The political economy of european craft guilds: Power relations and economic strategies of merchants and master artisans in the medieval and early modern textile industries

International Review of Social History

Volumn 53, Issue SUPPL. 16, 2008, Pages 45-71

  Soly, Hugo ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 56749170705     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: 1469512X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002085900800360X     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. See especially Otto Gerhard Oexle, "Die mittelalterliche Zunft als Forschungsproblem", Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte, 118 (1982), pp. 1-44;
2. Cesare Mozzarelli (ed.), Economia e corporazioni: il governo degli interessi nella storia dell'Italia dal medioevo all'età contemporanea (Milan, 1988);
3. Virginia R. Bainbridge, Guilds in the Medieval Countryside: Social and Religious Change in Cambridgeshire c.1350-1558 (Woodbridge, 1996), pp. 1-21.
4. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, "Guild Theory and Guild Organization in France and Germany during the Nineteenth Century", in Mark Bevir and Frank Trentmann (eds), Markets in Historical Contexts: Ideas and Politics in the Modern World (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 90-104.
5. Many historians have endorsed the views of Henri Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, II, Du commencement du XTVe siècle à la mort de Charles le Téméraire (Brussels, 1922), pp. 436-438, and IV, La révolution politique et religieuse (Brussels, 1919), p. 427.
6. See the interesting remarks of Walter Prevenier, "Henri Pirenne et les villes des anciens Pays-Bas au bas Moyen Age (XIVe-XVe siècles) ", in La fortune bistoriograpbique des thèses d'Henri Pirenne. Actes du Colloque organisé à l'occasion du cinquantenaire de la mort de l'historien belge par l'Institut des Hautes Etudes de Belgique (Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique, special issue 28) (Brussels, 1986), pp. 48-49.
7. See inter alia James R. Farr, "On the Shop Floor: Guilds, Artisans, and the European Market Economy, 1350-1750", Journal of Early Modern History, 1 (1997), pp. 24-54;
8. Josef Ehmer, "Traditionelles Denken und neue Fragestellungen zur Geschichte von Handwerk und Zunft", in Friedrich Lenger (ed.), Handwerk, Hausindustrie und die historische Schule der Nationalökonomie. Wissenschafts- und gewerbegeschichtliche Perspektiven (Bielefeld, 1998), pp. 19-77;
9. S.R. Epstein, "Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe", The Journal of Economic History, 58 (1998), pp. 684-713;
10. idem et al. (eds), Guilds, Economy and Society (Madrid, 1998);
11. Reinhold Reith, "Technische Innovation im Handwerk der frühen Neuzeit? Traditionen, Probleme und Perspektiven der Forschung", in Karl Heinrich Kaufhold and Wilfried Reininghaus (eds), Stadt und Handwerk in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit (Cologne, 2000), pp. 21-60;
12. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (ed.), Das Ende der Zünfte. Ein europäischer Vergleich (Göttingen, 2002).
13. For a critique of the rehabilitation thesis, see Sheilagh Ogilvie, "Guilds, Efficiency, and Social Capital: Evidence from German Proto-Industry", Economic History Review, 57 (2004), pp. 286-333.
14. Derek Keene, "Guilds in English Towns, AD 1000-1500", in Brian H.A. Ranson (ed.), Guild-hall and Government: An Exploration of Power, Control and Resistance in Britain and China, II: Power, Resistance and Authorities: Aspects of Guild Organization in England (Hong Kong, 1997), p. 43.
15. I.e. west of the Elbe.
16. See especially Rudolf Holbach, Frühformen von Verlag und Grossbetrieb in der gewerblichen Produktion, 13-16 Jahrhundert [Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft no. no] (Stuttgart, 1994), pp. 205-208.
17. For more detail, see Catharina Lis and Hugo Soiy, "Subcontracting in Guild-Based Export Trades, Thirteenth-Eighteenth Centuries", in S.R. Epstein and Maarten Prak (eds), Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400-1800 (Cambridge, 2008).
