
42. O'Brien SM, Kantarjian HM, Thomas DA, Cortes J, Giles FJ, Wierda WG, Koller CA, Ferrajoli A, Browning M, Lerner S, Albitar M, Keating MJ (2003) Alemtuzumab as treatment for residual disease after chemotherapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 98:2657-2663
43. O'Brien SM, Keating MJ, Mocarski ES (2006) Updated guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with alemtuzumab. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 7:125-130
44. O'Brien S, Ravandi F, Riehl T, Wierda W, Huang X, Tarrand J, O'Neal B, Kantarjian H, Keating M (2008) Valganciclovir prevents CMV reactivation in patients receiving alemtuzumab based therapy. Blood 111(4):1816-1819
45. Oscier D, Fegan C, Hillmen P, Illidge T, Johnson S, Maguire P, Matutes E, Milligan D (2004) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 125:294-317
46. Osterborg A, Dyer MJ, Bunjes D, Pangalis GA, Bastion Y, Catovsky D, Mellstedt H (1997) Phase II multicenter study of human CD52 antibody in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. European Study Group of CAMPATH-1H Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 15:1567-1574
47. Perkins JG, Flynn JM, Howard RS, Byrd JC (2002) Frequency and type of serious infections in fludarabine-refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma: Implications for clinical trials in this patient population. Cancer 94:2033-2039
48. Pettitt AR, Matutes E, Oscier D (2006) Alemtuzumab in combination with high-dose methylprednisolone is a logical, feasible and highly active therapeutic regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients with p53 defects. Leukemia 20:1441-1445
49. Rai KR, Freter CE, Mercier RJ, Cooper MR, Mitchell BS, Stadtmauer EA, Santabarbara P, Wacker B, Brettman L (2002) Alemtuzumab in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients who also had received fludarabine. J Clin Oncol 20:3891-3897
50. Ravandi F, O'Brien S (2005) Alemtuzumab. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 5:39-51
51. Redaelli A, Laskin BL, Stephens JM, Botteman MF, Pashos CL (2004) The clinical and epidemiological burden of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 13:279-287
52. Robak T (2004) Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of chronic lymphoid leukemias. Leuk Lymphoma 45:205-219
53. Sandherr M, Einsele H, Hebart H, Kahl C, Kern W, Kiehl M, Massenkeil G, Penack O, Schiel X, Schuettrumpf S, Ullmann AJ, Cornely OA (2006) Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies and solid tumours: Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Oncol 17:1051-1059
54. Schweighofer C, Ritgen M, Eichhorst B, Busch R, Kneba M, Hallek M, Wendtner C, the German CLL Study Group (2006) Consolidation with alemtuzumab improves progression-free survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in first remission: Long-term follow-up of a randomized phase III trial of the German CLL study group (GCLLSG). Blood 108:33 Abstract
55. Stanglmaier M, Reis S, Hallek M (2004) Rituximab and alemtuzumab induce a nonclassic, caspase-independent apoptotic pathway in B-lymphoid cell lines and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Ann Hematol 83:634-645
56. Tsiodras S, Samonis G, Keating MJ, Kontoyiannis DP (2000) Infection and immunity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mayo Clin Proc 75:1039-1054
57. Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, Chandrasekar P, Langston A, Tarantolo SR, Greinix H, Morais de AW, Reddy V, Boparai N, Pedicone L, Patino H, Durrant S (2007) Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med 356:335-347
58. Waldmann H, Polliak A, Hale G, Or R, Cividalli G, Weiss L, Weshler Z, Samuel S, Manor D, Brautbar C (1984) Elimination of graft-versus-host disease by in-vitro depletion of alloreactive lymphocytes with a monoclonal rat anti-human lymphocyte antibody (CAMPATH-1). Lancet 2:483-486
59. Walsh TJ, Teppler H, Donowitz GR, Maertens JA, Baden LR, Dmoszynska A, Cornely OA, Bourque MR, Lupinacci RJ, Sable CA, dePauw BE (2004) Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 351:1391-1402
60. Warkentin DI, Epstein JB, Campbell LM, Yip JG, Cox VC, Ransier A, Barnett MJ, Marra F (2002) Valacyclovir versus acyclovir for HSV prophylaxisin neutropenic patients. Ann Pharmacother 36:1525-1531
61. Wendtner CM, Ritgen M, Schweighofer CD, Fingerle-Rowson G, Campe H, Jager G, Eichhorst B, Busch R, Diem H, Engert A, Stilgenbauer S, Dohner H, Kneba M, Emmerich B, Hallek M (2004) Consolidation with alemtuzumab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in first remission-experience on safety and efficacy within a randomized multicenter phase III trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). Leukemia 18:1093-1101
62. Wierda W, O'Brien S, Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Wang X, Do KA, Garcia-Manero G, Thomas D, Cortes J, Ravandi-Kashani F, Giles F, Lerner S, Kantarjian H, Keating M (2006) A retrospective comparison of three sequential groups of patients with recurrent/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine-based regimens. Cancer 106:337-345
63. Zent CS, Chen JB, Kurten RC, Kaushal GP, Marie LH, Schichman SA (2004) Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH 1H) does not kill chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in serum free medium. Leuk Res 28:495-507
64. Zenz T, Ritgen M, Dreger P, Krober A, Barth TF, Schlenk R, Bottcher S, Hallek MJ, Kneba M, Bunjes D, Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S (2006) Autologous graft-versus-host disease-like syndrome after an alemtuzumab-containing conditioning regimen and autologous stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 108:2127-2130