Preventive chemotherapy. Where has it got us? Where to go next?

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

Volumn 12, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 1352-1364

  Landry, J ^a   Menzies, Dick ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Drug treatment; Interferon gamma release assay; Latent infection; Tuberculin skin testing; Tuberculosis prevention

Indexed keywords

ETHAMBUTOL; GAMMA INTERFERON; ISONIAZID; LEVOFLOXACIN; PYRAZINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE; RIFAMPICIN;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL INTOLERANCE; HEALTH SERVICE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; LIVER TOXICITY; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RASH; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; TOXIC HEPATITIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; HUMANS; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 58049193575     PISSN: 10273719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Shabaro J A, Spinaci S. History of tuberculosis control. In: Reichman L B, Hershfield E S, eds. Tuberculosis. A comprehensive, international approach. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Informa Healthcare USA, 2006: p 487.
2. Brewer T F, Heymann S J. To control and beyond: moving towards eliminating the global tuberculosis threat. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 58: 822-825.
3. Long R, Ellis E, eds. Canadian tuberculosis standards. 6th ed. Ottawa, Canada: Ministry of Health, 2007.
4. Guelar A, Gatell J M, Verdejo J, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1993; 7: 1345-1349.
5. Antonucci G, Girardi E, Raviglione M C, Ippolito G. Risk factors for tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. A prospective cohort study. The Gruppo Italiano di Studio Tubercolosi e AIDS (GISTA). JAMA 1995; 274: 143-148.
6. Selwyn P A, Hartel D, Lewis V A, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 545-550.
7. Wood R, Maartens G, Lombard C J. Risk factors for developing tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected adults from communities with a low or very high incidence of tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 23: 75-80.
8. Aguado J M, Herrero J A, Gavalda J, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of tuberculosis in kidney, liver and heart transplant recipients in Spain. Spanish Transplantation Infection Study Group, GESITRA. Transplantation 1997; 63: 1278-1286.
9. Sakhuja V, Jha V, Varma P P, Joshi K, Chugh K S. The high incidence of tuberculosis among renal transplant recipients in India. Transplantation 1996; 27; 61: 211-215.
10. Hong Kong Chest Service/Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras/British Medical Research Council. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of three antituberculosis chemoprophylaxis regimens in patients with silicosis in Hong Kong. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 36-41.
11. Cowie R L. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1460-1462.
12. Andrew O T, Schoenfeld P Y, Hopewell P C, Humphreys M H. Tuberculosis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Med 1980; 68: 59-65.
13. Lundin A P, Adler A J, Berlyne G M, Friedman E A. Tuberculosis in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Med 1979; 67: 597-602.
14. Rieder H L, Cauthen G M, Comstock G W, Snider D E Jr. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States. Epidemiol Rev 1989; 11: 79-98.
15. Sutherland I. Recent studies in the epidemiology of tuberculosis, based on the risk of being infected with tubercle bacilli. Adv Tuberc Res 1976; 19: 1-63.
16. Grzybowski S, Fishaut H, Rowe J, Brown A. Tuberculosis among patients with various radiologic abnormalities, followed by the chest clinic service. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 104: 605-608.
17. Jick S S, Lieberman E S, Rahman M U, Choi H K. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 19-26.
18. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise R P, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1098-1104.
19. Boucot K R. Diabetes mellitus and pulmonary tuberculosis. J Chronic Dis 1957; 6: 256-279.
20. Kim S J, Hong Y P, Lew W J, Yang S C, Lee E G. Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among diabetics. Tubercle Lung Dis 1995; 76: 529-533.
21. Comstock G W. Frost revisited: the modern epidemiology of tuberculosis. Am J Epidemiol 1975; 101: 363-382.
22. Comstock G W, Livesay V T, Woolpert S F. The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99: 131-138.
23. Maurya V, Vijayan V K, Shah A. Smoking and tuberculosis: an association overlooked. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6: 942-951.
24. Horwitz O, Wilbek E, Erickson P A. Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication. 10. Longitudinal studies on the risk of tuberculosis in the general population of a low-prevalence area. Bull World Health Organ 1969; 41: 95-113.