18. See Luca Mocarelli, "The Guilds Reappraised: Italy in the Early Modern Period", in this volume, pp. 159-178.
19. See especially John Najemy, Corporatism and Consensus in Florentine Electoral Politics, 1280-1400 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1982),
20. and Samuel Cohn, The Laboring Classes in Renaissance Florence (New York [etc.], 1980).
21. Bruno Dini, "I lavoratori dell'arte délia lana a Firenze nel XIV e XV secolo", in Artigiani e salariati. Il mondo del lavoro nell'Italia del secoli XII-XV (Pistoia, 1984), pp. 27-68;
22. Alessandro Stella, "La bottega e i lavoranti: approche des conditions de travail des Ciompi", Annales ESC, 44 (1989), pp. 529-551,
23. and idem, La révolte des Ciompi, Les hommes, les lieux, le travail (Paris, 1993), pp. 99-123.
24. Philip Jones, The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria (Oxford, 1997), pp. 228-231, 249, 501-502, 505-507, 516-517, 588-589 (with references to the literature).
25. Paola Massa Piergiovanni, "Technological Typologies and Economic Organisation of Silk Workers in Italy, from the XIVth to the XVIIIth Centuries", The Journal of European Economic History, 22 (1993), pp. 543-564;
26. Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, MD, [etc.], 2000), pp. xiv-xv.
27. Piergiovanni, "Technological Typologies", pp. 557-560.
28. Carlo Marco Belfanti, "Guilds, Patents, and the Circulation of Technical Knowledge: Northern Italy during the Early Modern Age", Technology and Culture, 45 (2004), p. 579 (with references to the literature).
29. See especially Carlo M. Cipolla, "The Decline of Italy: The Case of a Fully Matured Economy", Economic History Review, 5 (1952), pp. 178-187,
30. and idem, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700 (London, 1993), pp. 243, 247. Recent research has revived the question of the guilds' economic utility in early modern Italy: Alberto Guenzi, Paolo Massa, and F. Piola Caselli (eds), Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998).
31. See also the critical comments of Christopher F. Black, Early Modern Italy: A Social History (London [etc.], 2001), pp. 71-79.
32. Gunnar Mickwitz, Die Kartellfunktionen der Zünfte und ihre Bedeutung bei der Entstehung des Zunftwesens, Eine Studie in spätantiker und mittelalterlicher Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Helsinki, 1936), pp. 24-25, 32-35, 42-43, 58-61.
33. Simona Cerutti, "Du corps au métier: la corporation des tailleurs à Turin entre le XVIIe et le XVIIIe siècle", Annales ESC, 43 (1988), pp. 323-352,
34. and idem, La ville et les métiers. Naissance d'un langage corporatif: Turin, XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1990).
35. David Nicholas, Medieval Flanders (London [etc.], 1992), pp. 186-208 (with references to the literature);
36. Marc Boone, "Une société urbanisée sous tension: le comté de Flandre vers 1302", in R.C. van Caenegem (ed.), 1302: Le désastre de Courtrai. Mythe et réalité de la bataille des Eperons d'Or (Antwerp, 2002), pp. 65-66,
37. and idem, "Armes, coursses, assemblées et commocions. Les gens de métiers et l'usage de la violence dans la société urbaine flamande à la fin du Moyen Age", Revue du Nord, 87 (2005), pp. 9-10, 14-15;
38. Thomas A. Boogaart II, An Ethnography of Late Medieval Bruges: Evolution of the Corporate Milieu, 1280-1349 (Lewiston, ME, 2004), pp. 251-255;
39. Jan Dumolyn and Jelle Haemers, "Patterns of Urban Rebellion in Medieval Flanders", Journal of Medieval History, 31 (2005), pp. 369-393, esp. 372-378.
