Epidemiological characteristics of classical scrapie outbreaks in 30 sheep flocks in the United Kingdom

PLoS ONE

Volumn 3, Issue 12, 2008, Pages

  McIntyre, K Marie ^a   Gubbins, Simon ^a   Goldmann, Wilfred ^b   Hunter, Nora ^b   Baylis, Matthew ^c  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHENYLALANINE; PRION PROTEIN;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CODON; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPIDEMIC; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC DIFFERENCE; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HERD; HETEROZYGOSITY; HOMOZYGOSITY; INCIDENCE; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; PURCHASING; SCRAPIE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SHEEP; UNITED KINGDOM; ANIMAL; CATTLE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRION; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; QUESTIONNAIRE;

ANIMALIA; OVIS ARIES;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOTYPE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; PRIONS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SCRAPIE; SHEEP, DOMESTIC;

EID: 58049202262     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003994     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Parry HB (1983) Scrapie disease in sheep: historical, clinical, epidemiological, pathological and practical aspects of the natural disease; Oppenheimer DR, ed. Oxford: Academic Press.
2. Woolhouse MEJ, Coen P, Matthews L, Foster JD, Elsen JM, et al. (2001) A Centuries-long epidemic of scrapie in British sheep? Trends Microbiol 9: 67-70.
3. Houston EF, Gravenor MB (2003) Clinical signs in sheep experimentally infected with scrapie and BSE. Vet Rec 152: 333-334.
4. Benestad SL, Sarradin P, Thu J, Schonheit J, Tranulis MA, et al. (2003) Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98. Vet Rec 153: 202-208.
5. Dawson M, Hoinville LJ, Hosie BD, Hunter N (1998) Guidance on the use of PrP genotyping as an aid to the control of clinical scrapie. Vet Rec 142: 623-625.
6. Baylis M, Chihota CM, Stevenson E, Goldmann W, Smith A, et al. (2004) Risk of scrapie in British sheep of different prion protein genotype. J Gen Virol 85: 2735-2740.
7. Goldmann W, Hunter N, Smith G, Foster J, Hope J (1994) PrP genotype and agent effects in scrapie: change in allelic interaction with different isolates of agent in sheep, a natural host of scrapie. J Gen Virol 75: 989-995.
8. Tongue SC, Pfeiffer DU, Warner R, Elliot H, del Rio Vilas V (2006) Estimation of the relative risk for developing clinical scrapie: the role of prion protein (PrP) genotype and selection bias. Vet Rec 158: 43-50.
9. Baylis M, Goldmann W, Houston F, Cairns D, Chong A, et al. (2002) Scrapie epidemic in a fully PrP-genotyped sheep flock. J Gen Virol 83: 2907-2914.
10. Baylis M, Houston F, Goldmann W, Hunter N, McLean AR (2000) The signature of scrapie: differences in the PrP genotype profile of scrapie-affected and scrapie-free UK sheep flocks. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci 267: 2029-2035.
11. McIntyre KM, Gubbins S, Goldmann W, Stevenson E, Baylis M (2006) The time-course of a scrapie outbreak. BMC Vet Res 2: 20.
12. Diaz C, Vitezica ZG, Rupp R, Andreletti O, Elsen JM (2005) Polygenic variation and transmission factors involved in the resistance/ susceptibility to scrapie in a Romanov flock. J Gen Virol 86: 849-857.
13. Elsen JM, Amigues Y, Schelcher F, Ducrocq V, Andreoletti O, et al. (1999) Genetic susceptibility and transmission factors in scrapie: detailed analysis of an epidemic in a closed flock of Romanov. Arch Virol 144: 431-445.
14. Foster JD, Dickinson AG (1989) Age at death from natural scrapie in a flock of Suffolk sheep. Vet Rec 125: 415-417.
15. Hunter N, Foster JD, Goldmann W, Stear MJ, Hope J, et al. (1996) Natural scrapie in a closed flock of Cheviot sheep occurs only in specific PrP genotypes. Arch Virol 141: 809-824.
16. Hunter N, Moore L, Hosie BD, Dingwall WS, Greig A (1997) Association between natural scrapie and PrP genotype in a flock of Suffolk sheep in Scotland. Vet Rec 140: 59-63.
17. Redman CA, Coen PG, Matthews L, Lewis RM, Dingwall WS, et al. (2002) Comparative epidemiology of scrapie outbreaks in individual sheep flocks. Epidemiol Infect 128: 513-521.
18. Anderson RM, May RM (1991) Infectious diseases of humans. Dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 757p.
19. Hagenaars TJ, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, Anderson RM (2003) Dynamics of a scrapie outbreak in a flock of Romanov sheep - estimation of transmission parameters. Epidemiol Infect 131: 1015-1022.
