Lower levels of HIV-2 than HIV-1 in the female genital tract: correlates and longitudinal assessment of viral shedding

AIDS

Volumn 22, Issue 18, 2008, Pages 2517-2525

  Hawes, Stephen E ^a,e   Sow, Papa Salif ^d   Stern, Joshua E ^c   Critchlow, Cathy W ^a   Gottlieb, Geoffrey S ^b   Kiviat, Nancy B ^b,c  

^a Department of Epidemiology

^b Department of Medicine ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITÉ CHEIKH ANTA DIOP   (Senegal)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Cervix; HIV 1; HIV 2; Senegal; Vagina; Virus shedding; Women

Indexed keywords

VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA;

ADULT; ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SENEGAL; UTERINE CERVIX CYTOLOGY; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS SHEDDING; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TYPING;

ADULT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DNA, VIRAL; FEMALE; GENITALIA, FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HIV-2; HUMANS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; RNA, VIRAL; SENEGAL; VIRAL LOAD; VIRUS SHEDDING;

EID: 57349170734     PISSN: 02699370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328315cdbc     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. De Cock KM, Adjorlolo G, Ekpini E, Sibailly T, Kouadio J, Maran M, et al. Epidemiology and transmission of HIV-2. Why there is no HIV-2 pandemic. JAMA 1993;270:2083-2086.
2. Gilbert PB, McKeague IW, Eisen G, Mullins C, Gueye NA, Mboup S, Kanki PJ. Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in Senegal. Stat Med 2003;22:573-593.
3. Clemetson DB, Moss GB, Willerford DM, Hensel M, Emonyi W, Holmes KK, et al. Detection of HIV DNA in cervical and vaginal secretions. Prevalence and correlates among women in Nairobi, Kenya. JAMA 1993;269:2860-2864.
4. Mostad SB, Overbaugh J, DeVange DM, Welch MJ, Chohan B, Mandaliya K, et al. Hormonal contraception, vitamin A deficiency and other risk factors for shedding of HIV-1 infected cells from the cervix and vagina. Lancet 1997;350:922-927.
5. Goulston C, McFarland W, Katzenstein D. Human immunodeficiency virus type T UNA shedding in the female genital tract. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1100-1103.
6. Kovacs A, Wasserman SS, Burns D, Wright DJ, Cohn J, Landay A, et al. Determinants of HIV-1 shedding in the genital tract of women. Lancet 2001;358:1593-1601.
7. Chakraborty H, Sen PK, Helms RW, Vernazza PL, Fiscus SA, Eron JJ, et al. Viral burden in genital secretions determines male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV-1: a probabilistic empiric model. AIDS 2001;15:621-627.
8. Baeten JM, Overbaugh J. Measuring the infectiousness of persons with HIV-1: opportunities for preventing sexual HIV-1 transmission. Curr HIV Res 2003;1:69-86.
9. Pilcher CD, Joaki G, Hoffman IF, Martinson FE, Mapanje C, Stewart PW, et al. Amplified transmission of HIV-1: comparison of HIV-1 concentrations in semen and blood during acute and chronic infection. AIDS 2007;21:1723-1730.
10. Critchlow CW, Kiviat NB. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 in the female genital tract: implications for the understanding of virus transmission. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1997;52:315-324.
11. Ghys PD, Fransen K, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V, Coulibaly IM, Yeboue KM, et al. The associations between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire. AIDS 1997;11:F85-F93.
12. Seck K, Samb N, Tempesta S, Mulanga-Kabeya C, Henzel D, Sow PS, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of cervicovaginal HIV shedding among HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected women in Dakar, Senegal. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:190-193.
13. Simon F, Matheron S, Tamalet C, Loussert-Ajaka I, Bartczak S, Pepin JM, et al. Cellular and plasma viral load in patients infected with HIV-2. AIDS 1993;7:1411-1417.
14. Popper SJ, Sarr AD, Travers KU, Gueye-Ndiaye A, Mboup S, Essex ME, Kanki PJ. Lower human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 viral load reflects the difference in pathogenicity of HIV-1 and HIV-2. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1116-1121.
15. Gottlieb GS, Sow PS, Hawes SE, Ndoye I, Redman M, Coll-Seck AM, et al. Equal plasma viral loads predict a similar rate of CD4+ T cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1- and HIV-2-infected individuals from Senegal, West Africa. J Infect Dis 2002;185:905-914.
16. Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;342:921-929.
17. Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Li X, Laeyendecker O, et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis 2005;191:1403-1409.
18. Cowan FF, Pascoe SJ, Barlow KL, Langhaug LF, Jaffar S, Hargrove JW, et al. Association of genital shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV-1 among sex workers in rural Zimbabwe. AIDS 2006;20:261- 267.
19. McClelland RS, Baeten JM, Richardson BA, Lavreys L, Emery S, Mandaliya K, et al. A comparison of genital HIV-1 shedding and sexual risk behavior among Kenyan women based on eligibility for initiation of HAART according to WHO guidelines. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;41:611-615.
20. Coleman JS, Hitti J, Bukusi EA, Mwachari C, Muliro A, Nguti R, et al. Infectious correlates of HIV-1 shedding in the female upper and lower genital tracts. AIDS 2007;21:755-759.
21. Gottlieb GS, Hawes SE, Agne HD, Stern JE, Critchlow CW, Kiviat NB, Sow PS. Lower levels of HIV RNA in semen in HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 infection: implications for differences in transmission. AIDS 2006;20:895-900.
22. Hawes SE, Critchlow CW, Sow PS, Toure P, N'Doye I, Diop A, et al. Incident high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in Senegalese women with and without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:100-109.
23. Andersson S, Norrgren H, da Silva Z, Biague A, Bamba S, Kwok S, et al. Plasma viral load in HIV-1 and HIV-2 singly and dually infected individuals in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: significantly lower plasma virus set point in HIV-2 infection than in HIV-1 infection. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3286-3293.
24. Zeger SL, Liang KY, Albert PS. Models for longitudinal data: a generalized estimating equation approach. Biometrics 1988;44:1049-1060.
25. Coombs RW, Wright DJ, Reichelderfer PS, Bums DN, Cohn J, Cu-Uvin S, et al. Variation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral RNA levels in the female genital tract: implications for applying measurements to individual women. J Infect Dis 2001;184:1187-1191.
26. Debiaggi M, Zara F, Spinillo A, De Santolo A, Maserati R, Bruno R, et al. Viral excretion in cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-1-infected women receiving antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20:91-96.
27. Cu-Uvin S, Caliendo AM, Reinert S, Chang A, Juliano-Remollino C, Flanigan TP, et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA. AIDS 2000;14:415-421.
28. Graham SM, Holte SE, Peshu NM, Richardson BA, Panteleeff DD, Jaoko WG, et al. initiation of antiretroviral therapy leads to a rapid decline in cervical and vaginal HIV-1 shedding. AIDS 2007;21:501-507.
29. Ellerbrock TV, Lennox JL, Clancy KA, Schinazi RF, Wright TC, Pratt-Palmore M, et al. Cellular replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 occurs in vaginal secretions. J Infect Dis 2001;184:28-36.
30. Tevi-Benissan C, Belec L, Levy M, Schneider-Fauveau V, Si Mohamed A, Hallouin MC, et al. In vivo semen-associated pH neutralization of cervicovaginal secretions. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997;4:367-374.
31. Hashemi FB, Mollenhauer J, Madsen LD, Sha BE, Nacken W, Moyer MB, et al. Myeloid-related protein (MRP)-8 from cervico-vaginal secretions activates HIV replication. AIDS 2001;15:441-449.
32. Mostad SB, Jackson S, Overbaugh J, Reilly M, Chohan B, Mandaliya K, et al. Cervical and vaginal shedding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells throughout the menstrual cycle. J Infect Dis 1998;178:983-991.
33. Money DM, Arikan YY, Remple V, Sherlock C, Craib K, Birch P, Burdge DR. Genital tract and plasma human immunodeficiency virus viral load throughout the menstrual cycle in women who are infected with ovulatory human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:122-128.
34. Villanueva JM, Ellerbrock TV, Lennox JL, Bush TJ, Wright TC, Pratt-Palmore M, et al. The menstrual cycle does not affect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 levels in vaginal secretions. J Infect Dis 2002;185:170-177.
35. Benki S, Mostad SB, Richardson BA, Mandaliya K, Kreiss JK, Overbaugh J. Cyclic shedding of HIV-1 RNA in cervical secretions during the menstrual cycle. J Infect Dis 2004;189:2192-2201.