40. Willem Pieter Blockmans, De volksvertegenwoordiging in Vlaanderen in de overgang van Middeleeuwen naar Nieuwe Tijden, 1384-1506 (Brussels, 1978), pp. 72-81;
41. Nicholas, Medieval Flanders, pp. 242-246;
42. Marc Boone, "Les métiers dans les villes flamandes au bas Moyen Age (XrVe-XVIe siècles): Images normatives, réalités socio-politiques et économiques", in Pascale Lambrechts and Jean-Pierre Sosson (eds), Les métiers au Moyen Âge. Aspects économiques et sociaux. Actes du Colloque international de Louvain-la-Neuve, 7-9 octobre 1993 (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1994), pp. 6-12,
43. and idem, "Stâdtische Selbstverwaltungsorgane vom 14. bis 16. Jahrhundert. Verfassungsnorm und Verwaltungswirklichkeit im Spätmittelalterlichen flämischen Raum am Beispiel Gent", in Wilfried Ehbrecht (ed.), Verwaltung und Politik in Städten Mitteleuropas (Cologne [etc.], 1994), pp. 26, 45-46;
44. Peter Stabel, De kleine stad in Vlaanderen. Bevolkingsdynamiek en economische functies van de kleine en secundaire stedelijke centra in het Gentse kwartier (14de-16de eeuw) (Brussels, 1995), pp. 144-146, 203-204, 222-226.
45. Holbach, Frühformen, pp. 223 and 233.
46. Jos Vermaut, "De textielnijverheid in Brugge en op het platteland in westelijk Vlaanderen voor 1800. Konjunktuurverloop, organisatie en sociale verhoudingen" (Ph.D., University of Ghent, 1974), pp. 480-489.
47. Carlos Wyffels, De oorsprong der ambachten in Vlaanderen en Brabant (Brussels, 1951);
48. Raymond Van Uytven, "Vorst, adel en steden: een driehoeksverhouding in Brabant van de twaalfde tot de zestiende eeuw", Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis, 59 (1976), pp. 93-122,
49. and idem, "Stadsgeschiedenis in het Noorden en het Zuiden", in H.P.H. Jansen and R.C van Caenegem (eds), Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, II: Middeleeuwen (Haarlem, 1982), pp. 210-213;
50. Mare Jacobs, "De ambachten in Brabant en Mechelen (12de eeuw-1795)", in Raymond Van Uytven et al. (eds), De gewestelijke en lokale overbeidsinstellingen in Brabant en Mechelen tot 1795 (Brussels, 2000), pp. 558-624.
51. For additional details, see Karin Van Honacker, Lokaal verzet en oproer in de 17de en 18de eeuw. Collectieve acties tegen het centraal gezag in Brussel, Antwerpen en Leuven (Kortrijk [etc.], 1994), pp. 90-95, 137-142, 162-164, and the literature cited there.
52. See inter alia J.-B. Goetstouwers, Les métiers de Namur sous l'Ancien Régime. Contribution à l'histoire sociale (Louvain [etc.], 1908);
53. G. Wymans, "Origine et croissance des connétablies de métiers à Mons (XIIIe-XVe siècle)", Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique, 36 (1965), pp. 15-34;
54. Jean-Jacques Heirwegh, "Corporations, économie urbaine et gouvernement dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens, 1738-1784" (Ph.D., Brussels, ULB, 1981), as well as idem, "Artisanat et industrie à Mons au XVIIIe siècle", in Recueil d'études d'histoire hainuyère offertes à Maurice A. Arnould, I (Mons, 1983), pp. 291-317;
55. Philippe Guignet, Le pouvoir dans la ville au XVIILe siècle. Pratiques politiques, notabilité et éthique sociale de part et d'autre de la frontière franco-belge (Paris, 1990), pp. 61-72, 290-314;
56. Jean-Marie Cauchies, "Règlements de métiers et rapports de pouvoirs en Hainaut à la fin du Moyen Age", in Lambrechts and Sosson, Les métiers, pp. 35-54.
