Ritual-based behavior that reinforces hegemonic masculinity in golf: Variations in women golfers' responses

Leisure Sciences

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 19-36

  McGinnis, Lee Phillip ^a   Gentry, James W ^b   McQuillan, Julia ^b  

^a WASHBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

Communitas; Gender; Golf; Leisure entitlement; Rituals

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; HEGEMONY; MASCULINIZATION; OUTDOOR RECREATION;

EID: 58049209801     PISSN: 01490400     EISSN: 15210588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01490400802557915     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Acker, J. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society., 4, pp. 139-158.
2. Arnould, E. J. and Price, L. L. (1993) River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research., 20, pp. 24-45.
3. Berkley, N. (2004) Welcoming women golfers. PGA Magazine, 85, pp. 22-47.
4. Billings, A. C., Craig, C. C., Croce, R., Cross, K., Moore, M. and Vigodsky, W. (2006) "Just one of the guys?" Network depictions of Annika Sorenstam in the 2003 PGA Colonial tournament. Journal of Sport and Social Issues., 30, pp. 107-114.
5. Britton, D. (2000) The epistemology of the gendered organization. Gender & Society, 14, pp. 418-434.
6. Broad, K. L. (2001) The gendered unapologetic: Queer resistance in women's sport. Sociology of Sport Journal., 18, pp. 181-205.
7. Carothers, P., Vaske, J. J. and Donnelly, M. P. (2001) Social values interpersonal conflict among hikers and mountain bikers. Leisure Sciences., 23, pp. 47-61.
8. Chambers, M. (1995) The unplayable lie: The untold story of women and discrimination in American golf, Golf Digest, New York
9. Connell, R. W. (1987) Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA
10. Correll, S. J. (2004) Constraints into preferences: Gender, status, and emerging career aspirations. American Sociological Review., 69, pp. 93-113.
11. Creswell, J. W. (2007) Qualitative inquiry and research design, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
12. Crosset, T. (1995) Outsiders in the clubhouse: The world of women's professional golf, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
13. Deem, R. (1986) All work and no play, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, UK
14. Driver, T. F. (1991) The magic of ritual, Harper, San Francisco
15. Eastman, S. T. and Billings, A. C. (2000) Sportscasting and sports reporting: The power of gender bias. Journal of Sport and Social Issues., 24, pp. 192-213.
16. Gentry, J. W., Kennedy, P. F., Paul, C. and Hill, R. P. (1994) The vulnerability of those in grief: Implications for public policy. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 13, pp. 128-127.
17. Graves, R. (2005) Golf-time dilemma: Smart managers are lowering the time commitment and raising the value of the golf experience. PGA Magazine., 86, pp. 26-46.
18. Henderson, K. A. (1990) The meaning of leisure for women: An integrative review of the research. Journal of Leisure Research., 22, pp. 228-243.
19. Henderson, K. A. (2005) Discrimination in the social context of leisure: A response. Leisure Sciences., 27, pp. 45-48.
20. Henderson, K. A. and Bialeschki, M. D. (2005) Leisure and active lifestyles: Research reflections. Leisure Sciences., 27, pp. 355-365.
21. Henderson, K. A., Presley, J. and Bialeschki, M. D. (2004) Theory in recreation and leisure research. Leisure Sciences., 26, pp. 411-425.
22. Hermanowicz, J. C. and Morgan, H. P. (1999) Ritualizing the routine: Collective identity affirmation. Sociological Forum., 14, pp. 197-214.
23. Ibarra, H. (1993) Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review., 18, pp. 56-87.
24. Jackson, E., Crawford, D. and Godbey, G. (1993) Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences., 15, pp. 1-11.
25. Koivula, N. (1995) Ratings of gender appropriateness of sports participation: Effects of gender-based schematic processing. Sex Roles., 33, pp. 543-557.
26. Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (1985) Naturalistic inquiry, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA
27. Lorber, J. (1993) Believing is seeing: Biology as ideology. Gender & Society., 7, pp. 568-581.