25. Comstock G W, Edwards L B, Livesay V T. Tuberculosis morbidity in the US Navy: its distribution and decline. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 110: 572-580.
26. Jakubowiak W, Zwolska Z. Tuberculosis manual, National Tuberculosis Programme guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.
27. Wilkinson D, Squire S B, Garner P. Effect of preventive treatment for tuberculosis in adults infected with HIV: systematic review of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ 1998; 317: 625-629.
28. Menzies D. Interpretation of repeated tuberculin tests. Boosting, conversion, and reversion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 15-21.
29. Farhat M, Greenaway C, Pai M, Menzies D. False-positive tuberculin skin tests: what is the absolute effect of BCG and non-tuberculous mycobacteria? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10: 1192-1204.
30. Menzies D, Gardiner G, Farhat M, Greenaway C, Pai M. Thinking in three dimensions: a web-based algorithm to aid the interpretation of tuberculin skin test results. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12: 498-505.
31. Andersen P, Munk M E, Pollock J M, Doherty T M. Specific immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis. Lancet 2000; 356: 1099-1104.
32. Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G. Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 340-354.
33. Brock I M M, Kok-Jensen A, Andersen P. Performance of whole blood IFN-gamma test for tuberculosis diagnosis based on PPD or the specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5: 462-467.
34. Mori T S M, Yamagishi F, et al. Specific detection of tuberculosis infection: an interferon-gamma-based assay using new antigens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 59-64.
35. Ravn P, Monk M E, Andersen A B, et al. Prospective evaluation of a whole-blood test using Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12: 491-496.
36. Brock I, Weldingh K, Lillebaek T, Follmann F, Andersen P. Comparison of tuberculin skin test and new specific blood test in tuberculosis contacts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 65-69.
37. Kang Y A, Lee H W, Yoon H I, et al. Discrepancy between the tuberculin skin test and the whole-blood interferon gamma assay for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in an intermediate tuberculosis-burden country. JAMA 2005; 293: 2756-2761.
38. Taggart E W, Hill H R, Ruegner R G, Litwin C M. Evaluation of an in vitro assay for interferon gamma production in response to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-synthesized peptide antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 and the PPD skin test. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 125: 467-473.
39. Lee J Y, Choi H J, Park I N, et al. Comparison of two commercial interferon-gamma assays for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur Respir J 2006; 28: 24-30.
40. Kobashi Y, Obase Y, Fukuda M, Yoshida K, Miyashita N, Oka M. Clinical reevaluation of the QuantiFERON TB-2G test as a diagnostic method for differentiating active tuberculosis from nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 1540-1546.
41. Palazzo R, Spensieri F, Massari M, et al. Use of whole-blood samples in in-house bulk and single cell antigen-specific gamma interferon assays for surveillance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008; 15: 327-337.
42. Bua A, Molicotti P, Delogu G, et al. QuantiFERON TB Gold: a new method for latent tuberculosis infection. New Microbiol 2007; 30: 477-480.
43. Mazurek G H, Zajdowicz M, Hankinson A L, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in United States Navy recruits using the tuberculin skin test or whole-blood interferon-gamma release assays. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 826-836.
44. Franken W P, Timmermans J F, Prins C, et al. Comparison of Mantoux and QuantiFERON TB Gold tests for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in army personnel. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14: 477-180.
45. Soborg B, Andersen A B, Larsen H K, et al. Detecting a low prevalence of latent tuberculosis among health care workers in Denmark detected by M. tuberculosis specific IFN-gamma whole-blood test. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39: 554-559.
46. Detjen A K, Keil T, Roll S, et al. Interferon-gamma release assays improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children in a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 322-328.
47. Lalvani A, Nagvenkar P, Udwadia Z, et al. Enumeration of T cells specific for RD1-encoded antigens suggests a high prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthy urban Indians. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 469-177.
48. Pathan A A, Wilkinson K A, Klenerman P, et al. Direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific IFN-gamma-secreting CD4 T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected individuals: associations with clinical disease state and effect of treatment. J Immunol 2001; 167: 5217-5225.