57. Johan Dambruyne, Corporatieve middengroepen. Aspiraties, relaties en transformaties in de 16de-eeuwse Gentse ambachtswereld (Ghent, 2002), pp. 34-38, 294-295.
58. Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, "Export Industries, Craft Guilds and Capitalist Trajectories, 13th to 18th Centuries", in Maarten Prak et al. (eds), Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries; Work, Power and Representation (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 126-127 (with references to the literature).
59. See Herman van der Wee, "Industrial Dynamics and the Process of Urbanization and De-Urbanization in the Low Countries from the Late Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century: A Synthesis", in idem (ed.), The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and the Low Countries (Late Middle Ages-Early Modern Times) (Louvain, 1988), pp. 307-381.
60. For additional details, see Lis and Soly, "Export Industries", pp. 128-130, and idem, "Subcontracting".
61. Johannes Schildhauer, The Hansa: History and Culture (Leipzig, 1985), pp. 154-157.
62. Eberhard Isenmann, Die deutsche Stadt im Spätmittelalter, 1250-1500. Stadtgestalt, Recht, Stadtregiment, Kirche, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft (Stuttgart, 1988), pp. 190-198, and the literature cited on pp. 207-209.
63. See also Peter Johanek, "Bürgerkämpfe und Verfassung in den mittelalterlichen deutschen Städten", in Hans Eugen Specker (ed.), Einwohner und Bürger auf dem Weg zur Demokratie. Von den antiken Stadtrepubliken zur modernen Kommunalverfassung (Ulm, 1997), pp. 45-73.
64. Hans Lentze, "Nürnbergs Gewerbeverfassung im Mittelalter", Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforscbung, 24 (1964), pp. 207-281,
65. and idem, "Nürnbergs Gewerbeverfassung des Spätmittelalters im Rahmen der deutschen Entwicklung", in Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgescbichte Nürnbergs, II (Nuremberg, 1967), pp. 593-619;
66. Rudolf Endres, "Zur Lage der Nürnberger Handwerkerschaft zur Zeit von Hans Sachs", Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforscbung, 37 (1977), PP. 107-123;
67. W. Lehnert, "Nürnberg: Stadt ohne Zünfte. Die Aufgaben des reichsstàdtischen Rugamts", in Rainer S. Elkar (ed.), Deutscbes Handwerk im Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit (Göttingen, 1983), pp. 71-81.
68. Friedrich Blendinger, "Die Zunfterhebung von 1368 in der Reichsstadt Augsburg. Ihre Voraussetzungen, Durchführung und Auswirkung", in Franz Quarthal and Wilfried Setzler (eds), Stadtverfassung, Verfassungsstaat, Pressepolitik, Festschrift für Eberhard Naujoks zum 65. Geburtstag (Sigmaringen, 1980), pp. 71-90;
69. Jörg Rogge, Für den Gemeinen Nützen. Politisches Handeln und Politikverständnis von Rat und Bürgerschaft in Augsburg im Spätmittelalter (Tübingen, 1996), pp. 107-118.
70. Martin Alioth, Gruppen an der Macht: Zünfte und Patriziat in Strassburg im 14. uni 15. Jahrhundert. Untersuchungen zu Verfassung, Wirtschaftsgefuge und Sozialstruktur (Basle [etc.], 1988).
71. Eugen Nübling, Ulms Baumwollweberei im Mittelalter Urkunden und Darstellung (Leipzig, 1890);
72. Rolf Kiessling, Die Stadt und ihr Land. Umlandpolitik, Bürgerbesitz und Wirtschaftsgefüge in Ostschwaben vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert (Cologne [etc.], 1989), pp. 479-481, 491, 752-760;
73. Anke Sczesny, "Stadt, Markt und Land im Textilrevier Ostschwabens im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert", in Mark Häberlein and Christof Jeggle (eds), Vorindustrielles Gewerbe. Handwerkliche Produktion und Arbeitsbeziehungen in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit [IRSEER Schriften: Studien zur schwäbischen Kulturgeschichte, new series, II] (Constance, 2004), pp. 67, 75-76.
