Getting rich and staying connected: The organizational medium of Chinese capitalists

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 18, Issue 58, 2009, Pages 47-67

  Chung, Wai Keung ^a   Hamilton, Gary G ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT; CAPITALISM; CORPORATE STRATEGY; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

EID: 57649150073     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670560802431552     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Gary G. Hamilton, Commerce and Capitalism in Chinese Societies (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 1.
2. Gary G. Hamilton and Nicole Woolsey Biggart, 'Market, culture, and authority: A comparative analysis of management and organization in the Far East', American Journal of Sociology, Special Issue on Economic Sociology 94, (July 1988), pp. S52-S94.
3. Wai-keung Chung, 'Westernization of business organizations in Japan and China. Continuity and change', in Rein Raud, ed., Japan and Asian Modernities (London: Kegan Paul, 2007)
4. Michael Gerlach, Alliance Capitalism: The Strategic Organization of Japanese Business (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)
5. James R. Lincoln and Michael L. Gerlach, Japan's Network Economy: Structure, Persistence, and Change (London: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
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8. Meredith Woo-Cumings (Woo, Jung-en), Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991)
9. Meredith Woo-Cumings, The Developmental State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999)
10. Robert. C. Feenstra and Gary G. Hamilton, Emergent Economies, Divergent Paths: Economic Organization and International Trade in South Korea and Taiwan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
11. Nicole Woolsey Biggart, 'Institutionalized patrimonialism in Korean business', Comparative Social Research 12, (1990), pp. 113-133
12. Eun Mie Lim, Big Horses Don't Die: The Chaebol Dominance in the Course of Korean Industrialization, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 2002.
13. Gary G. Hamilton, ed., Business Networks and Economics Development in East and Southeast Asia (Hong Kong: Center of Asian Studies, 1991)
14. Hamilton, Commerce and Capitalism in Chinese Societies
15. Henry Wai-chung Yeung, 'Business networks and transnational corporations: A study of Hong Kong firms in the ASEAN region', Economic Geography 73, (1997), pp. 1-25
16. Henry Wai-chung Yeung, 'The internationalization of ethnic Chinese business firms from Southeast Asia: Strategies, processes, and competitive advantage', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23, (1999), pp. 103-127
17. Henry Wai-chung Yeung, Chinese Capitalism in a Global Era: Towards Hybrid Capitalism (London: Routledge, 2004).
18. Feenstra and Hamilton, Emergent Economies, Divergent Paths.
19. These elites have been the subject of popular writers, most notably Sterling Seagrave, Lords of the Rim: The Invisible Empire of the Overseas Chinese (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995)
20. and Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor (London: Mandarin Paperbacks, 1991), as well as many academic writers.
21. Far Eastern Economic Review, (30 October 1986), pp. 62-63.
22. See for example Akira Suehiro, Capital Accumulation in Thailand, 1855-1985 (Tokyo: The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, 1989)
23. Akira Suehiro, 'Modern family business and corporate capability in Thailand: A case study of the CP Group', Japanese Yearbook on Business History 14, (1997), pp. 31-58
24. Hamilton, ed., Business Networks and Economics Development in East and Southeast Asia
25. S. Gordon Redding, The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1990)
26. Ruth McVey, ed., Southeast Asian Capitalist (Ithaca: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1992)
27. East Asian Analytical Unit, Overseas Chinese Business Networks in Asia (Australia: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1995)
28. Henry Wai-chung Yeung and K. Olds, eds, The Globalisation of Chinese Business Firms (London: Macmillan, 1999)
29. Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown, Chinese Big Business and the Wealth of Asian Nations (New York: Palgrave, 2000)
30. Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown, 'Capital structure puzzle: The Hong Leong Group in Malaysia', in Wong Siu-lun, ed., Chinese and Indian Diasporas: Comparative Perspectives (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 2004), pp. 95-138.
31. S. Gordon Redding, 'Overseas Chinese networks: Understanding the enigma', Long Range Planning 28, (1995), pp. 61-69.
32. Robert Kuok is listed by name, but Li Ka-shing, on the Forbes's list as the 10th wealthiest person in the world, is listed by his lead company, Cheung Kong.
33. Nathaniel Leff, 'Capital markets in the less developed countries: The group principle', in Ronald I. McKinnon, ed., Money and Finance in Economic Growth and Development: Essays in Honor of Edward S. Shaw (New York: Dekker, 1977), pp. 97-122
34. Nathaniel Leff, 'Industrial organization and entrepreneurship in the developing countries: The economic groups', Economic Development and Cultural Change 26, (1978), pp. 661-675
35. Tarun Khanna, 'Business groups and social welfare in emerging markets: existing evidence and unanswered questions', European Economic Review 44, (2000), pp. 748-761
36. Tarun Khanna and Krishna Palepu, 'Is group affiliation profitable in emerging markets: An analysis of Indian diversified business groups', Journal of Finance 55, (2000), pp. 867-891
37. Tarun Khanna and Krishna Palepu, 'Emerging market business groups, foreign investors and corporate governance', in Randall Morck, ed., Concentrated Corporate Ownership (Chicago: University of Chicago Press and NBER, 2000), pp. 265-294
38. Tarun Khanna and Krishna Palepu, 'The future of business groups in emerging markets: Long run evidence from Chile', Academy of Management Journal 43, (2000), pp. 268-285.
39. For a critical analysis of this interpretation, see Feenstra and Hamilton, Emergent Economies, Divergent Paths.
40. Hamilton, Commerce and Capitalism in Chinese Societies, pp. 201-219.
41. Kunio Yoshihara, The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South-east Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)
42. S. Gordon Redding, 'What is Chinese about Chinese family business? And how much is family and how much is business?', in Yeung and Olds, eds, The Globalisation of Chinese Business Firms, pp. 31-54.