49. Lalvani A, Pathan A A, McShane H, et al. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by enumeration of antigen-specific T cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 824-828.
50. Chapman A L, Munkanta M, Wilkinson K A, et al. Rapid detection of active and latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-positive individuals by enumeration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis- specific T cells. AIDS 2002; 16: 2285-2293.
51. Reider H L. Interventions for tuberculosis control and elimination. Paris, France: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2002.
52. Ferebee S H, Mount F W, Anastasiades A A. Prophylactic effects of INH on primary tuberculosis in children. Am Rev TB Pulm Dis 1957; 76: 942-963.
53. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Efficacy of various durations of INH preventive therapy for TB: 5 years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ 1982; 60: 555-564.
54. Comstock G W. How much isoniazid is needed for prevention of tuberculosis among immunocompetent adults? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3: 847-850.
55. Ungo J R, Jones D, Ashkin D, et al. Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The role of hepatitis C virus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1871-1876.
56. Nolan C M, Goldberg S V, Buskin S E. Hepatotoxicity associated with isoniazid preventive therapy: a 7-year survey from a public health tuberculosis clinic. JAMA 1999: 1014-1018.
57. American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161 (Suppl): S221-S247.
58. Gordin F, Chaisson R E, Matts J P, et al. Rifampin and pyrazinamide vs. isoniazid for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: an international randomized trial. JAMA 2000; 283: 1445-1450.
59. Halsey N A, Coberly J S, Desormeaux J, et al. Randomised trial of isoniazid versus rifampicin and pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1998; 351: 786-792.
60. American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: adverse event data and revised ATS/CDC recommendations against the use of rifampin and pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. MMWR 2003; 52: 735-759.
61. Stout J E, Engemann J J, Cheng A C, Fortenberry E R, Hamilton C D. Safety of 2 months of rifampin and pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 824-827.
62. Gao X F, Wang L, Liu G J, et al. Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide versus isoniazid for treating latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10: 1080-1090.
63. Reichman L B, Lardizabal A, Hayden C H. Considering the role of four months of rifampin in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 832-835.
64. Villarino M E, Ridzon R, Weismuller P C, et al. Rifampin preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection: experience with 157 adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1735-1738.
65. Page K R, Sifakis F, Montes de Oca R, et al. Improved adherence and less toxicity with rifampin vs isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis: a retrospective study. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1863-1870.
66. Lardizabal A, Passannante M, Kojakali F, Hayden C, Reichman L B. Enhancement of treatment completion for latent tuberculosis infection with 4 months of rifampin. Chest 2006; 130: 1712-1717.
67. Ena J, Valls V. Short-course therapy with rifampin plus isoniazid, compared with standard therapy with isoniazid, for latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 670-676.
68. Ferebee S H. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis. A general review. Bibl Tuberc 1970; 26: 28-106.
69. Jasmer R M, Saukkonen J J, Blumberg H M, et al. Short-course rifampin and pyrazinamide compared with isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection: a multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 640-647.
70. McNeill L, Allen M, Estrada C, Cook P. Pyrazinamide and rifampin vs isoniazid for the treatment of latent tuberculosis: improved completion rates but more hepatotoxicity. Chest 2003; 123: 102-106.
71. Priest D H, Vossel L F Jr, Sherfy E A, Hoy D P, Haley C A. Use of intermittent rifampin and pyrazinamide therapy for latent tuberculosis infection in a targeted tuberculin testing program. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1764-1771.
72. Tortajada C, Martinez-Lacasa J, Sanchez F, et al. Is the combination of pyrazinamide plus rifampicin safe for treating latent tuberculosis infection in persons not infected by the human immunodeficiency virus? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9: 276-281.
73. British Thoracic Society. A controlled trial of 6 months' chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Final report: results during the 36 months after the end of chemotherapy and beyond. Br J Dis Chest 1984; 78: 330-336.
74. Bock N N, Rogers T, Tapia J R, Herron G D, DeVoe B, Geiter L J. Acceptability of short-course rifampin and pyrazinamide treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among jail inmates. Chest 2001; 119: 833-837.