74. Franz Irsigler, Die wirtschaftliche Stellung der Stadt Köln im 14. uni 15. Jahrhundert. Strukturalyse einer spätmittelalterlicben Exportgewerbe- und Fernhandelsstadt [Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft no. 65] (Wiesbaden, 1979), pp. 37-61. The same author demonstrates that some master armourers in Cologne formed vast subcontracting networks as well (pp. 208-215).
75. Holbach, Frühformen, pp. 102 and 105.
76. Erich Maschke, "Deutsche Stâdte am Ausgang des Mittelalters", in Wilhelm Rausch (ed.), Die Stadt am Ausgang des Mittelalters [Beiträge zur Geschichte der Städte Mitteleuropas, III] (Linz, 1974), p. 40.
77. Peter Blickle, Unruhen in der ständischen Gesellschaft, 1300-1800 (Munich, 1988), pp. 25-28, and the literature cited there.
78. Eberhard Naujoks, Kaiser Karl V. und die Zunftverfassung. Ausgewählte Aktenstücke zu den Verfassungsänderungen in den oberdeutschen Reichsstädten, 1547-1556 (Stuttgart, 1985).
79. Claus-Pctcr Clasen, Die Augsburger Weber. Leistungen und Krisen des Textilgewerbes um 1600 (Augsburg, 1981), pp. 31-33, 82-85, 237-260, 286-289, 330-332. While the extent to which merchants used the Verlagssystem in sixteenth-century Augsburg is a subject of debate, the master weavers there are known to have used subcontractors.
80. See Mark Häberlein, "Weber und Kaufleute im 16. Jahrhundert: Zur Problematik des Verlagswesens in der Reichsstadt Augsburg", Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Schwaben, 91 (1998), pp. 43-56.
81. Dambruyne, Corporatieve middengroepen, pp. 59-72.
82. Dietrich Ebeling, Bürgertum und Pöbel. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Kölns im 18. Jahrhundert (Cologne [etc.], 1987), pp. 36-41.
83. Ogilvie, "Guilds", p. 331.
84. Quantification is impossible at this time, but the available data suggest that in most protoindustrial regions rural weavers were not organized in guilds. The spread of rural guilds was a specific characteristic of central European regions in the early modern period, as Josef Ehmer rightly observes in "Rural Guilds and Urban-Rural Guild Relations in Early Modern Central Europe" in this volume.
85. Ogilvie, "Guilds", pp. 289-290, 298, 321, 327-328. The title of the path-breaking study by Walter Troeltsch, Die Calwer Zeughandlungskompagnie und ihre Arbeiter (Jena, 1897), accurately reflects the relationship between the merchant dyers and the rural weavers: the latter "worked" for the former.
86. Hans Medick, "Freihandel fur die Zunft. Ein Kapitel aus der Geschichte der Preiskampfe im württembergischen Leinengewerbe des 18. Jahrhunderts", in Mentalitäten und Lebensverbältnisse. Beispiele aus der Sozialgeschichte der Neuzeit. Rudolf Vierhaus zum 60. Geburtstag (Göttingen, 1982), pp. 277-294.
87. In Lower Silesia the course of events was similar: from the mid-seventeenth century only members of the merchants' guilds were entitled to purchase and export linens; these commercial organizations blocked both product and process innovation to protect their interests. See Marcel Boldorf, "Entwicklung und institutionelle Rahmenbe-dingungen: Die Beispiele Niederschlesien und Nordirland (1750-1850)", Vierteljabrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 90 (2003), pp. 399-415.