20. Hagenaars TJ, Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM (2001) Persistence patterns of scrapie in a sheep flock. Epidemiol Infect 127: 157-167.
21. del Rio Vilas VJ, Guitian J, Pfeiffer DU, Wilesmith JW (2006) Analysis of data from the passive surveillance of scrapie in Great Britain between 1993 and 2002. Vet Rec 159: 799-804.
22. Goldmann W, Baylis M, Chihota C, Stevenson E, Hunter N (2005) Frequencies of PrP gene haplotypes in British sheep flocks and the implications for breeding programmes. J Appl Microbiol 98: 1294-1302.
23. Gubbins S (2005) A modelling framework to describe the spread of scrapie between sheep flocks in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 67: 143-155.
24. Gubbins S, Roden JA (2006) Breeding programmes for TSE resistance in British sheep-II. Assessing the impact on the prevalence and incidence of scrapie. Prev Vet Med 73: 17-31.
25. Collett D (1994) Modelling survival data in medical research; Chatfield C, Zidek JV, eds. London: Chapman & Hall. 347p.
26. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry: principles and practice of statistics in biological research. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd. 859p.
27. Matthews L, Woolhouse MEJ, Hunter N (1999) The basic reproduction number for scrapie. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci 266: 1085-1090.
28. Woolhouse MEJ, Stringer SM, Matthews L, Hunter N, Anderson RM (1998) Epidemiology and control of scrapie within a sheep flock. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci 265: 1205-1210.
29. Hoinville LJ, Hoek A, Gravenor MB, McLean AR (2000) Descriptive epidemiology of scrapie in Great Britain: results of a postal survey. Vet Rec 146: 455-461.
30. Sivam K, Baylis M, Gravenor MB, Gubbins S (2006) Descriptive analysis of the results of an anonymous postal survey of the occurrence of scrapie in Great Britain in 2002. Vet Rec 158: 501-506.
31. Baylis M, Goldmann W (2004) The genetics of scrapie in sheep and goats. Curr Mol Med 4: 385-396.
32. Belt PBGM, Muileman IH, Schreuder BEC, Ruijter JB-d, Gielkens ALJ, et al. (1995) Identification of five allelic variants of the sheep PrP gene and their association with natural scrapie. J Gen Virol 76: 509-517.
33. Lühken G, Buschmann A, Groschup MH, Erhardt G (2004) Prion protein allele A(136)H(154)Q(171) is associated with high susceptibility to scrapie in purebred and crossbred German Merinoland sheep. Arch Virol 149: 1571-1580.
34. Moum T, Olsaker I, Hopp P, Moldal T, Valheim M, et al. (2005) Polymorphisms at codons 141 and 154 in the ovine prion protein gene are associated with scrapie Nor98 cases. J Gen Virol 86: 231-235.
35. Saunders GC, Cawthraw S, Mountjoy SJ, Hope J, Windl O (2006) PrP genotypes of atypical scrapie cases in Great Britain. J Gen Virol 87: 3141-3149.
36. Vaccari G, D'Agostino C, Nonno R, Rosone F, Conte M, et al. (2007) Prion protein alleles showing protective effect on the susceptibility of sheep to scrapie and BSE. J Virol 81: 7306-7309.
37. Goldmann W, Houston F, Stewart P, Perucchini M, Foster J, et al. (2006) Ovine prion protein variant A(136) R(154)L(168)Q(171) increases resistance to experimental challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. J Gen Virol 87: 3741-3745.
38. European Food Safety Authority (2005) Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on the request from the European Commission on classification of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) cases in small ruminants. The EFSA Journal 276: 1-30.
39. Touzeau S, Chase-Topping ME, Matthews L, Lajous D, Eychenne F, et al. (2006) Modelling the spread of scrapie in a sheep flock: evidence for increased transmission during lambing seasons. Arch Virol 151: 735-751.
40. Hunter N, Cairns D (1998) Scrapie-free Merino and Poll Dorset sheep from Australia and New Zealand have normal frequencies of scrapie-susceptible PrP genotypes. J Gen Virol 79: 2079-2082.
41. Healy AM, Morgan KL, Hannon D, Collins JD, Weavers E, et al. (2004) Postal questionnaire survey of scrapie in sheep flocks in Ireland. Vet Rec 155: 493-494.
42. Hopp P, Ulvund MJ, Jarp J (2001) A case-control study on scrapie in Norwegian sheep flocks. Prev Vet Med 51: 183-198.
43. McIntyre KM, Gubbins S, Sivam KS, Baylis M (2006) Flock-level risk factors for scrapie in Great Britain: analysis of a 2002 anonymous postal survey. BMC Vet Res 2: 25.
44. McLean AR, Hoek A, Hoinville LJ, Gravenor MB (1999) Scrapie transmission in Britain: a recipe for a mathematical model. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci 266: 2531-2538.