75. Lee A M, Mennone J Z, Jones R C, Paul W S. Risk factors for hepatotoxicity associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: experience from three public health tuberculosis clinics. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6: 995-1000.
76. Leung C C, Law W S, Chang K C, et al. Initial experience on rifampin and pyrazinamide vs isoniazid in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among patients with silicosis in Hong Kong. Chest 2003; 124: 2112-2118.
77. Lobato M N, Reves R R, Jasmer R M, Grabau J C, Bock N N, Shang N. Adverse events and treatment completion for latent tuberculosis in jail inmates and homeless persons. Chest 2005; 127: 1296-1303.
78. Combs D L, O'Brien R J, Geiter L J. US Public Health Service Tuberculosis Short-Course Chemotherapy Trial 21: effectiveness, toxicity, and acceptability. The report of final results. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 397-406.
79. Fraser A, Paul M, Attamna A, Leibovici L. Drugs for preventing tuberculosis in people at risk of multiple-drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD005435.
80. Papastavros T, Dolovich L R, Holbrook A, Whitehead L, Loeb M. Adverse events associated with pyrazinamide and levofloxacin in the treatment of latent multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. CMAJ 2002; 167: 131-136.
81. Younossian A B, Rochat T, Ketterer J P, Wacker J, Janssens J P. High hepatotoxicity of pyrazinamide and ethambutol for treatment of latent tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 462-464.
82. Seaworth B J. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2002; 16: 73-105.
83. Heymann S J. Modelling the efficacy of prophylactic and curative therapies for preventing the spread of tuberculosis in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87: 406-411.
84. Brewer T F, Heymann S J, Colditz G A, et al. Evaluation of tuberculosis control policies using computer simulation. JAMA 1996; 276: 1898-1903.
85. Blum R N, Polish L B, Tapy J M, Catlin B J, Cohn D L. Results of screening for tuberculosis in foreign-born persons applying for adjustment of immigration status. Chest 1993; 103: 1670-1674.
86. Adhikari N, Menzies R. Community-based tuberculin screening in Montreal: a cost-outcome description. Am J Public Health 1995; 85: 786-790.
87. Yuan L, Richardson E, Kendall P R W. Evaluation of a tuberculosis screening program for high-risk students in Toronto schools. CMAJ 1995; 153: 925-932.
88. Aisu T, Raviglione M, van Praag E, et al. Preventative chemotherapy for HIV-associated tuberculosis in Uganda: an operational assessment at a voluntary counselling and testing centre. AIDS 1995; 9: 267-273.
89. Dasgupta K, Menzies D. Cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis control strategies among immigrants and refugees. Eur Respir J 2005; 25: 1107-1116.
90. Jereb J, Etkind S C, Joglar O T, Moore M, Taylor Z. Tuberculosis contact investigations: outcomes in selected areas of the United States. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003; 7: S384-S390.
91. Onofre Moran-Mendoza A. The value of the tuberculin skin test size in predicting the development of tuberculosis in contacts of active cases. Vancouver, BC, Canada: University of British Columbia, 2004.
92. Lauzardo M. LTBI treatment completion rates in Florida in 2001-2002 (unpublished report). Tallahassee, FL, USA: Florida State Health Department, 2004.
93. British Columbia Center for Disease Control. Annual report 2002 tuberculosis control. Vancouver, BC, Canada: BCCDC, 2003.
94. Fleiss J L, Davies M. Jackknifing functions in multinomial frequencies, with an application to a measure of concordance. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 115: 841-845.
95. Pai M, Kalantri S, Dheda K. New tools and emerging technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: part I. Latent tuberculosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2006; 6: 413-422.
96. Cynamon M, Sklaney M R, Shoen C. Gatifloxacin in combination with rifampicin in a murine tuberculosis model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60: 429-432.
97. Heifets L, Simon J, Pham V. Capreomycin is active against non-replicating M. tuberculosis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2005; 4: 6.
98. Cardona P J. RUTI: a new chance to shorten the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2006; 86: 273-289.
99. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-Fast Asia. Operational research priorities. New Delhi, India: WHO, 2006. http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section10/Section2097/Section2106_10683.htm Accessed September 2008.