88. On Dordrecht: Peter Schotel, "Strijd om de macht", in Willem Frijhoff, Henk Nusteling, and Marijke Spies (eds), Geschiedenis van Dordrecht van 1572 tot 1813 (Hilversum, 1998), pp. 15-37.
89. On Middelburg: W.S. Unger, Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van Middelburg in den landsheerlijken tijd, I (The Hague, 1923).
90. For Utrecht: Maarten Prak, "Politik, Kultur und politische Kultur: die Zünfte in den Nördlichen Niederlanden", in Wilfried Reininghaus (ed.), Zunftlandschaften in Deutschland und den Niederlanden im Vergleich (Münster, 2000), pp. 76-80.
91. On Arnhem: CL. Verkerk, Coulissen van de macht. Een sociaal-institutionele studie betreffende de samenstelling van bet bestuur van Anthem in de Middeleeuwen en een bijdrage tot de studie van stedelijke elitevorming [Amsterdamse Historisch Reeks, Grote Serie 14] (Hilversum, 1992).
92. See also the survey by Maarten Prak, "Corporate Politics in the Low Countries: Guilds as Institutions, 14th to 18th Centuries", in Prak, Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries, pp. 88-92.
93. Piet Lourcns and Jan Lucassen, "De oprichting en ontwikkeling van ambachtsgilden in Nederland (13de-19de eeuw)", in Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly (eds), Werelden van verschil. Ambachtsgilden in de Lage Landen (Brussels, 1997), pp. 43-78,
94. and Piet Lourens and Jan Lucassen, Inwoneraantallen in Nederlandse steden, ca. 1300-ca. 1800 (Amsterdam, 1997).
95. See too Bert De Munck, Piet Lourens, and Jan Lucassen, "The Establishment and Distribution of Craft Guilds in the Low Countries 1000-1800", in Prak, Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries, pp. 37-40.
96. Prak, "Corporate Politics", pp. 100-103, 105.
97. For more detail, see Lis and Soly, "Export Industries", pp. 115-116, 122-123, 127-128, 131, and the literature cited there.
98. In England and France production of textile goods shifted progressively to the countryside during the early modern period, but few of these protoindustrial regions were guild-based.
99. See especially Joseph Pérez, La révolution des "Comunidades" de Castille, 1520-1521 (Bordeaux, 1970), and Hilario Casado Alfonso, "Guilds, Technical Progress and Economic Development in Preindustrial Spain", in Paola Massa and Angelo Moioli (eds), Dalla corporazione al mutuo soccorso. Organizzazione e tutela del lavoro tra XVI e XX secolo (Milan, 2004), pp. 309-327.
100. Derek Keene, "English Urban Guilds, c. 900-1300: The Purposes and Politics of Association", in Ian A. Gadd and Patrick Wallis (eds), Guilds and Association in Europe, 900-1900 (London, 2006), pp. 10-11 (and the literature cited there).
101. By the early thirteenth century, merchants practised this policy of exclusion in many English cities with a substantial concentration of textile workers. See A.B. Hibbert, "The Economic Policies of Towns", in M.M. Postan, E.E. Rich, and Edward Miller (eds), The Cambridge Economie History of Europe, III: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1963), p. 195.
102. Keene, "Guilds in English Towns", pp. 29, 32-33, 35-37;
103. Pamela Nightingale, "Capitalists, Crafts and Constitutional Change in Late Fourteenth-Century London", Past & Present, 124 (1989), pp. 3-35;
104. David Nicholas, The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century (London [etc.], 1997), pp. 130-131, 135-136, 220-221, 238-239, 283-284.
105. Mickwitz, Kartellfunktionen, pp. 140-146;
106. Hibbert, "Economic Policies", pp. 221-222;
107. E.M. Carus-Wilson, Medieval Merchant Venturers (London, 1967), pp. 222-238;
108. J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150-1500 (London, 1980), p. 321.
109. Heather Swanson, Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), pp. 123-125, 148-149.
110. J.H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London, 1995), pp. 511-513.
111. See the comments of Gary Richardson, "Guilds, Laws, and Markets for Manufactured Merchandise in Late-Medieval England", Explorations in Economic History, 41 (2004), pp. 20-22, who underlines that most corporations purchased monopolies during the Tudor and Stuart dynasties.