43. Mark Granovetter, 'Economic action and social structure', American Journal of Sociology 91, (1985), pp. 481-510
44. Richard D. Whitley, Business Systems in East Asia (London: Sage, 1992)
45. Richard D. Whitley, Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
46. J. R. Hollingsworth and Robert Boyer, eds, Contemporary Capitalism. The Embeddedness of Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
47. Mark Granovetter, 'Business groups', in Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg, eds, Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 453-475
48. Mark Granovetter, 'Business groups and social organization', in Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg, eds, Handbook of Economic Sociology, 2nd edn (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), pp. 429-450
49. Hamilton and Woolsey Biggart, 'Market, culture, and authority'
50. Feenstra and Hamilton, Emergent Economies, Divergent Paths.
51. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982)
52. Bruce Cumings, 'The origins and development of the Northeast Asian political economy: Industrial sectors, product cycles, and political consequences', International Organizations 38, (1984), pp. 1-40
53. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)
54. Woo-Cumings, Race to the Swift
55. Woo-Cumings, The Developmental State
56. Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995)
57. Atul Kohli, State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
58. See for example Madeleine Zelin, The Merchants of Zigong: Industrial Entrepreneurship in Early Modern China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005).
59. See Hamilton, Commerce and Capitalism in Chinese Societies, pp. 50-74 for an analysis of the relation between regional identities and the boundaries of merchant organizations.
60. Andrea McElderry, 'Guarantors and guarantees in Qing government-business relations', in Jane Kate Leonard and John R. Watt, eds, To Achieve Security and Wealth. The Qing Imperial State and the Economy, 1644-1911 Ithaca, NY: Cornell University East Asian Program), pp. 119-138.
61. Susan Mann, Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), p. 13.
62. Hepin Yu, Chambers of Commerce and the Early Modernization of China (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1993)
63. Hamilton, Commerce and Capitalism in Chinese Societies, pp. 56-70, 95-126.
64. Sybille van der Sprenkel, 'Urban social control', in G. William Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), pp. 609-632.
65. William T. Rowe, Hankow. Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889 (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
66. Wai-keung Chung, The Emergence of Corporate Forms in China, 1872-1949: An Analysis on Institutional Transformation, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 2004
67. Wai-keung Chung, 'Western corporate forms and the social origin of Chinese diaspora entrepreneurial networks', in Ioanna Minoglou et al. eds, Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks (Oxford: Berg Publisher, 2005), pp. 287-311.
68. Hosea B. Morse, The Gilds of China (London: Longmans, Green and Co, 1909), pp. 143-169.
69. SusanMann (SusanMann Jones), 'Finance in Ningpo: The "Ch'ien Chuang", 1750-1880', inW. E.Willmott, ed., Economic Organization in Chinese Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), pp. 47-78.
70. People's Bank of China, Shanghai Branch, Shanghai Qianchuan Shiliao [Historical Materials on Shanghai Native Banks] (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1960).
71. Ibid., pp. 264-268.
72. Mark Granovetter, 'The strength of weak ties', American Journal of Sociology 78, (1973), pp. 1360-1380.
73. 'Shenbao persuades the Chinese to joint stock', Shenbao, (13 June 1882).
74. See also Shenbao (20 June 1882; 31 August 1883).
75. William. C. Kirby, 'China unincorporated: Company law and business enterprise in twentieth-century China', The Journal of Asian Studies 54, (1995), pp. 43-63.
76. D. Eleanor Westney, Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
77. Preliminary analysis can be found in Gary G. Hamilton and Wai-Keung Chung, 'The organization of Chinese businesses in Hong Kong during the 1940s', paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Asian Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 11-14 April 1996
78. Wai-Keung Chung, The Emergence of Corporate Forms in China, 1872-1949
79. Hong Kong Record Series, HKRS122, Files and Papers of Companies Incorporated during the Japanese Occupation, 1943-44 (Hong Kong: Public Records Office, Government Records Service), available at: http://www.grs.gov.hk/PRO/srch/english/show_detail.jsp?recordkey= 12028&source=Y&srchscreen=sys_all&version=internet (accessed 15 September 2007). Thanks to Dr Elizabeth Sinn at the University of Hong Kong for bringing this archive to our attention.
80. Gilbert Wong, 'Business groups in a dynamic environment: Hong Kong 1976-1986', in Hamilton, ed., Business Networks and Economics Development in East and Southeast Asia, pp. 126-154.
81. Reinier Kraakman, 'The durability of the corporate form', in Paul DiMaggio, ed., The Twenty-First-Century Firm: Changing Economic Organizational Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 147-160.
82. Westney, Imitation and Innovation.
83. Stijn Claessens, Simeon Djankov and Larry H. P. Lang, 'The separation of ownership and control in East Asian corporations', Journal of Financial Economics 58, (2000), pp. 81-112.
84. Adolph Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (New York: MacMillan, 1932)
85. William J. Baumol, Business Behavior, Value and Growth (New York: MacMillan, 1959)
86. Michael Jensen and William Meckling, 'Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure', Journal of Financial Economics 3, (1976), pp. 305-360.
87. Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny, 'Law and finance', Journal of Political Economy 106, (1998), pp. 1113-1155
88. Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer, 'Corporate ownership around the world', Journal of Finance 54, (1999), pp. 471-518.
89. Claessens et al., 'The separation of ownership and control in East Asian corporations', p. 82.
90. Ibid., p. 110.
91. Kraakman, 'The durability of the corporate form', pp. 147-160.
92. La Porta et al., 'Law and finance', pp. 1113-1155
93. La Porta et al., 'Corporate ownership around the world', pp. 471-518.