Participatory publics: Civil society and new institutions in democratic Brazil

Comparative Politics

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2004, Pages

  Wampler, Brian ^a   Avritzer, Leonardo ^b  

^a BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2542467600     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4150132     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Barry Ames, The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001).
2. Ana Claudia Teixeira, "Experiências de Orçamento Participativo no Brasil, 1997-2000," in Leonardo Avritzer and Zander Navarro, eds., A Inovação Democrática no Brasil: O Orçamento Participative (São Paulo: Cortez Editores, 2003), pp. 110-35.
3. Teixeira, pp. 110-35.
4. Francisco Weffort, "Why Democracy?," in Alfred Stepan, ed., Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 327-50.
5. Kenneth Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998); Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez, The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992).
6. Kenneth Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998); Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez, The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992).
7. See, respectively, Ames; Sonia E. Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar, eds., Cultures of Politics/Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998); and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
8. See, respectively, Ames; Sonia E. Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar, eds., Cultures of Politics/Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998); and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
9. See, for example, Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1986).
10. Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Ames; Fernando Abrucio, Os Barões da Federação: Os Governadores e a Redemocratização Brasileira (São Paulo: Hucitec, 1998); Peter R. Kingstone and Timonthy J. Power, Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
11. Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Ames; Fernando Abrucio, Os Barões da Federação: Os Governadores e a Redemocratização Brasileira (São Paulo: Hucitec, 1998); Peter R. Kingstone and Timonthy J. Power, Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
12. Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Ames; Fernando Abrucio, Os Barões da Federação: Os Governadores e a Redemocratização Brasileira (São Paulo: Hucitec, 1998); Peter R. Kingstone and Timonthy J. Power, Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
13. Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Ames; Fernando Abrucio, Os Barões da Federação: Os Governadores e a Redemocratização Brasileira (São Paulo: Hucitec, 1998); Peter R. Kingstone and Timonthy J. Power, Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
14. Ames, p. 10, citing George Tsebelis, Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 32.
15. Ames, p. 10, citing George Tsebelis, Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 32.
16. Kurt Weyland. "Limitations of Rational-Choice Institutionalism for the Study of Latin American Politics," Studies in Comparative International Development, 37 (Spring 2002), pp. 57-85.
17. Adam Przeworski, Susan Stokes, and Barnard Manin, Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 50.
18. Weffort; Escobar and Alvarez; Leonardo Avritzer, Sociedade Civil e Democratização (Belo Horizonte: Del Rey, 1994).
19. Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Ernesto Laclau, "New Social Movements and the Plurality of the Social," in David Slater, ed., New Social Movements and the State in Latin America (Amsterdam: CEDLA, 1985).
20. Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Ernesto Laclau, "New Social Movements and the Plurality of the Social," in David Slater, ed., New Social Movements and the State in Latin America (Amsterdam: CEDLA, 1985).
21. Escobar and Alvarez, p. 24.
22. Oxhorn, p. 35.
23. Roberts, p. 57.
24. Alvarez, Dagnino, and Escobar, eds., p. 19.
25. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989).
26. Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956).
27. Evelina Dagnino, Os Anos 90: Politico e Sociedade no Brasil (São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 1994).
28. José Alvaro Moisés, Alternativen populares da democracia: Brasil, anos 80 (Petropolis: Vozes, 1982).
29. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Brian Wampler, "Private Executives, Legislative Brokers, and Participatory Publics: Building Local Democracy in Brazil" (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas, 2000).
30. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Brian Wampler, "Private Executives, Legislative Brokers, and Participatory Publics: Building Local Democracy in Brazil" (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas, 2000).
31. Habermas; Alvarez, Dagnino, and Escobar, eds.
32. Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Sphere, p. 84; Wanderly G. dos Santos, As Razoes da desordem (Rio de Janeiro: Rocoo, 1993), p. 84.
33. Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Sphere, p. 84; Wanderly G. dos Santos, As Razoes da desordem (Rio de Janeiro: Rocoo, 1993), p. 84.
34. José Arlindo Soares, A frente do Recife e o Governo do Arraes: Nacionalismo em crise - 1955/1964 (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1982); Sérgio Baierle, "The Explosion of Citizenship: The Emergence of a New Ethical-Political Principal in Popular Movements in Porto Alegre, Brazil," in Alvarez, Dagnino, and Escobar, eds., pp. 118-38.
35. José Arlindo Soares, A frente do Recife e o Governo do Arraes: Nacionalismo em crise - 1955/1964 (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1982); Sérgio Baierle, "The Explosion of Citizenship: The Emergence of a New Ethical-Political Principal in Popular Movements in Porto Alegre, Brazil," in Alvarez, Dagnino, and Escobar, eds., pp. 118-38.
36. See, for example, John Burdick, Looking for God in Brazil: The Progressive Catholic Church in Urban Brazil's Religious Arena (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
37. Baierle.
38. Robert Gay, "Democracy and Popular Organization in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro," Review of Latin American Studies, 4 (January 1991), 138-60.