112. Michael John Walker, "The Extent of the Guild Control of Trades in England, c. 1660-1820: A Study Based on a Sample of Provincial Towns and London Companies" (Ph.D., University of Cambridge, 1985), pp. 7, 156-158, 242, 388-391 (on p. 390).
113. See also Penelope Corfield, The Impact of English Towns, 1700-1800 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 86-94,
114. and Michael Berlin, "Broken all in Pieces: Artisans and the Regulation of Workmanship in Early Modern London", in Geoffrey Crossick (ed.), The Artisan and the European Town, 1500-1900 (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 75-91.
115. Walker, "The Extent of the Guild Control", pp. 147-150.
116. L.D. Schwarz, London in the Age of Industrialisation: Entrepreneurs, Labour Force and Living Conditions, 1700-1850 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 210-212.
117. Tim Keirn, "Parliament, Legislation and the Regulation of English Textile Industries, 1689-1714", in Lee Davison et al. (eds), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750 (Stroud, 1992), pp. 1-24;
118. Martin J. Daunton, Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700-1850 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 543-545.
119. Bernard Chevalier, Les bonnes villes de France du XIVe au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1982), pp. 74, 129-130, 133, 135-141, 143-149.
120. See also Wim P. Blockmans, "Voracious States and Obstructing Cities: An Aspect of State Formation in Preindustrial Europe", in Charles Tilly and Wim P. Blockmans (eds), Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, AD 1000 to 1800 (Boulder, CO [etc.], 1989), pp. 235-236.
121. Emile Coornaert, Les corporations en France avant 1789 (Paris, 1968), pp. 129-134.
122. Edouard Maugis, "La saictcric à Amiens, 1480-1587", Vierteljahrscbrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 5 (1907), pp. 1-115;
123. Bernard Chevalier, Tours, ville royale (1356-1520). Origine et développement d'une capitale à la fin du Moyen Age (Louvain [etc.], 1975).
124. Jean-Louis Roche, "De la nature du drapier médiéval. L'exemple rouennais", Revue Historique, 302 (2000), pp. 3-31.
125. Jean-Pierre Sosson, "Les métiers: norme et réalité. L'exemple des anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux aux XIVe et XVe siècles", in Jacqueline Hamesse and Colette Muraille-Samaran (eds), Le travail au Moyen Age. Une approche interdisciplinaire (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990), pp. 339-348.
126. On Amiens: Pierre Devon, Amiens, capitale provincial; Étude sur la société urbaine au XVIIe siècle (Paris [etc.], 1967), pp. 226-227, 231_233.
127. On Lyons: Justin Godart, L'ouvrier en soie: monographie du tisseur lyonnais. Etude historique, économique et sociale. Première partie: la réglementation du travail, 1466-1791 (Lyons, 1899), pp. 301-323,
128. and Maurice Garden, Lyon et les Lyonnais au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1970), pp. 275-285, 307-309, 572-592. Serious clashes occurred between wholesalers and textile manufacturers in other French cities as well during the eighteenth century.
129. See for instance F. Dornic, L'industrie textile dans le Maine et ses débouchés internationaux (Le Mans, 1955), pp. 14-16.
130. See the pertinent remarks of Hibbert, "Economic Policies", pp. 194, 200-205.
131. In this connection, sec the interesting remarks of Gail Bossenga, "Protecting Merchants: Guilds and Commercial Capitalism in Eighteenth-Century France", French Historical Studies, 15 (1988), pp. 693-703,
132. and idem, The Politics of Privilege: Old Regime and Revolution in Lille (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 146-149.
133. For additional details, see Lis and Soly, "Subcontracting".