New multiplex PCR method for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxin. A (tcdA) and toxin. B (tcdB) and the binary toxin (cdtA/cdtB) genes applied to a Danish strain collection

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Volumn 14, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1057-1064

  Persson, S ^a   Torpdahl, M ^a   Olsen, K E P ^a  

^a STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; Diagnostics; Diarrhoeagenic; Multiplex PCR; Toxigenic

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA; BINARY TOXIN CDTA CDTB; BOTULINUM TOXIN; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN B; DNA 16S; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE SEQUENCE; MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIBOTYPING; STRAIN IDENTIFICATION; TOXIN ANALYSIS;

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

EID: 56849092302     PISSN: 1198743X     EISSN: 14690691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02092.x     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Lyerly DM, Krivan HC, Wilkins TD. Clostridium difficile: Its disease and toxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 1988; 1: 1-18.
2. Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: History of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18 (suppl 4): S265-S272.
3. Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 257-262.
4. Rupnik M. Is Clostridium difficile - associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 457-459.
5. Rupnik M, Dupuy B, Fairweather NF et al. Revised nomenclature of Clostridium difficile toxins and associated genes. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 113-117.
6. Delmee M. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001; 7: 411-416.
7. Snell H, Ramos M, Longo S, John M, Hussain Z. Performance of the TechLab C. DIFF CHEK-60 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in combination with the C. difficile Tox. A/B.II EIA kit, the Triage C. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4863-4865.
8. Reyes RC, John MA, Ayotte DL, Covacich A, Milburn S, Hussain Z. Performance of TechLab C. DIFF QUIK CHEK and TechLab C. DIFFICILE TOX. A/ B.II for the detection of Clostridium difficile in stool samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59: 33-37.
9. Russmann H, Panthel K, Bader RC, Schmitt C, Schaumann R. Evaluation of three rapid assays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin.A and toxin.B in stool specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26: 115-119.
10. Musher DM, Manhas A, Jain P et al. Detection of Clostridium difficile toxin: Comparison of enzyme immunoassay results with results obtained by cytotoxicity assay. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2737-2739.
11. Lemee L, Dhalluin A, Testelin S et al. Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (Toxin.A), and tcdB (Toxin.B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5710-5714.
12. Kato H, Kato N, Watanabe K et al. Identification of toxin.A-negative, toxin.B-positive Clostridium difficile by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2178-2182.
13. Gumerlock PH, Tang YJ, Weiss JB, Silva J Jr. Specific detection of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 507-511.
14. van den Berg RJ, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LS, Gerritsen HJ, Endtz HP, van der Vorm ER, Kuijper EJ. Prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time PCR for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5338-5340.
15. Belanger SD, Boissinot M, Clairoux N, Picard FJ, Bergeron MG. Rapid detection of Clostridium difficile in feces by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 730-734.
16. Rupnik M. Clostridium difficile toxinotyping. Available at: http://www.mf.uni-mb.si/Mikro/tox/ (last accessed July 2007).
17. Rupnik M, Avesani V, Janc M, Eichel-Streiber C, Delmee M. A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2240-2247.
18. Stare BG, Delmee M, Rupnik M. Variant forms of the binary toxin CDT locus and tcdC gene in Clostridium difficile strains. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 329-335.
19. Johnson S, Samore MH, Farrow KA et al. Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1645-1651.
20. Samore MH, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC et al. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile correlated with previous antibiotic exposure. Microb Drug Resist 2006; 12: 23-28.
21. John R, Brazier JS. Antimicrobial susceptibility of polymerase chain reaction ribotypes of Clostridium difficile commonly isolated from symptomatic hospital patients in the UK. J Hosp Infect 2005; 61: 11-14.
22. Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P. Emergence of Clostridium difficile -associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12 (suppl 6): 2-18.
23. al Barrak A, Embil J, Dyck B et al. An outbreak of toxin.A negative, toxin.B positive Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea in a Canadian tertiary-care hospital. Can Commun Dis Rep 1999; 25: 65-69.