39. For other representative examples in Brazil in the 1970s and early 1980s, see Baierle; Ana Maria Doimo, A Vez e a Voz do Popular Movimentos Sociais e Participação pós-70 (Rio de Janeiro: ANPOCS, 1995).
40. The concept of favor is an important part of the Latin American political tradition. It signifies a depoliticization of demands in exchange for material goods delivered by the state. See Nestor Garcia Canclini, Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
41. Dagnino.
42. UAMPA, A participaçãopopular na administração municipal (Porto Alegre: UAMPA, 1986).
43. Brazilian Constitution, Article IXXX.
44. Porto Alegre Constitution, Article I.
45. The Workers' Party is a left-wing party established in Brazil during the last phase of the democratization process. It advocated a participatory form of grass-roots organization based on local councils. In its program for the city of Porto Alegre in 1988, it did not include the idea of participatory budgeting but only the idea of popular councils. Margaret E. Keck, The Workers' Party and Democratization in Brazil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
46. It is not our intention to provide a detailed explanation of the participatory budgeting's complex process. See Rebecca Abers, "From Clientelism to Cooperation: Local Government, Participatory Policy, and Civic Organizing in Porto Alegre, Brazil," Politics and Society, 26 (October 1998), 511-37; Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a Redistributive Democracy," Politics and Society, 26 (October 1994), 461-510; Gianpaolo Baiocchi, "Participation, Activism, and Politics: The Porto Alegre Experiment and Deliberative Democratic Theory," Politics and Society, 29 (2001), 43-72.
47. It is not our intention to provide a detailed explanation of the participatory budgeting's complex process. See Rebecca Abers, "From Clientelism to Cooperation: Local Government, Participatory Policy, and Civic Organizing in Porto Alegre, Brazil," Politics and Society, 26 (October 1998), 511-37; Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a Redistributive Democracy," Politics and Society, 26 (October 1994), 461-510; Gianpaolo Baiocchi, "Participation, Activism, and Politics: The Porto Alegre Experiment and Deliberative Democratic Theory," Politics and Society, 29 (2001), 43-72.
48. It is not our intention to provide a detailed explanation of the participatory budgeting's complex process. See Rebecca Abers, "From Clientelism to Cooperation: Local Government, Participatory Policy, and Civic Organizing in Porto Alegre, Brazil," Politics and Society, 26 (October 1998), 511-37; Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a Redistributive Democracy," Politics and Society, 26 (October 1994), 461-510; Gianpaolo Baiocchi, "Participation, Activism, and Politics: The Porto Alegre Experiment and Deliberative Democratic Theory," Politics and Society, 29 (2001), 43-72.
49. Teixeria, pp. 110-35.
50. Data were complied from multiple sources. They are similar but not exactly the same across the three municipalities. The data touch on similar themes in each municipality, and the range of data allows analysis of relevant issues from several different vantage points. To substantiate the argument, surveys, data on participants provided by the local administrations, documents internal to participatory budgeting, and official government documents were included. Finally, ethnographic and individual interviews from all three municipalities were conducted.
51. William R. Nylen, "An Enduring Legacy? Popular Participation in the Aftermath of the Participatory Budgets of João Monlevade and Betim, Minas Gerais," unpublished mimeo. While it is beyond the scope of this article to analyze the composition of participants, survey evidence indicates that it is roughly equal between men and women. Citizens with less than a high school education and from lower income brackets make up the bulk of the participants. See Cidade, Quem é o público do Orçamento Participativo: Se perfil, parque participa, e o que pensa do processo (Porto Alegre: Cidade, 1999).
52. William R. Nylen, "An Enduring Legacy? Popular Participation in the Aftermath of the Participatory Budgets of João Monlevade and Betim, Minas Gerais," unpublished mimeo. While it is beyond the scope of this article to analyze the composition of participants, survey evidence indicates that it is roughly equal between men and women. Citizens with less than a high school education and from lower income brackets make up the bulk of the participants. See Cidade, Quem é o público do Orçamento Participativo: Se perfil, parque participa, e o que pensa do processo (Porto Alegre: Cidade, 1999).
53. William R. Nylen, "Testing the Empowerment Thesis: The Participatory Budget in Belo Horizonte and Betim, Brazil," Comparative Politics, 34 (January 2002), 127-45.
54. Rebecca Abers, Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil (Boulder: Westview, 2001).
55. Nylen, "Testing the Empowerment Thesis."
56. See Leonardo Avritzer, "O Orçamento Participative: As Experiências de Porto Alegre e Belo Horizonte," in Evelina Dagnino, ed., Sociedade Civile Espaça Público (São Paulo: Cortez, 2002).
57. Brian Wampler, "Orçamento Participativo: Os paradoxes da participação e governo no Recife," Cadernos de Estudos Sociais, 15 (1999), 343-73.
58. I b i d.
59. See Hagopian.
60. The survey was taken among a sample of participants in the 1999 meetings of participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre and Belo Horizonte who belong to voluntary associations. In Belo Horizonte, of the 800 individuals identified, eighty were randomly selected for interviews. In Porte Alegre, of the 2,440 individuals identified, 122 were randomly selected for interviews. See Avritzer, "O Orçamento Participativo: As Experiências de Porto Alegre e Belo Horizonte."
61. José Arlindo Scares and Lúcia Ponte, Os Desafios de Gestão Municipal Democratica (Recife: Centro Josué de Castro, 1998); Wampler, "Orçamento Participativo."
62. José Arlindo Scares and Lúcia Ponte, Os Desafios de Gestão Municipal Democratica (Recife: Centro Josué de Castro, 1998); Wampler, "Orçamento Participativo."
63. Wampler, "Private Executives," pp. 273-315.
64. I b i d.