28. McGinnis, L. P. (2002) Examining the gender gap in participatory golf using a ritual dramaturgical framework and gender perspective (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, p. 2308.
29. McGinnis, L. P. and Gentry, J. W. (2006) Getting past the red tees: Constraints women face in golf and strategies to help them stay. Journal of Sport Management., 20, pp. 218-247.
30. McGinnis, L. P., McQuillan, J. A. and Chapple, C. L. (2005) I just want to play: Women, sexism and persistence in golf. Journal of Sport and Social Issue., 29, pp. 313-337.
31. McGuire, F. M. (2000) Gender, race, ethnicity, and networks: The factors affecting the status of employees' network members. Work and Occupations., 27, pp. 501-523.
32. Messner, M. A. (1992) Power at play: Sports and the problem of masculinity, Beacon Press, Boston
33. Messner, M. A., Duncan, M. C. and Cooky, C. (2003) Silences, sports bras, and wrestling porn: Women in televised sports news and highlight shows. Journal of Sport and Social Issues., 27, pp. 38-51.
34. Miller, Y. D. and Brown, W. J. (2005) Determinants of active leisure for women with young children - An "ethic of care" prevails. Leisure Sciences., 27, pp. 405-420.
35. Morgan, L. A. and Martin, K. A. (2006) Taking women professionals out of the office: The case of women in sales. Gender & Society., 20, pp. 108-128.
36. National Golf Foundation (1999) Record number of rounds played in 1999.
37. National Golf Foundation (2004) Rounds played in the United States
38. National Golf Foundation (2008) Closures outpaces openings in 2007
39. Parker, S. (1988) Rituals of gender: A study of etiquette, public symbols, and cognition. Anthropologist., 90, pp. 372-383.
40. Pierce, J. L. (1995) Gender trials: Emotional lives in contemporary law firms, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA
41. Reskin, B. F. (2000) The proximate causes of employment discrimination. Contemporary Sociology., 29, pp. 319-328.
42. Reskin, B. F. and Roos, P. A. (1990) Job queues, gender queues, Temple University Press, Philadelphia
43. Ridgeway, C. L. and Correll, S. J. (2004) Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society., 18, pp. 510-531.
44. Rinehart, R. (2005) 'Babes' and boards: Opportunities in new millennium sport?. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29, pp. 232-255.
45. Risman, B. (1998) Gender vertigo, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
46. Risman, B. (2004) Gender as a social structure: Theory wrestling with activism. Gender & Society., 18, pp. 429-450.
47. Rogers, E. M. and Bhowmik, K. K. (1970) Homophily-heterophily: Relational concepts for communication research. Public Relations Quarterly., 34, pp. 523-538.
48. Rogers, E. M. and Kincaid, L. K. (1981) Communication networks: Toward a paradigm for research, Free Press, New York
49. Roth, A. and Basow, S. A. (2004) Femininity, sports, and feminism: Developing a theory of physical liberation. Journal of Sport and Social Issues., 28, pp. 245-265.
50. Schouten, J. W. and McAlexander, J. H. (1995) Subcultures of consumption: An ethnography of the new bikers. Journal of Consumer Research., 22, pp. 43-61.
51. Shaw, S. (2001) Conceptualizing resistance: Women's leisure as political practice. Journal of Leisure Research., 33, pp. 186-201.
52. Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998) Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
53. Turner, V. W. (1974) Dramas, fields, and metaphors: Symbolic action in human society, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
54. Wachs, F. L. (2002) Leveling the playing field: Negotiating gendered rules in coed softball. Journal of Sport and Social Issues., 26, pp. 300-316.
55. Wearing, B. (1998) Leisure and feminist theory, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
56. West, C. and Zimmerman, D. H. (1987) Doing gender. Gender and Society., 1, pp. 125-151.
57. Wiley, C. G. E., Shaw, S. E. and Havitz, M. E. (2000) Men's and women's involvement in sports: An examination of the gendered aspects of leisure involvement. Leisure Sciences., 22, pp. 19-31.
58. Williams, J. (2000) Unbending gender, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
59. Wilson, J. (1988) Politics and leisure, Unwin Hyman, Boston