24. Alfa MJ, Kabani A, Lyerly D et al. Characterization of a toxin.A-negative, toxin.B-positive strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2706-2714.
25. Kuijper EJ, de Weerdt J, Kato H et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhoea due to a clindamycin-resistant enterotoxin.A-negative strain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 528-534.
26. Sambol SP, Merrigan MM, Lyerly D, Gerding DN, Johnson S. Toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 5480-5487.
27. Kato H, Kato N, Katow S, Maegawa T, Nakamura S, Lyerly DM. Deletions in the repeating sequences of the toxin.A gene of toxin.A-negative, toxin.B-positive Clostridium difficile strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 175: 197-203.
28. Stubbs SL, Brazier JS, O'Neill GL, Duerden BI. PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 461-463.
29. Rupnik M, Brazier JS, Duerden BI, Grabnar M, Stubbs SL. Comparison of toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping of Clostridium difficile strains and description of novel toxinotypes. Microbiology 2001; 147: 439-447.
30. Rupnik M, Kato N, Grabnar M, Kato H. New types of toxin.A-negative, toxin.B-positive strains among Clostridium difficile isolates from Asia. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1118-1125.
31. Geric B, Rupnik M, Gerding DN, Grabnar M, Johnson S. Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53: 887-894.
32. Bidet P, Barbut F, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Development of a new PCR-ribotyping method for Clostridium difficile based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 175: 261-266.
33. Spigaglia P, Mastrantonio P. Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3470-3475.
34. Rupnik M, Grabnar M, Geric B. Binary toxin producing Clostridium difficile strains. Anaerobe 2003; 9: 289-294.
35. Soehn F, Wagenknecht-Wiesner A, Leukel P et al. Genetic rearrangements in the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile strain 8864-implications for transcription, expression and enzymatic activity of toxins.A and B. Mol Gen Genet 1998; 258: 222-232.
36. Song KP, Bai XL, Chang SY. Nucleotide and peptide sequences of the open reading frame encoding a truncated toxin.A gene of Clostridium difficile strain CCUG. 20309. DNA Seq 1999; 10: 93-96.
37. Drudy D, Fanning S, Kyne L. Toxin.A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 5-10.
38. Kuijper EJ, van den Berg RJ, Debast S et al. Clostridium difficile ribotype. 027, toxinotype. III, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 827-830.
39. van den Berg RJ, Claas EC, Oyib DH et al. Characterization of toxin.A-negative, toxin.B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and PCR ribotyping. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1035-1041.
40. Johnson S, Kent SA, O'Leary KJ et al. Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant Clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin.A immunoassay. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 434-438.
41. Limaye AP, Turgeon DK, Cookson BT, Fritsche TR. Pseudomembranous colitis caused by a toxin.A(-) B(+) strain of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1696-1697.
42. Barbut F, Delmee M, Brazier JS et al. A European survey of diagnostic methods and testing protocols for Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9: 989-996.
43. Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2442-2449.
44. MacCannell DR, Louie TJ, Gregson DB et al. Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype. 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 2147-2152.
45. Matamouros S, England P, Dupuy B. Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64: 1274-1288.
46. Terhes G, Brazier JS, Urban E, Soki J, Nagy E. Distribution of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in regions of Hungary. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55: 279-282.
47. Pituch H, Rupnik M, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Grubesic A, Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Luczak M. Detection of binary-toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) among Clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with C. difficile -associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in Poland. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 143-147.
48. Goncalves C, Decre D, Barbut F, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1933-1939.
49. Alonso R, Martin A, Pelaez T, Marin M, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Bouza E. Toxigenic status of Clostridium difficile in a large Spanish teaching hospital. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 159-162.
50. Tang YJ, Gumerlock PH, Weiss JB, Silva J Jr. Specific detection of Clostridium difficile toxin.A gene sequences in clinical isolates. Mol Cell Probes 1994; 8: 463-467.