When does participatory democracy deepen the quality of democracy? lessons from Brazil

Comparative Politics

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2008, Pages

  Wampler, Brian ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57049107403     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5129/001041508x12911362383679     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (London: Verso, 2005).
2. Patrick Heller, "Degrees of Democracy: Some Comparative Lessons from India," World Politics, 52 (Fall 2000), 484-519.
3. Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright, Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance (London: Verso, 2003).
4. Rebecca Abers, Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil (Boulder: Westview, 2000).
5. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).
6. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).
7. William R. Nylen, "Testing the Empowerment Thesis: The Participatory Budget in Belo Horizonte and Betim, Brazil," Comparative Politics, 34 (2002), 127-5.
8. Adelmir Marquetti, "Democracia, Equidade e Effciencia, o Caso do Orçamento Participativo em Porto Alegre," in Leonardo Avritzer and Zander Navarro, eds., A Inovaçāo Democrática no Brasil: O Orçamento Participativo (Sāo Paulo: Cortez Editores, 2003).
9. Baoicchi; Patrick Heller, "Moving the State: The Politics of Democratic Decentralization in Kerala, South Africa, and Porto Alegre," Politics and Society, 29 (Winter 2001), 131-64.
10. Brian Wampler and Leonardo Avritzer, "Participatory Publics: Civil Society and New Institutions in Democratic Brazil," Comparative Politics, 36 (2004), 291-312 .
11. Abers; Baoicchi; Marquetti; Luciano Fedozzi, Orçamento Participativo: Reflexd̄es Sobre a Experiēncia de Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre: Tomo Editorial, 1998); There is a growing number of studies that include multiple cases. See Nylen, "Testing the Empowerment Thesis".
12. Wampler and Avritzer; Avritzer and Navarro; Heller "Moving the State"; Benjamin Goldfrank, "The Politics of Deepening Local Democracy: Decentralization, Party Institutionalization, and Participation," Comparative Politics, 39 (January 2007), 147-68.
13. Henry Brady and David Collier, Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004).
14. Kenneth Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 30.
15. Ibid., p. 4.
16. Park: Pennsylvania State Press, 2007). For an in-depth analysis of the survey results, see also Brian Wampler, "Establishing Pluralism in New Democracies: Participatory Democracy in Brazil," Studies in Comparative International Development, 41 (Winter 2007), 57-79.
17. Alfred P. Montero, "Devolving Democracy? Political Decentralization and the New Brazilian Federalism," in Peter R. Kingstone and Timothy J. Power, eds., Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions, and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
18. Cláudio Gonçalves Couto and Fernando Luiz Abrucio, "Governando a Cidade? A Força e a Fraqueza da Câmara Municipal," Sāo Paulo em Perspectiva, 9 (1995), 57-65.
19. Abers; Avritzer; Fedozzi.
20. Avritzer; Victor Nunes Leal, Coronelismo, Enxada e Voto: O Municipio e o Regime Representative no Brasil, 3rd ed. (Sāo Paulo: Editora Nova Fronteira, 1997).
21. Baiocchi; Nylen "Testing the Empowerment Thesis"; Wampler, "Establishing Pluralism in New Democracies.".
22. Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 262.
23. Ibid.
24. See Abers; Fedozzi; Wampler and Avritzer.
25. See Abers.
26. William R. Nylen, Participatory Democracy versus Elitist Democracy: Lessons from Brazil (New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2003).
27. Wampler and Avritzer.
28. Baiocchi.
29. Goldfrank.
30. Leal.
31. Fedozzi; Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, ch. 2.
32. According to Brazilian law, no "new capital spending" projects (focus of most participatory budgeting programs) included in the budget have to be implemented; they are legally classified as discretionary funding. Federal law 4.320. April 3, 1964.
33. For a detailed discussion of participatory publics, see Avritzer; Wampler and Avritzer.
34. Renta Villas Boas and Vera Telles, Poder Local, Participaç āo Popular, Construçāo da Cidadania (Sāo Paulo: Fórum Nacional de Participaçāo Popular nas Administraçōes Municipals, 1995).
35. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
36. Evelina Dagnino, "The Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Democracy and the State," in Sonia E. Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar, eds., Cultures of Politics/Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998).
37. Dagnino.
38. For an in-depth analysis of all five factors in eight participatory budgeting cases, see Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil.
39. See ibid., ch. 8, for a more complete explanation.
40. See ibid., ch. 7, for an analysis of Belo Horizonte, and ch. 5, for an analysis of Rio Claro.
41. Couto and Abrucio; Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, ch. 2.
42. George Tsebelis, "Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism, and Multipartyism," British Journal of Political Science, 25 (Fall 1995), 289-325.
43. Nylen, Participatory Democracy versus Elitist Democracy.
44. See Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil.
45. See Wampler, "Establishing Pluralism in New Democracies," for an analysis of the survey data. The survey was conducted by the Instituto Ethos between November 25 and December 10, 2003, in eight municipalities. This survey is a representative sample rather than a random survey of participatory budgeting delegates. The distribution among the different municipalities was Porto Alegre, 60; Ipatinga, 60; Belo Horizonte, 60; Santo Andre, 60; Sāo Paulo, 300; Recife, 60; Blumenau, 60; and Rio Claro, 30. In order to generate an appropriate telephone list of current delegates, the author contacted each municipal government to obtain the names and telephone numbers of individuals who were serving as participatory budgeting delegates in 2003. Individuals were then randomly selected.
46. For a full discussion of all eight municipalities, see Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil.
47. Roberts.
48. Abers; Baoicchi; Fedozzi; Goldfrank.
49. Abers; Baierle; Fedozzi.
50. "Número de participantes: Plenarias regionais do Orçamento Participativo" (Municipal Government of Porto Alegre, 2004).
51. Abers; Baiocchi.
52. Fedozzi; Abers.
53. See Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, ch. 4.
54. Edinara Andrade, Poder Local, Participaçāo Popular, Descentralizaçāo e Clientelismo: A Experiênica do Orçamento Participativo de Blumenau (Blumenau: Regional University of Blumenau, 2000).
55. Interview with Vice Mayor Inácio da Silva Mafra, January 22, 2004; interview with city council member Jean Klunderman. January 12, 2004.
56. Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, ch. 5.
57. Andrade.
58. Ibid.
59. See Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, ch. 6.
60. Ibid.
61. Margaret E. Keck, The Workers 'Party and Democratization in Brazil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
62. Interview with PB Delegate Fatima from Capella de Soccoro, Sāo Paulo, Brazil, November 11, 2003.
63. José Arlindo Soares, Os Desafios de Gestāo Municipal Democrática: Recife (Recife: Centro Josué de Castro, 1998).
64. See Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, ch. 7.
65. Interview with Joāo Costa, December 9, 2003; "Orçamento Participativo: 3 anos invertendo prioridades," Prefeitura Municipal de Recife, 2003.
66. Roberts; Santos; Barber.
67. I thank Patrick Heller for making this observation.
68. Dagnino; Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, ch. 8.